V E U T O T O N GIAO: CHAT XUC TAC HAY Lire CAN TRONG
T I £ NTRINH XAY
DITNGCONG
D O N G V A N H O AXA HOI ASEAN?
NCS. Tran Thanh Huyen*
Tom tdt
Biec tranh tdn gido & khu vuc Ddng Nam A vd cimg da dgng, bdi trong qud trinh phdt g-iin lich su & day da hgi tu du cdc hi tu tu&ng tie cd phuong Ddng nhu Trung Qudc, An Do, A-Rgp, vd cd phuang Tdy nhu Tdy Ban Nha, Hd Lan. Viec xdy dung chinh sdch de ddm bdo cho cdc nhdm cgng dong tdn gido chung sdng hda hgp vai nhau trong mot qudc gia vdn didd Id mdt vdn de khdng he dan gidn hudng chi Id cho cd Cgng ddng v&i 10 quoc gia khac nhau thi vdn de cdn phuc tgp hon nhiiu. Cgng ddng ASEAN (ASEAN Community - AC), md Cdng dong Vdn hda - Xd hgi ASEAN (ASCC) Id mgt trong ba tru cot chinh dd dua ramuc tieu xdy dung ASEAN thdnh mot cgng ddng vi con ngudi, nai do cdc ddn tgc Ddng Nam A tren chdng duang m&i cua minh se gdn ket, chia se Igi ich vdphdt trien ciing nhau du&i mgt mdi nhd chung. Do vay, bdi viit muon phdn tich nhimg tdc dgng md yeu td tdn gido dem Igi cho qud trinh xdy dung vd hoan thien Cdng ddng ndy. Thdng qua do, bai viit se ddnh gid lieu tdn gido se tr& thdnh chdt xiic tdc hay la luc can cho Cgng ddng Vdn hda ~ Xd hgi ASEAN.
Chii nghia Kien tao vdi mo hinh hop tac ASEAN
Hiep hdi cdc qu6c gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) dugc thdnh lap ngay 8/8/1967 phan dnh nguyen vgng cua ndm nude Ddng Nam A (In- dd-ne-xi-a, Ma-lai-xi-a, Xinh-ga-po, Thai Lan vd Phi-lip-pin) vdi mong
• Giang viin khoa Quan he Qu5c ti, Truimg D?i hgc Khoa hpc Xa h^i v^ Nhan vSn Tp H6 Chi Minh
110 3/2016
Nghiin cuu Quoc tesd 1 (104)
mudn hinh thdnh mdt td ehiic khu vgc vi muc tieu hda binh, hgp tac vd phdt trien. Mat khde, ddy cung ehinh la ket qua ciia thdi ky Chien tranh Lanh, khi trat tu hai cue duge hinh thanh, theo dd cd Lien Xd vd My deu mudn dnh hudng cua minh d khu vue Dong Nam A (DNA) hien dien mgt each manh me. Khi do khu vuc nay trd thanh khu vuc het siic nliay cdm bdi su can thiep tir ben ngoai, su loi keo cda cae nude Idn vi Igi ich va an ninh cua hg vd cugc dau tranh giiia cac tu tudng dan tdc chii nghTa. Mdi qudc gia deu mu6n t?o mgt khodng cdch an todn cho minh de khdng bi keo sau vdo cudc chien tranh hai cue cung nhu trdnh khdng de cho phong trao gidi phdng dan tgc bung len manh me d khu vuc ndy thdnh eac cudc ndi chien.'
Md hinh ASEAN tiep tuc phat trien sau Chien tranh lanh bang con dudng md rdng vdi tat cd mudi qudc gia d DNA da trd thanh mdt trong nhiing tinh hudng cho cudc tranh ludn giiia cdc trudng phdi cua ly thuylt Quan he Qudc t l (QHQT). Da cd nhieu y kiln cho ring ly luan ciia thuyit Kiin tgo (Constructivism) co the dp dung tot nhat de ly gidi cho su hinh thdnh vd Hen kit ciia ASEAN. Thuylt nay vdi cac gia dinh vd lap luan chinh vl: (i) Danh gid cao vai trd ciia van hda, tu tudng, lich su, vd qua trinh xa hdi hda; (ii). Cdc nhd lanh dao qudc gia Id cdc chu the chinh; (ill). He thdng qudc te dugc xay dung mang tinh xa hgi (socially constructed); (iv). Tinh tr^ng v6 chinh phii giiia cac nude ban be khac vdi tmh trang vd chinh phii giiia cdc nude thu dich; (v). Xung dot xdy ra khi cac ben khdng hiiu nhau. Va nhu vay de trdnh xung dot, can tao ra mdt gid tri chung vd cdc ben can cd gang ciing hieu ro gia tri do de cd thi phdn dodn hanh vl cua nhau. Tinh trgng vd chinh phii vi thi cd thi duac chuyin hda thdnh cgng ddng an ninh.
' VuDu-ongNlnh, ^5'£/4A'//id/3 men iS'dM/AeAv'XV/, Tap Chuyen de I: Nghign cuu quoc
\h ~ Mot s6 v3n d6 ly luan va thuc tiin, NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia. Ha N6i 2009, tr.58-73.
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Nhu vay, khi dp dung nhting phuong phap tiep can cua thuyet Kiln tao vao qud trinh lien ket ASEAN, chiing ta nhan thay: Thii nliit, cdc qudc gia d khu vuc Ddng Nam A cd bdi canh lich sir khd tuong dong khi md cdc qudc gia nay hdu het deu bi dd hd trong qua khii, deu bat on vl an ninh va cdn phdi bdo ve dgc lap chii quyen ciia minh.^ Ngodi ra, cdc qu6c gia nay ed net tuong dong ve dieu kien khi hdu, thdi tiet, van hda,^ tir do cdc qudc gia ASEAN dd phdt trien mdt ban sac chung ciing, nhu mgt lie thong quy chuan hanh vi chung ggi \k phuang cdch ASEAN (ASEAN Way).'^ Vdi nin tdng ciia 1^ thuylt Id ddnh gia cao vai tro ciia vdn h6a, tu tudng, lich sii, vd qud trinh xa hdi hda, nhan manh tdi vai tro ciia ban sic (identity) vd tieu chudn hdnh vi (norms), chu nghia kiin tao phii hgp de ly giai cho bdn chat nen hda binh giiia cac nude dugc ggi Id "phi dan ehu" d Ddng Nam A.^ Thu hai, co cau td chuc Idng leo ciia ASEAN lai Id mdt thuan igi cho viec thuc day tuong tac. Bdi tuong tac dugc xem Id cd vai tro vd ciing quan trgng trong viec hinh thdnh bdn sac (identity) va gia tri chung (values).^ Vi vay, cdc cudc hgp ciia ASEAN chii yeu phuc vu cho nhu cdu tang cudng giao luu vd tucmg tac giiia cac nha lanh dao. The che ciia ASEAN, do dd dong vai trd xay dung ban sdc (dieu cd tac dung quylt dinh ddi vdi hdnh vi) hon la xay dvmg tinh phap ly (thdng qua viec xdy dung mgt the che diing tren qudc gia) dfe dieu chinh hanh vi cdc nude thdrih vien.^
^ Weatherbee, D. E., 2005, Internalional Relations in Southeast Asia - The Sirugglefw Autonomy, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, tr.13-14.
