Nghien ciiu - Trao doi
, « ' ».
VGiai pha^ quan ly de nang cao hieu qua l(inh te to hop Bauxite - Alumina fan Rai
O TRjNH PHUONG NGQC Tmng tdm Nghidn cUu Bidn ddi todn du Tnfdng Dai hgc Tdi nguydn vd Mdi trudng Hd Ndi
T
dhgp bauxite - alumina Tan Rai (huydn Bao Lam, tinh Ldm Ddng) Id mgt trong hai Tdhgp bauxite-alumina thi didm dau tien dnu&e ta. HISn nay, tdhgp da dl vao san xuat vd dan hu&ng tdf dat 100% cdng sudt thidt ke. Hidu qua kinh tdcua td hgp cd y nghia rdt quan trgng trong vide hu&ng tdi xdy dungke hoach phat tridn ngdnh cdng nghidp nhdm dnude ta trong tti&ng laL Cae giai phdp quan /y duge dd xuat tren ca sd phan tieh nhQng rui ro trong qua trinh van hanh thut tdcua Tdhgp nhOfng nam qua, do vay cd tinh khoa hgc va thifc tien cao.D|t vlTn de
6 nudc ta, quang bauxite cd trCf lupng va tilm nSng ldn.
Bauxite la khoang san ed gia tri, dung di san xuat ra alumina, roi tiidd didn phan ra nhdm kim loai.
Nganh edng nghidp nhdm la mdt ITnh vuc kha mdi me b nudc ta, ca v l edng nghd san xua't va nhiing vln de mdi tradng lien quan.
Trade nhuTig lo ngai ve hieu qua kinh te, tac dpng mdi tradng va xa hpi cCia hoat ddng khai thac, chl bien bauxite, Bd Chinh tri da ed Kit luan tai Thdng bao sd 245- TB/TW ngay 24/4/2009 v l chCi tniong thuc hien thf diem 2 dg an la Tan Rai (Lam Ddng) va Nhan Co (Dak Ndng). Thdng bao chi rd:
"Trdn co sd kit qua cOa 2 dU an, t l chCfc rOt kinh nghiem de b l sung, hoan chinh quy hoaeh va ke hoach cho giai doan tiep theo".
T l hpp bauxite-alumina Tdn Rai (To hpp Tan Rai) cd tuoi thp
Nhd mdy san xuat alumln Tdn Rai 30 nam, gom khu vuc khai thac
bauxite, xf nghiep md - tuyen va nha may san xuat alumina, trge thudc edng ty TNHH MTV nhdm Lam Ddng - TKV. Quang bauxite d
Tan Rai dapc khai thac bSng dng nghe Id thidn, sCr dung may gat ldp dat phO va boc xOc quang v$n chuyln den nha may tuyln.
Quang tinh sau tuyln rita daoc 2 4 Toi nguydn yg Mdi tradng | Ky 2-THang 10/2015
daa bang bang tai den nha may c h l biln d l san xua't ra alumina bang cdng nghe Bayer. Bun thai quang dudi ta qua trinh tuyln nta dugc dan ra hd ehCfa. Chat thai ta qua trinh san xuat alumina la bun dd dope dan ra d c ho chCfa khac dupc ttiiet ke dac biet b gan khu VUG nha may. Nam 2013, nhOng san phim alumina dau tien ciia nha may Tan Rai da dapc xuat khau ra thj tnidng qudc te. Nam nam dd'i vdi mdt dg an khdng phai la dai, nhang d n g du de eung d p mdt d i nhin khach quan ve thgc te hoat ddng san xuat, van hanh, hieu qua kinh te va nhung van d l mdi tnidng cCia viec khai thae, che bien bauxite cf Tan Rai nham Iga chpn con dudng phat trien cho taong lai theo hudng ben vung.
Nhiimg rui ro trong qua trinh san xuat
ROi ro vi hidu qua kinh td To hpp Tan Rai do chO dau ta TKV ky hpp ddng vdi nha thau CHALIECO ta nam 2008 vdi thdi gian thgc hien 24 thang, trong dd 21 thang xay dgng va 3 thang van hanh thl!f. Viec cham tien dp xay dung CO ban lam tang lai suat vay von trong thdi gian xay dgng, dan tdi khdng kiem soat dapc vdn dau tu ban diu. Tong mCfc dau tU ci!ia T l hop Tan Rai tang ta 11.353 ty ding nam 2009 len 15.118 ty ding nam 2013. Hieu qua kinh te dupe chCi dau ta cdng bd giam 50% ta 4.417 ty dong nam 2009 xuong 2.171 ty dong nam 2013.
ROi ro trong vdn hanh, vdn tai vd tieu thu san pham
Nha may alumina dupc thiet k l vdi cdng suat 650.000 tan/nam.
t* Neu trong qua trinh van hanh phat i^ sinh nhilu van de khien nha may
* khdng the hoat ddng het cdng
"^ suat, thi Ipi nhuan hang nam se
khd dapc bao dam. San pham alu- mina cOa nha may Tan Rai dudi dang bdt mau trang dupc ddng gdi va van chuyln bang 6 td cd tai trpng 40 tan den cang Gd Dau (Dong Nai) de xua't khiu. Quang dadng van chuyln dai 210 km, eg ly xa, gia cade van •chuyen cao dan tdi diy gia thanh san phim len cao, giam tfnh canh tranh ciia san pham tren thi trudng.