' Dao Huy Ngoc, Nguyin Phuang Binh, Ho^ng Anh Tudn, \991, ASEAN va su h^i nhap cua Viet Nam, NXB Chinh tri Qu6c gia, Ha Ngi, tr 57-62.
•* Weatherbee, D. E., 2005, International Relations in Southeast Asia - The Struggle for Autonomy, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, tr.128-129.
* BusseN., 1999, "Conslriiclivism and Southeast Asian Security", Pacific Review. Vol, 12, No 3,tr.46-48
'• Johnston A J., 2001, "Treating International Institutions as Social Environment", In- lernational Studies Quarterly, 45:3.
' Adler E. va Bamett M. (ed.), 1998, Security Communities, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
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Nghien cuu Quoc teso 1 (104)
Nhu vay, khi thuylt Kiln tao dugc xem Id ly thuyet nen, giai thich hgp ly nhat cho ban chit ciia hgp tac giiia cdc qudc gia ASEAN thi md hinh "cgng ddng" Id thich hgp hem cd cho ASEAN.
Co* sd cho sur hinh thanh Cong dong Van hoa Xa hoi ASEAN Hien nay, vdn cdn nhilu khd khan trong viec xay dung mdt khuon khd chung ve gia tri dao diic, ciing nhu Id mgt ban sac ASEAN thong nhat, gay klidng it trd ngai cho qud trinh cac quoc gia tien gdn vdi nhau hon trong su hda hgp vd thdng nhdt. Dieu dd dan den mdt diuc te Id sau 40 ndm thdnh lap, ASEAN dudng nhu van cdn khd liing tiing vd loay hoay trong viec xac dinh gia tri van hda - xa hgi chung de hinh thanh nen mdt dac trung "bdn sac ASEAN". Tuy nhien, ngudi ta thay cd mgt so yeu td dudi day de lam nen tinh thong nhat trong da dang ciia vdn hoa Ddng Nam A. Do chmh Id tien de khach quan, la co sd de cd the xay dung nen Cdng dong van hda - xa hgi ASEAN.
Thu nhdt, ASEAN cd khdng gian mdi tru&ng vdn hda chung. Ve vi tri dia ly tu nhien, nhd co dudng xich dao chay ngang qua va nam giiia Thdi Binh Duong vd An Do Duong, nen khi hau bien la ddc trung ciia phin Idn cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A, khien nai day ed khi hau gid mua nhiet ddi ndng Im, tao nen khdng gian tu nhien thuan Igi cho he ddng thuc vat phat triln phong phii, da dang. Day chinh la nggn ngudn dl hinh thanh mdt khu vuc van hoa cdy trdng, van minh trong trgt sdm nhat eiia nhan loai.
Ngoai rimg Id kho tdi nguyen phong phii (co nhung qu6e gia d Ddng Nam A vdi VA dien tich Id ddi mii nhu Id Lao hoac '/z dien tich Id rimg mii nhu Cam-pu-chia), ddng bdng ehau thd dugc cac con sdng Idn bdi dip la nhiing vua liia Idn dem lai ngudn luong thuc, thuc phdm d6i ddo (dong bdng chau thd sdng Hdng, sdng Cuu Long d Viet Nam; ddng bdng Irrawady vd Arakan d Mi-an-ma), thi sdng ngdi cung la mgt nhan
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td tu nhidn thuan Igi, giiip dn dinh va duy tri cudc sdng ciia eu ddn Dong Nam A tir xa xua (sdng M6 Kdng bit ngudn tir Trung Qudc rdi chay qua Lao, Mi-an-ma, Thai Lan, Cam-pu-chia va Viet Nam).
Biln Ddng tao vj thi quan trgng bdi tinh chit ciia ngd qudc tl, U eon dudng giao luu qude te giup cdC nude khu vuc ndy chCi dgng don nhan cac Iu6ng giao luu khong chi vl mat thuang m ^ - kinh tl rad con vl linh vue tilp xiic van hda vdi ben ngodi. Chinh cdc vung duyen hai, hdi dao dd ddng gdp cho van hda Ddng Nam A ky thuat di bien vd tao ra van hda thuong nghiep phat triln tir thdi trung cd.
Qua cdc cii lieu khao co hgc va nhdn chirng hgc, chiing Indonesian la cdi ngudn. Id gdc re ciia cdc tgc ngudi, cac ddn tdc khde nhau ciia Ddng Nam A. Cudi thdi dai dd dong, chiing Indonesian phan thanh hai chung mdi la Nam A vd Nam Ddo. Chinh tinh thong nhdt vl khong gian mdi trudng van h6a da tao nen net dac trung chung trong tdm ly tinh each cua con ngudi d cdc quoc gia Ddng Nam A. Day cung chinh Id yeu td thuan Igi dau tien thiic ddy viee hinh thanh Cgng dong van hoa - xa hdi.
Thie hai, cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A ngdy nay cd chung mdt nen vdn hda gdc ndng nghiep, dgc biet Id trdng lua nu&c. Nhiing thdnh tuu ciia khoa hgc xa hgi vd nhan van the gidi cho thay Ddng Nam A la mgt trong nam trung tam xudt hien van hoa trdng trgt sdm nhit the gioi.
Nen van hda nay chii yeu la van hda liia nude vd mang day dii sdc thai ciia vdn hda ddng bang, van hda bien va van hda niii ddi, da hinh thanh nen nen vdn minh nong nghiep liia nude. Ngodi Xinh-ga-po, cac nuac \ \ ASEAN khde, thuc chit deu Id nhOng nude ndng nghiep, d Thdi Lan 77% ngudi ddn 1dm nong nghiep. Phi-lip-pin vd In-dd-ne-xi-a Id 70%, Ma-lai-xi-a Id 57%. Day chinh Id ca sd quy dinh sir phdt triln van hoa ^ i tinh thin, ca cdu xa hdi, ddi sdng tdm linh, tu duy trilt ly eiia con nguai Ddng Nam A trong su6t qua trinh vdn ddng tir xa xua din ngdy nay. D6 la CO ting vdn hda Ddng Nam A, Id ldp van hda ban dia ma tir day van i i
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Wghien cuu Quoc tesi 1 (104)
tida dan gian cd co hdi nay nd, phat trien, chiem phdn Idn vd ndi bat trong tien trinh van hda Ddng Nam A. Tin ngudng da than gido, van vat hiiu linh, tuc thd ciing td tien ciing nhu cdc than thoai ve lut, ve ngudn goc dan tdc, ve cac anh himg van hda nhd the ma ciing ra ddi. Cac than thoai, tin ngudng, nghi le, le hgi gdn bd chat che, hda quyen vao nhau.
Co cau phd bien trong nen van hda gdc ndng nghigp chinh la Idng xa, rdi md rdng thdnh dit nude, rdi thanh qude gia trong lich sii phdt trien. Ca eau nay ngay cang dugc md rdng nhd vdo Igi the truyen thdng von cd dd la tinh cd ket cdng ddng, tinh Idng gieng than thien, de hinh thanh nen mgt cdng ddng "lien qudc gia". Day chinh la qua trinh xay dung mgt Cdng ddng vdn hda - xa hgi chung, vira mang tinh he thong lai vira mang tinh ke thira truyen thdng tir lich su van hda td chiic ddi s6ng tap thi ciia cdc quoc gia Ddng Nam A. Day chinh la thuan Igi to Idn de hinh thanh Cdng ddng van hda - xa hdi ASEAN.
i Thic ba, cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A diu cd chung ddc thii phdt sinh, phdt trien vdn hda trong tien trinh phdt triin lich sic. Tir thdi cd trung dai, cde qudc gia Ddng Nam A deu co qud trinh ti^p bien vdn hoa ngoai sinh tir An Do, Trung Qudc, A Rap - Ba Tu tren nen gdc bdn dia, tren tinh thin sang tao de lam thdnh van hda ndi sinh qua cdc bude hgi tu van hda. Din thdi ky can hien dai, tai cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A lai iiln ra qud trinh tilp biln vdn hda ngoai sinh tir Tay Au dl vugt khdi 'tmyln thdng van hda trung dai, chuyen ddn va chuyen sang hdn van hoa lien dai. Hien tai, cde qudc gia Ddng Nam A dang hudng ndi, tim lai ';6i ngudn, tim lai su "tuong ddng trong khac biet" dl ciing xay dung va Shat triln viing ben ban sac van hoa khu vuc.
i , , , , ,
• Thic tu, tgi tdt cd cdc nu&c Ddng Nam A diu cd su "thdng nhdt
^ong da dgng " cua vdn hda. Dd chinh Id mdt trong nhihig bdn sdc cua jdn hda ASEAN. Vdn hda Ddng Nam A dugc ggi Id mdt qud trinh "trdm ich" ciia cac ldp van hda, gom ed ngi sinh vd ngoai sinh, tao nen mdt 6ng thi van hda. Van hda Dong Nam A la mgt qud trinh hdi tu, tai tao,
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ndng ddng, sang tao, 1dm thdnh cdt I5i van hda trong lieh su tdn tai va phdt triln. Dd Id su thdng nhdt trong tiin trinh phat trien vdn hda Dong Nam A. Trong su thdng nhdt ve c^i ngudn van hda tren ca tdng van hoa bdn dia Ddng Nam A, vdn hda Ddng Nam A dugc phat trien len thkHi da sic mdu, cdng ve sau cdng da dang.
Trong bdi canh hien nay, xu the todn cdu hda Id sy h6i nhip va dan xen van hda Ddng Tay. ASEAN ed the manh truyen thdng la su kit hgp van hda ban dia, vdn hoa ngoai sinh mdt cdch tdi tinh v^ cao do, va trong hien tai, nd cd the phdt huy mat tich cue ndy de lam giau them cho mgt vdn hda bdn sde ASEAN. Tie cdi ngudn vd qud tiinh phdt trien, cdc yiu td vdn hda mang tinh thdng nhdt, cUng nhu sd ph$n Ifch su gidng nhau cua cdc qudc gia ASEAN, nhdt la tie the ky XX trd Igi day chinh la ca s&. Id tien de khdch quan, quan trgng, cdn thiit de khdng dinh rdng ASEAN cd thi xdy dung nen mgt cdng ddng van hda - xa hdi. Hon n&a, dieu quan trgng nhdt dd Id Cgng ddng van hoa xd hgi ASEAN la cgng ddng vi nhdn ddn, md day ciing ehinh la muc tieu chung ciia cac qudc gia.
Yeu to ton gido trong tien trinh xay durng Cong dong Van hoa Xa hoi ASEAN
Str da dgng tdn gido & khu virc Bong Nam A
Khu vuc Ddng Nam A ndi rieng vd chau A - Thai Binh Duong noi chung cd su da dang tdn giao dimg hdng diu thi gidi,* vdi ba ton gj^o Idn vd nhieu tin ngudng khu vue khac. Hien nay sd ngudi theo dao Hoi chiem 39% chu yeu d khu vuc Ddng Nam A hai ddo, tilp theo 1^ dao Phdt chilm 24% chu yiu d Dong Nam A luc dia, dao Cong gido chiem 21% vd cac tdn gido va tin ngudng c6n lai chiem 16%. Sy da dang nay khdng chi the hien d trong khu vuc ma cdn thS hien d tiing quic gia
' Zachary Keck, "Asia leads world in religious diversity", The Diplomat, 9/4/20M.' http://thediplomat.conL^014/04/asia-leads-worId-in-religious-diversity/ (tray c|p ngiy
18/5/2014). :
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Nghiin ciru Quoc iSsd 1 (104)
nhu: Bru-nay (H6i giao 63%, Phat giao 14%, CSng giao 8%, cac ton giao khac 15%); Cam-pu-chia (PhSt giao tiSu thua 95%, cac ton giao khac 7%); Lao (Phat giao 60%, Tha v^t td 40%); Mi-an-ma (Phat giao 89%, Thien chila gido 4%, H6i giao 4%, cac ton giao khac 3%); Phi-lip- pin (Cong giio La Ma 83%, Tin lanh 9%, H6i giao 5%, PhSt giao 3%);
Thai Lan (PhSt giao 95%, cac ton giao khac 5%)...'