Hidn nay, san pham ciHa nha may Tan Rai da tham gia xuat khau tren thj tradng quoc l l , tuy nhien chat lapng ed hat qua mm, d§ gay that thoat trong qua trinh sif dung iam giam tfnh hap dan cCia san pham tren thj trudng. Ben canh do, ham lupng alumina ttnh khiet 98,5% chua dat dapc mCirc ham lupng tieu ehuan cao, de bj ddi tac ep gia hoae tam ngCmg nhap khau, ed the gay ttnh trang Of dpng san pham, khdng thu hoi dapc vln de tai san xuat.
ROi ro vi an toan ho chda chat thai td qua trinh san xuat
Trong nhQng nam gan day, d e sg cd' mdi trudng lien quan den cac hd ehCfa chat thai ta qua trinh tuyln rCra quang d nude ta didn ra ngay cang nhilu, nha sg d IQ bun do vd dap chan nude thai ciia Xf nghiep khai thae quang sat Na LOng - Cdng ty khoang san luyen kim Cao Bang thang 11/2010; sg co vd bd moong khai thac titan cOa Cdng ty CO phan dau tU khoang san va thUdng mai Binh Thuan tai xa Thuan Quy, huyen Ham Thuan Nam, Binh Thuan thang 11/2013.
Tai Tan Rai, trong qua trinh lam giau quang, bun thai quang dudi ta qua trinh tuyln rCfa dupe van chuyln den ho chaa bang dUdng dng. Bun thai quang dudi nhin chung khdng ddc hai vdi siic khoe con ngodi do eong nghe sCr dung
la dung nadc d l tach quSng ra khoi dat da sau khi khai thac. Tuy nhien, neu van hanh khdng dung quy trinh thi ho chiia quang dudi c6 the bj vd de bao va thgc te d Tan Rai da gap sg d do mim Idn vao thang 10/2014, gay ra sU d lu bun lam anh hubng tdi chat lupng nadc, ddi song sinh hoat cCia ngadi dan dja phUOng, gay thiet hai ve kinh te va cho thay kha nang quan ly, bao dam an toan ho chCra chat thai 6 nadc ta van cdn rat yeu kem.
Hdn hpp bun do tif qua trinh san xuat alumina b Tan Rai dapc dan bang dadng Ing ra ho chita dugc thiet ke dac biet nam canh nha may. Trong nhiJng nam gan day, dien bien thdl ttet phac tap do BDKH dan den maa gio bat thadng, lapng mua Idn keo dai.
Do vay, trong mua maa, nguy co chay tran ho bijn dd d Tan Rai la rat Idn. Van de nay d n dapc dac biet quan tam khi day dupc xem la loai chat thai cd tfnh ddc hai cao ddi vdi mdi trudng tu nhien.
Van di hodn tho va Sn dfnh sinh kd eho ngudi dan dja phuang Khu vgc sau khi da khai thac bauxite can dupc tten hanh hoan tho, tra lai ldp dat mat va trong cay d l ban giao dit san xuat eho chfnh quyen va ngadi dan dja phuong. Thgc te, hien nay b khu vgc da khai thac quang bauxite Tan Rai dang dugc thit nghiem trong keo lai, cao su, thdng...
nhang do dat khd, thieu dinh dudng, thieu nadc va sg cham sdc d n thiet, chl cd cay keo la phat triln tuong doi cham, d n d c loai cay khac deu khdng t h i song dupe. Dilu nay khdng giup I n djnh sinh ke eiJa ngadi dan dja phuong, dong thdi tiem an riii ro va nguy co phat sinh d c van de ve TN&MT.
Tgi nguyen yg M6i traong | Ky 2-Tiling lfl/2015 2 5
De xuat gliii phap qudn ly nang cao hieu quS kinh te td hpp Tan Rai
Nam nam qua. To hpp Tan Rai - diia con dau Idng ciia nganh d n g nghiep nhdm Viet Nam da trai qua nhiing bUdc di chap chOfng. Phai khing djnh rang T l hpp Tan Rai dapc triln khai trong nhOfng dilu kien het siic khd khan ve vd'n, cdng nghe, k? thuat, cd s6 ha tang, giao thdng van tai... va Viet Nam chUa cd kinh nghidm trong nganh edng nghidp mdi me nay. Gid day, cd thi tg hao rang, vdi nhumg tin alumina xuit khiu dau tien, Viet Nam da chfnh thCrc tham gia thj tnfdng bauxite ciia ttie gidi. Ben eanh dd. To hpp Tan Rai tao vide iam cho hang nghin lao ddng, moi nam ddng gdp hang tram ty dong cho NSNN. Cd the ndi, Viet Nam da bade diu thanh cdng trong viec hadng tdi phat trien nganh cdng nghiep nhdm nudc nha. Tuy nhidn, thue t l neu tren da ehi ra nhifng rCii ro trong qua trinh van hanh cOa To hpp Tan Rai. Do vay, can cd nhCfng giai phap quan ly hpp ly gdp phan nang eao tinh hieu qua trong hoat ddng san xuat, iam cd sd cho nhCmg dg an khai thac, chl bien bauxite dUdc triln khai sau nay, hudng tdi phat trien ben vung nganh d n g nghiep nhdm d nadc ta trong tuong lai. Dd d t h i la:
xay dgng nhQng ke hoach san xuat ngan han 5 nam dga tren cd sd phan tfeh cung - d u va bien ddng gia trdn thj tnidng. Khi gia tren thj trudng xud'ng thap, cd t h i giam mCfc san lupng. Giai doan gia tang cao cd t h i khai thae va tan dung td'i da cdng suit cCia nha may d l td'i Uu hoa gia trj san phim thu dupc.