Voi su da dang ton giao dung hang dau thS giai'°, Dong Nam A tir thap nien cuoi thi k} truac den nay iuon la diem nong cua xung dot sac toe va ton giao. Cac truang hgp a mien Nam Phi-Hp-pin, Thai Lan, Ma-lai-xi-a, In-do-ne-xi-a... h4u het mang mot diim chung dl nhan biet do la co lien quan den cong dong Hoi giao, dien hinh la cac phong trao li khai khoi chinh quySn trung uang nhim thanh lap nha nuac H6i giao rieng nhu phong trao li khai cua nguoi Aceh (In-do-ne-xi-a), Moro (Nam Phi-lip-pin), Melayu - Muslim (Nam Thai Lan)".. .va tinh trang gia tang xung dot ton giao a bang Rakhine mien Tay Mi-an-ma.
Xung dpt t6n gido Ik sir va cham, tranh chap, dyng dp ve gia tri ton giao giOa cdc c6ng dfing t6n gido. "Trong thS gidi mdi nay, cdc cuoc xung dot dQ d^i, quan trpng vd nguy hiem nhdt khSng phai giua cdc tang ldp xd h0i, giiia giau vd ngheo md la gitra cdc dan tpc thuoc vS cdc chinh thi vdn hda khac nhau".'^ Tac ddng sau sac cua cac cupc xung dot CO thd do (i) nguydn nhan ndi bd nhu mdt nen dtin chii chua trudng thdnh, su tr6i ddy cua chii nghia ddn toe, nguyen nhdn Jcinh te (su phat tridn kinh td khdng ddng deu), ban sdc ton gido (phong trao ly khai thdat khdi quySn cai tri ciia tdn gido khde), thii hdn iich su, chinh ' Tran Kh^h (chii bien), NiiSng vdn de ciiinh trj kinti te Dong Nam A tli4p nien ddu the kyXXl, NXB Khoa hpc Xa W, 2006, tr.254-255.
"* Global Religious Diversity, Pew Research Religion & Public Life Project, http://www.
pewforum.org/2014/04/04/global-religious-divereity/ (truy c^p ngay 21/5/2014).
" Pham Thi Vinh, 2007, MQI SO vdn de ve xung dot sdc loc va Ion gido a Bong Nam A, NXB Khoa hpc xa h?i, n-.21.
'^ Samuel Hungtington, Sif va cham cua cdc nen vdn minh, NXB Lao dpng, Ha Npi 2003, T.19.
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sdch tdn gido sai lam cua chinh phu (nan tham nhung d mien Nam TTlai Lan va vdn de phdn chia loi nhuan giiia chinh quyin va ngudi ddn trong phong trdo Aceh d In-dd-ne-xi-a); (ii) nguyen nhdn ben ngodi, nhu vai trd cua cong ddng qudc te trong giai quyet xung dot cd gidi han vi nguyen tdc khdng can thiep, ddc biet la Lien Hop Qudc, cdc lire lirpng chong pha nham th\ic hien muu dd chinh tri.'^ Nhu vay, qua xem x^i cdc tradng hop dien hinh cd the thay ro edc cudc xung dot da phdn xuSi phdt tu khd ndng kiem sodt cua chinh phu vd cac chinh sach khong thoa ddng cua ehinh phu, tii do dan den cdc ben mdu thudn Igi dung ySu tfi tdn gido de lam cdi cd nang eao xung dot trong ndi bp qudc gia, va tit do dan den tac ddng den khu vuc.
Ngay tu giai doan ban ddu, ton gido khong cd vai trd trong vile hinh thdnh ASEAN (ASEAN 5) bdi ASEAN ban ddu duoc hinh thMi nham muc dich chinh la thuc ddy phdt trien kinh te vd an ninh-ehinh tri.
Vi vay, kinh t^ vd an ninh - chinh tri d6ng vai tro quan trong trong viec hinh thdnh ASEAN, cdn tdn giao thi khdng. Tuy nhien, xet trong qufi trinh tdn tai va phdt triSn cua ASEAN (tu ASEAN 5 len ASEAN 10) tlii yeu td t6n giao ddng mdt vai trd nhat dinh. "Mdt trong nhiJng sue m^nh cua cdng ddng ASEAN la nSn mdng tdn giao - tam linh quan trong cua cac nude trong khdi. Nhung nhn mdng nay la rdt he trong trong viec xic dinh nhn vdn hda cua nhung nude nay, vd chung to manh mS tinh c6 kinh kinh vien cua cdc nen vdn hda - van minh cua hp." '"* Ton gido TM trong van hda va !d mot trong ba tru cdt ehinh cua ASEAN trong tien trinh hudng tdi myc tieu xdy dung cong ddng ASEAN nam 2015: kinli xk, chinh tri-an ninh vd van hda-xa hdi. Cung vdi Cdng ddng ChinhM
" Ding Gang, "Religious conflicts call for Asian approach", Global Times, IO/7/2010, http://www.giobaltimes.cn/content/795233.shtnil (truy cap ng^y 12/5/2014).
''' Oscar L. Evengelista , "Mot s6 nhSn xet vh v&n h6a trong phat triln: Vai trd ciia d6i s6ng tinh than - tSn giSo nhu m^t yeu t6 cho su phat trien ben vimg cua Cong Ahag ASEAN: trudng hgp cua Phi-lip-pin", Xran°. Xdy dtmg ASEAN thanh cpng dong cdc quoc gia phdt trien ben viing, ddng diu vd hQ'p tdc (Ky yeu H6i thao quoc t^ tJii H^ N6i thing 11/1998), Trung tam Khoa hoc X a h ^ i v a Nhan van Qu6c gia. Ha N6i 1999, tr.240. "
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Nghien ciru QuSc tes61 (104)
-An ninh (APSC) va Cong ddng Kinh ta (AEC), Cdng ddng Van hda - Xa hdi (ASCC) chiem mdt vi tri ddc biet trong tien trinh xdy dung cdng ddng cua ASEAN, md trong do muc tieu quan trpng nhdt ciia ASCC Id thuc ddy tien bp xa hdi va xay dung ban sac chung ASEAN.
Tuy nhien, bdn chat nen mdng van hda rieng biet cua Ddng Nam A vdn cdn Id van de ma eac nhd ehuyen m6n cdn dang tranh luan. Tat ca cdc nude trong viing diu da trdi qua nhiing biin ddi vS ton giao va van hda cd khuynh hudng tach rieng tiing nude.'^ Su khac biet ve vdn hda, tdn gido cua cdc nhdm tdc ngudi d mdt sd qude gia trong hiep hoi dang bi mpt sd thS lire lai dung vi muu d6 chinh tri cua hp, gay nen hien tuong ly tam d mdt sd qudc gia ddn tdc, dnh hudng khong t6t d^n su lien ket chung cua ASEAN.'^ Ngodi ra, su khac biet do cung vdi nhiing sai Idm trong ehinh sdch tdn giao cua nhd nude la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan ddn tdi chu nghia li khai d Dong Nam A va la nhan td lam cho chu nghia li khai dien ra trdm trpng hon.'^ Td dd, cd the nhan thdy qua trinh tien tdi mpt ban sac chung gliia cac nude gap" nhieu khd khan vd Idii dd tdn gido trd thdnh vat can trong qua trinh thuc hien Tdm nhin 2020:
"Todn bp Ddng Nam A se Id mpt cong ddng ASEAN nhdn thiic dupe cac mdi lien he lich su cua minh, hieu ro di sdn van hda cua minh va gdn bo vdi nhau bdng mdt bdn sac ehung cua khu vuc".'*
" Robert Cribb, "ASEAN vi ban sic khu vuc trong boi cinh so sanh", trong: Xdy dtmg ASEAN thdnh cong ddng cdc qudc gia phdt triin bin virng. ddng deu vd hpp tdc (Ky yeu Hoi thao qu6c tS tai Ha Npi thang li/1998), Trung tam Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan vSn Qu6c gia. Hi Noi 1999, tr.457-458.
'* Pham Disc Thanh, Lien kit ASEAN trong thdp nien ddu thi k^'XXI, NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi,HiN9i2006,tr.218.
" H^ Dan, Da dang van h6a va xung d6t ton giao - s3c toe 6 Dong Nam A: Thyc trang vk The dong". Nghien cuu Ddng Nam A, thang 7/2013.
'* Vu Duong Ninh,"Hoi nh^p van hoa - Nhan to phat trien ben vimg ciia ASEAN", trong:
Xdy dung ASEAN thdnh cpng ddng cdc quoc gia phdt triin ben virng. dong diu vd hap tdc i¥S/yiu Hpi thao qu6c tS tgi Ha Noi thdng 11/1998), Tmng tam Khoa hpc XSh^i v^
Nhan van Quoc gia. Ha Npi 1999, tr.219.
3/2016 119
Su da dang tdn gido cd tdc ddng khdng nhd t&i su hinh thdnh ciia Cgng ddng Vdn hda - Xd hdi ASEAN (ASCC). ASCC dupe xem U
"keo dinh" gdn ket hai tru cdt con lai (Kinh tl vd An ninh - Chinh trj), Id yeu td khdng the thieu cua lien ket khu vue.'^ Viec xdy dung ASCC chinh Id hdnh ddng hien thuc hda "mpt cdng ddng eac xa hpi diim boc Idn nhau"^° dd dupe neu ra trong "Tdm nhin ASEAN 2020", nlidm tang cudng tinh doan ket vd thdng nhdt giiia cdc qudc gia thdnh vien. Theo dd, Ke hoach tdng the cua ASCC bao gdm: phat trien con ngudi; phuc Ipi vd bdo hiem xd hdi; cdc quyen va binh dang xa hdi; bdo dam moi trudng ben vung; tao dung bdn sdc ASEAN; va thu hep khodng cacii phdt triSn.^' Ke hoach chu trpng rat nhiSu tdi muc tieu ndng cao doi sdng cda ngudi ddn trong khu vuc. Vi vay, da dang tdn gido vdi he qud Id xung dot tdn gido chinh Id mdt trong nhflng trd ngai rdt Idn cua viec xay dung ASCC, Id nguySn nhan lam nghiem trpng hda cac v5n de xd hdi nhu ddi ngheo, benh tat, vd gia eu, an ninh luong thuc, thlt nghiep.. .0 nhiing vung xay ra xung dot, tre em khdng ed dieu kien hoc tap va phdt trien trong khi giao due la muc tieu quan trpng trong qui trinh xay dung ASCC. Sir tiep dien xung dot cang kho dupe giai quyet, vd qua dd ciing dnh hudng tdi nd luc thu hep khoang each phat trien giiia cdc nude.
Ben canh dd, m^t phdn ndi dung eiia ASCC lien quan tdi vdn dS nhdn quyen va dan chii, cu the la viec bao dam eae quyen vd cdng bSng xd hdi. Thuc chat, xung dot tdn gido khdng don thudn la do mdu thuin
" Trich Phdt bieu Khai mac cua Thu trudng Pham Quang Vinh tgi Hdi thdo Dinh hudng ASEANsau2QI5, H a N 0 i 3-4/12/2013.
^ Bp Ngoai giao, Vu ASEAN, "TSm nhin ASEAN 2020", (Thong qua tai H6i nghj d p cao ASEAN khong chinh thii'c lin thii bai Kuala Lumpur, ngay 14-16/12/1997), http.//asean.
mofa.gov.vn/vi/nr070521170031/nrl 30930203540/nrl40228024126/ns 131113172416,
(truy c i p ngiy 21/05,^014). m
^' "Thong tin ca ban vh C^ng d6ng ASEAN 2015", Bdo nhdn ddn. http://www.nliaBra dan.org.vn/mobile/_mobile_thegioi/_mobile_asean/item/20942502.htm!, (truy c^p ngSy 20/05/2014).
120 3/20Ut
Nghien cuu QuSc teso I (104)
giiia hai nhdm ngudi md chinh id bi^u hien cho su thdt bai trong chinh sach xa hdi cua nhigu nude. Cong d6ng thiiu sd Rohingya theo dao H6i dMy-an-ma bi tude doat cac quyen cdng dan co ban vi khdng dupe cdng nhdn Id cu ddn chmh thiic cua My-an-ma, bi chen ep vd khdng cd diiu kien sdng nhu da sd cu dan theo dao Phdt. Khi mdt qudc gia cd qudc giao hay tdn gido hay cd tdm dnh hudng Idn nhat thi nhiing nhdm ngudi thiiu sd theo edc tdn giao gido khac luon hi doi xu bat cdng. Day Id vin de gay khd khan cho chinh sach ddm bao cdng bdng xd hdi cua ASCC.