Thadng xuyen theo ddi, giam sat di phat hien va xCf ly kjp thdi
nhOfng sg cd xay ra trong qua trinh van hanh san xuat. Tap huin nang cao nSng Ige Cmg phd su co cOa cac d n bd va lao dpng trong nha may. Cd phUPng an dg phdng giam thilu tac ddng tdi mdi tradng khi xay ra sg co cung nha cae phuong an cai tao, phuc hoi mdi tradng, hd trp cdng dong dja phuong. Thadng xuyen cap nhat ket qua quan trac mdi tradng djnh ky d l tang du" lieu mdi tradng nen va xay dgng he thong co sd dO lieu ve hien trang va dien biln chat lupng cac thanh phan mdi tradng khu vuc To hpp d l iam co sd cho qua trinh giam sat, nghien Cliu va djnh hudng phat triln trong tuong lai.
Ho trp cho ngudi dan thudc dien tdi ^nh cuvao canh tac ngan han tai nhQng khu dat ma To hpp chua tien hanh khai thac quang.
Doi vdi nhung khu vgc da khai thdc, can khan truong hoan tho, d i tao dat, dpn dep vd sinh mdi trudng va ban giao lal dat cho chinh quyln hoae ngudi dan de tiep tuc canh tae ndng nghiep, tranh lang phi tai nguydn dit.
Tang cudng sg phoi hpp giQa d c nganh va cae ben lien quan trong quan ly hoat ddng khai thae, ehe bien quang bauxite. Tren cd sd dd, dua ra quyet dinh nen khai thac vdi mOto dp nao, vao thdi gian nao va d khu vgc nao phu hpp vdi trinh dp cdng nghe cOa TKV va trinh dp quan ly cOa ehinh quyen dja phUPng eac d p , nham dat dupc hieu qua tong hpp ve KT- XH va mdi tradng trong dilu kien dac thu cOa huydn Bao Ldm, tinh Lam Dong.
Dong thdi, d n ed ke hoach cdng bd cac kit qua quan trac mdi trudng djnh ky, ke hoaeh san xuat trong tuong lai, minh bach thdng tin, nang eao trach nhiem
xa hdi cCia doanh nghiep, hadng tdi dat dupc sg ddng thuan giOa doanh nghidp vdi cdng dong i^a phuong ndi rieng va cdng dong xa hdi ndi chung.
Ngoai ra, cd chinh sach hdtrg va day manh dau tU nghien culj hadng tdi tan dung bijn dd lam nguyen lidu san xua't, tao ra san phim mdi, cd gia trj kinh tg.
NhCmg nam tdi, khi nha may di§n phan nhdm Oak Ndng di vao van hanh, cd t h i cung d p alumina cCia Tan Rai cho nha may nay, hadng tdi nang cao gia trj san phim thu dupe, dong thdi tiet kiem chi phf van chuyln alumina den d n g Gd Dau.
Tai lieu tham khao [1] Bp Chfnh trj (2009), Thong bao sd 245-TB/TW Ket ludn cOa Bd Chinh tri vi Quy hoach phdn vung thdm dd, khai thde, chd bidn, sd dung bauxite giai doan 2007-2015, cd xet den ndm 2025;
[2] Cue Tham djnh va danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng (2013), Bao cdo ket qua giam sdt moi trudng khu vi/c du an Td hdp bauxite-nhdm Lam Dong tai huyen Bao Ldm, tinh Lam Dong ndm 2013;
[3] TKV (2010), Bao cao DTM bd sung cOa du an To hgp Bauxite - Nhdm Ldm Dong;
[4] TKV (2013). Mi fmh hinh thuc hidn vd hieu qua kinh ti cac du dn bauxite-alumina cOa Vinacomin, Tai lieu hdi thao baux- ite Tay Nguyen: Thue trang, dinh hudng vd kidn nghj, Lidn hiep eac hoi Khoa hge va Ky thuat Vi$t Nam 09/05/2013, Ha Ngi;
[5] Vidn Tu van Phat triln (2014), Hudng tdi phat triin bin vdng Tdy Nguyen, tr374, Nh^
xud't ban Tri ThCrc.u 2 6 Tgi nguy§n yg M6i tradng | Ky 2-TMng 10/2015