Vdi muc tieu tao dung ban sdc chung, ASEAN mong mudn nang cao hon niia nhan thiic vh ASEAN vd gid tri chung theo tinh tlian "thSng nhdt trong da dang" d mpi tdng ldp xd hdi.^^ Cdc nha lanh d^o ASEAN ciing nhan manh bdn sac ASEAN chinh Id nin tang cho mpi lpi Ich khu virc.^^ Tuy nhien, su da dang ton giao dang la mpt trong nhiing vat can Idn cua mue tieu nay. Tdn gido, vdn hda, ngdn ngii, hay tin ngudng,...
chinh Id nhiing yeu td tao nen ban sdc dan tdc. Do vay, su da dang vi ton giao cd the tao nen nhiing nhan thiie xa hdi khac nhau, gdy kho khan trong qua trinh thuc ddy nhdn thdc chung.
Nhgn thirc ciia ASEAN ve vai tro cua ton gido
Khi mdi hinh thdnh, ASEAN chua cd nhdn thuc ro ve mdt cong dong ASEAN cd bdn sac chung md tap trung gidi quyet cac van de an ninh - chinh tri vd kinh te. Vi the, d cac nude ASEAN luc dd van chua xudt hien gidi tinh hoa de lanh dao nham thuc hien muc tieu xay diing mpt cdng ddng van hoa ASEAN mang ban sac chung. Gidi tinh hoa do
"phdi bao gdm nhung nha tri thuc, nhiing nha van hoa cua tat ca cac dan tpc, cd tdi nang xuat ehung, co hpc thuc uyen bac, cac nhan each tieu biiu lam ndng c6t, lam tham muu cho su doi mdi van hda, dupe tap
" BO Ngoai giao, Vu ASEAN, "T6ng quan C6ng d6ng Van hoa - Xa hoi ASEAN (ASCC)", http://asean.mofa.gov.vn/vi/nrl30930205728/nrl31107210048/nrl40228042410/
nsl3U13232048, (truy cSp ngay 20/05/2014)
^' Ba Ngoai giao, Vu ASEAN, "T6ng quan C6ng d6ng V3n h6a- Xa hpi ASEAN (ASCC)", http://asean.mofa.gov.vn/vi/nrl30930205728/nrl311072I0048/nrl40228042410/
nsl31113232048, (truy cap ng^y 20/05/2014).
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hop trong nhutig td chiie nghien cuu t6ng hpp (lien ngdnh vd da n g ^ ) ed ve ly thuyet lan thuc hdnh de dua ra nhirng mdu hinh van hda thich hop cd sue hdp dan qudn chiing va hudng hp di theo mpt ly tudng thlm my lanh manh, nhan bdn, vira dan tdc, vira hien dai, giam dan vd han che nhiing he qua tieu cue, nhimg ngo nhdn mdt each tu phdt trong tiSp nhdn van hda ngo^i lai".-^
Trong qua trinh phdt trien tir ASEAN 5 Ien ASEAN 10, cac nha lanh dao ASEAN dd cd nhan thuc ve vai trd ciia tdn gido nhung khong that sir chu trong. Ke ho?ich tdng the ASCC ehu yiu tap trung vao cac chuong trinh gido due ndng cao nhan thiic vd hieu biet ve su da dang ve van hda, Iich su, thi chi... cua cdc qudc gia ASEAN. Trong dd, cac nha lanh dao ASEAN nhan manh bdn sdc ASEAN chinh la nen tdng eiia m^l Ipi ich cua khu vuc. Do Id nhiing quy tdc, nhdn each, gid trj va niim tin ciing nhu khat vpng chung cua mpt cdng ddng ASEAN that su. ASEAN cung se long ghep va tang cudng nhan thiie sau sae hem vd cdc gia tri ehung cua su thdng nhat trong da dang ddi vdi mpi tang ldp xa hpi."
Tuy nhien, ban sac chung ASEAN vdn chua dupe xdy dung thdnh kh^
niem ro rang, vai trd ciia tdn gido khdng dupe neu len cu the, tham chi Id md nhat.
Muc tieu '•hoa nhap trong da dang" cua ASCC thi mat "da dang"
vdn rd net hon mat "hda nhap". Phuang chdm cua ASEAN Id "Mot Tam nhin, Mdt Bdn sac, Mdt Cdng ddng," mdt ly tudng cao cd nhung it co ca sd trong thuc ti. Thuc te Id cac nude thdnh vien ASEAN rdt khac nhau.
Xmh-ga-po thinh vupng vd cdng nghe tien tien hon so vdi Mi-an-ma.
-"' Pham Due Duong, "HOi nhap vin h6a D6ng Nam A vi sir phat tri^n b6n vOng trong b6i canh toan ciu hoa", trong: Xdy dung ASEAN thdnh cgng ddng cdc qudc gia phdt triin ben vung, dong diu vd hap tdc (Ky yhu Hoi thao qu6c t l tai Ha Npi thang 11/I998), TVung tam Khoa hpc Xa hpi v^ Nhan van qu6c gia. Ha N$i 1999, tr.231.
^' Due Ninh (cb), Xdy dipig Cong dong vdn hda - xa hgi ASEAN., Vien Han \km Khoa hoc Xa hpi Viet Nam. Vien Nghien cim Dong Nam A, Ha N$i 2013.
122 3/2016.
Nghien cuu Quoc tesS 1 (104)
Ddn Phi-lip-pin ehu yiu Id ngudi Cdng gido, trong khi In-dd-ne-xi-a da sd la ngudi Hdi giao. Kinh ti. ton giao, vd ngon ngii cung khac nhau.
ASEAN cdn nd lire nhieu hon niia de ed "Mdt Tam nhin, Mdt Bdn sde, vd Mdt Cdng ddng'".^ Tren ca sd nguyen tac khdng can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bp ciia timg qudc gia nen ASEAN nhdn thiic chua ro vd chua cd vai trd nhieu trong viee gidi quyet xung dot tdn giao. Tuy nhien, khi nhdn thay vdn dS xung dot tdn gido cd the Idy Ian va de dpa an ninh, dn dinh khu vuc, ASEAN se cd nhiing ddng thai de giai quyet van de nay.
Dien hinh nhu trudng hpp ASEAN cung Lien Hpp Qude keu gpi qudc te giup Mi-an-ma gidi quyet tinh trang xung dot gido phdi vao thang 10/2012.^' Nhung nhin chung xung dot ton giao vdn cdn Id vdn de ndi tai cua mdi qude gia va ASEAN chua cd mpt hiep udc hay quy dinh cu the ndo de gidi quyet.
Vdn di xung dot ton giao d Phi-lip-pin Id mdt vi du. Thuc tiin gidi quyet xung dot sac tdc, tdn gido d Phi-lip-pin nhiing nam qua cho thdy:
Cho din hien nay, mac dii van de xung dot sdc tdc - tdn gido da tam thdi dupe gidi quyit bdng cdc hiep dinh hda binh dupe ky giiia Chinh phii vdi cdc phong trdo ly khai. song v§n di ly khai dan tdc d Phi-IIp-pin chua phai da duac gidi quyit hodn todn. Nhiing xung dot dan tpc, sac tpc, tdn gido rat dl bimg phdt trd lai khi gap nhiing tdc nhdn kich thich, nhiing dm muu lpi dung tir ben ngoai^^ Nhu vay cho thdy, chinh ban than chmh phii Phi-lip-pin vdn ddng vai trd chinh trong viec giai quyit xung dot tdn giao d ddt nude ndy md chua thdy su can thiep ciia ASEAN.
^ VuDiic Khanh, "Asean can thay doi hinh 5nh vatu duy", 26/7/2012, http://v™wbbc co uk/vietnamese /forum/2012/07/120726_asean_changes.shtml (truy cap 13/5/2014).
-' Ngpc Khuong, "ASEAN - Lien Hop Qu6c keu gpi giup Mi-an-ma giai quyat xung d6t giao phdi". TTX Reuteurs, 31/10/2012, http://vov.vn/The-gioi/ASEANLHQ-keu-goi-gi- up-Myanmar-giai-quyet-xung-dot-giao-phai/232292.vov (truy cap 10/5/2014).
^* Trinh TrSn Phuong Anh, "VSn d6 xung d6t sic tpc, ton giao 6 Phi-lip-pin", 9/5/2014, http://www.lyluanchinhtri vn/index.php/quoc-te/item/671-van-de-xung-dot-sac-toc-ton- giao-o-phi-lip-pin.hunl (truy cap 11/5/2014).
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Ban than cdc qude gia vdn cdn lo ng^i rdng khi cuOc tiep xiic giao luu vdn hda trong xu the khu vuc hda ngdy cang dupe md rpng, lam thi ndo de cde ddn toe tiip nhdn nhiing tinh hoa van hda nhung khdng danh mat di ban sac dan tdc. Dac bift khi tdn gido lai Id vat can cho sir hoa hop vdn hda noi rieng vd ed cdng ddng ASEAN ndi chung, cdc nude cdng ban ch§ viec hda hop ton gido nham bdo ve lai ich cua qudc gia.
Chang han nhu ddi vdi In-dd-ne-xi-a, qudc gia cd so dan theo Hdi giao ddng nhat the gidi. Cdng ddng Hdi gido van chdng l^i mpt each quyit liet viec truyin giao ciia dao Thien chiia khiin cho tdn giao ndy phat trien mdt cdch chat vat va ch^m chap d In-dd-ne-xi-a. Do vay, viec hoa hpp ddi vdi cdc tdn gido khde gan nhu Id khdng th6, nhdt Id khi hdu hit cdc cudc xung dot tdn gido diSn ra d Ddng Nam A diu lien quan din Hdi gido.^'^ In-do-ne-xi-a khdng the danh mat bdn sde mpt dan tpc chiu anh hudng rat nhieu tir Hdi giao ciing nhu lpi ich ciia qudc gia. Them vao do, bj rdng budc bdi nguyen tdc ddng thuan trong ASEAN, viec hoa hop tdn gido cang trd nen bat klid thi.
Gidi quyit vin de hdi nhap ban sdc doi hdi phai cd mdt nin tang nhdt dinh cho sir phdt trien kinh ti va van hod. Chua phat triin, thi se khdng giai quyet dn thoa duoc vdn di xung dpt ton gido; thdng thudng niu kinh ti xdu di, thi vdn di sde tpc ciing se xdu di. Kinh ti phat triin, viee gidi quyet vdn di sde toe tdt yeu ciing se tiin len phia trudc mot each ddng bd. Niu vdn di sdc tdc - tdn gido khdng dupe gidi quyit on thod, dieu dd se kiim che sir phdt triin kinh ti. Binh ddng vi gidi, vi chiing toe vd ton giao, tiin tdi myc tieu cdng bdng xd hdi giiip cho xa hdi khdng xay ra tinh t r ^ g bat dn, nhiing mdu thudn vi sac tpc, ton gido sB dupe dieu hoa, trdnh nhiing xung dot khSng ddng co. Diiu do tdc dpng tich cue den an ninh chinh tri, giiip dn dinh xa hdi^". >Jhan thuc
" Ngo van Doanh, Hdi gido vdi ddi song chinh tri Ddng Nam A, NXB Thi gioi. Ha N§i 2013,tr.I45.
'" Dice Kmh, Xdy dung Cdng ddng vdn hda-xa hgi ASEAN, tixb Khoa hoc X^hQi, Ha Npi 2013, tr.267.
124 3/2016
Nghien ciru QuSc ti s61 (104)
dupe diiu dd, Cdng ddng Van hda - Xd hpi ASEAN dupe xdy dung tren CO sd xda bd mpi rdo can vi sdc tdc, tdn giao cung sdng trong hoa binh, chia se va dum bpc Idn nhau nhdm giam tdi miic tdi da nhiing tu tudng ki thi ton giao, xung dot tdn gido, gop phdn lam cho an ninh - chinh tri dupe giii viing, dn dinh^'.
ASEAN cd vi the chii dao cdt loi trong hop tdc Ddng A. Doi vdi edc nude ASEAN md ndi, giai quyet van de sac tdc - tdn gido, khdng nhiing Id budc di quan trpng tim kiem mo hinh phdt triin phii hop vdi nude minh, md cdn Id van de then chdt de giai quyit vdn di la lifu cd the phat trien ben viing hay khdng. Dieu dd cd nghia Id cdc nude ASEAN chi co the xii ly tdt vdn di sac tdc - tdn giao, thi phat trien mdi cang dn dinh.
Vai nhan xet
"Mpt tam nhin, mot ban sac, mdt cong ddng", dd Id phuang ch&n cua ASEAN trong sudt hdnh trinh gan 50 nam ton tai, xdy dung va cung phat triin vdi ba tru cot chinh: C6ng ddng An ninh (ASC), Cdng dong Kinh ti (AEC) va Cdng ddng Vdn hoa - Xa hpi (ASCC). ASEAN ngay nay dd Id mdt thdng lpi cua tdt ca cac dan tdc d Ddng Nam A, la mpt sir phat triin tdt yiu ciia xu the khu vuc hoa, todn cdu hda. Tuy nhien, ASEAN dang cd mdt tham vpng Idn hon vdi ki hoach tam nhin 2020:
"Toan bd Ddng Nam A se Id mdt cdng ddng ASEAN nhan thuc dupe cdc moi lien he lich sd cua minh, hieu ro di sdn van hda cua minh va gdn bd vdi nhau bdng mpt ban sdc chung ciia khu vuc". Ban sac chung ma ASEAN dang hudng din ddi hoi nhieu thach thiic vd kho khan ma cac qudc gia trong khu vuc cimg phai vuot qua, trong do khdng thi khong nhdc din tdn giao - mpt yeu to quan trpng trong viec hinh thanh nen ban sdc vdn hda dac trung cua ASEAN.
'1 Due Ninh, Sdd. tr.276.
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Biic tranh ve cdc ton gido d Ddng Nam A rdt da dang vd phong phii bdi trong qud trinh phat trien Iich sii d day da hdi tu du cdc he tir tudng tir ca phuong Ddng (Trung Quoc, An Dp, A-rdp) Ian phuang Tay Ddc biet d Ddng Nam A, mdi quoc gia thudng ed khdng phdi la mdt ma nhieu tdn giao khac nhau, hinli thanh tCr Idu ddi vd da dang. Dieu nay gay khd khdn cho ASEAN trong van de hudng den sy thdng nhdt chung va hda hpp bdn sdc van hda ve tdn giao ciia khu vue trong tuong lai.
Hien nay, vdn de tin ngudng, ton gido la vdn de nhay cdm va co nhieu dien bien phiie tap, dieu ndy dat ra cho cdc cap, chinh quyen, cho cdc nha lanh dao ASEAN, edc quoc gia trong khu vuc ciing edc to chiic tdn gido cdn phai cd nhung gidi phdp huu hieu de giii viing dn djnh trat tu xa hdi, an ninh quoc gia, t^o dieu ki?n cho cdng cudc xdy dung nen hda binh chung cua khu vyc, nhung van lam cho cdc tdn gido giii gin dupe ban sac rieng vdn ed cda minh. Ben canh dd con ddi hoi cdc quoc gia khi thuc hien chinh sdch tdn gido can cd su tham gia cua ca he thong chinh tri, cac td chuc xd hpi, giao dan vd todn thi dan tdc mdi lam tit dupe cdng tac ndy. Do Id thdch thiic mdi ddt ra cho ASEAN, doi hoi nhiing phuong hudng giai quyet phu hop de di den muc tieu cua mmh.
Cu the, chiing ta cdn phdi khde phuc nliiing anh hudng tieu cue ciia ton gido trong ddi sdng xd hpi, ban che tdi da cde xung dot ton gido, sac tpc trong khu vuc; tdn trpng, dam bdo quyen ty do tin ngudng cua cong dan; thuc hidn su dodn ket tdn gido giira cdc qu6c gia, nghiSm cdm mpi hanh vi chia re vi li do tin ngudng, ton gido; hpc hdi giao luu tir nhiing to ehdc qudc te tren the gidi. Tir do, ASEAN cung chung tay hudng den thyc hien mue tieu cua minh trong tuang lai.
Cdc cdng ddng tdn gido d khu vuc Ddng Nam A tao nen biic tranh Ddng Nam A da mdu sdc, nhung ciing chinh sy da dang do lam can trd tien trinh phdt trien cua ASEAN. Them vdo dd, mac du ton giao Id mdt yiu td quan trpng ciia vdn hoa - mpt trong nliiing myc tieu lien kit cua ASEAN, tdn giao vdn chua dupe chu trpng ddc biet nhu Id kinh
126 3/2016
Nghien ciru QuSc te sS 1 (104)
te va chinh tri. Qua sy phdn tich ciia bdi viet, tac ddng cua tdn gido tuy khdng anh hudng nhieu ddi vdi su hinh thanh, t6n tai vd phdt trien ciia ASEAN, nhung ddi vdi Cong ddng Van hoa - Xa hdi ASEAN thi rd rang tdn gido ddng mpt vai trd quan trpng trong sy lien ket ASEAN cung nhu trong qud trinh xay dung ben viing cdng ddng nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
l.D.G.E. Hall, Lich sir Ddng Nam A, NXB Chinh tri Quic gia 1997.
2. Ddo Huy Ngpc, Nguyen Phuang Binh, Hodng Anh Tudn, ASE- AN vd su hgi nhap cua l^erA^am, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, Hd Npi 1997, tr. 57-62.
3. Due Ninh (cb), Xdy dung Cdng ddng vdn hda - xa hdi ASEAN, Vien Hdn lam Khoa hpc Xd hdi Viet Nam, Vien Nghien cim Ddng Nam A, Hd Npi 2013.
4. Hd Dan, Da dgng vdn hda vd xung dot tdn gido - sac tgc d Bdng Nam A: Thuc U-gng vd Tdc ddng, Vien Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A, 7/2013.
5. Johnston A. J., "Treating International Institutions as Social Environment", International Studies Quarterly, 2001.
6. Ngd Van Doanh, Hdi gido vai dai sdng chinh tri Dong Nam A, NXB Thi gidi. Ha Ndi 2013.
7. Nguyin Vii Tiing, Bdi tham luan "Ly ludn ve ban chdt hpp tac ASEAN", Hgi thdo H(^ tdc chinh tri An ninh ASEAN, Ha Npi 2005.
8. Oscar L. Evengelista , "Mpt so nhan xet ve van hda trong phat triin: Vai trd cua ddi sdng tinh than" - tdn gido nhu mdt j'eu td cho sy phat triin bin viing eiia Cdng ding ASEAN: trudng hop cua Phi-lip- pin, trong: Xdy dung ASEAN thdnh cdng ddng cdc qudc gia phd, 'hat trien bin vdng, dong diu vd hgp tdc (Ky y§u Hdi thdo qudc te tai Ha Npi
3/2016
thang 11/1998), Trung tam Khoa hoc Xa h6i va Nhan van Quoc gia, H4 N61 1999.
9. Pham Dire Duong, "Hoi nhilp van h6a Dong Nam A vi sir pliat trien bfti vung trong b6i canh toan chu hoa", trong; Xdy dtmg ASEM thanh cong dong cdc quoc gia phdt trien ben vitng, dong deu vit hap tac (Ky yeu Hoi thao quoc te tai Ha Noi thang 11/1998), Trung tam Khoa hpc Xa hoi va Nhan van Quoc gia. Ha Npi 1999.
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