vi NHAN DAN QUEN MINH,
PHAM CHAT CACH MANG CAO QUY CUA QUAN DOI N H A N DAN VIET NAM
• Thieu hrong, PGS, TSTRINHVlTONG HONG lien Lich su qudn su Viet Nam
1. Quan doi nhan ddn Viet Nam ra ddi, dap ling yeu cau lich su* dan toe
Ngay tu thdi ky van ddng thdnh lap Dang, vdn dg td chuc quan dpi cdng ndng, tien tdi dau tranh vfl trang gidnh chinh quyen da dupc ddt ra. TuySn ngdn ctia Ding Cong sin Ddng Duong (6-1929)'" va tiep dd Chanh cuong vin tit cua Dang, thdng qua tai Hdi nghi hgp nhdt (2-1930) neu rd, "Td ehiic ra quan ddi cdng ndng"'^'. Theo ehii truong cua Dang, lire lugng vu trang, qudn ddi edng ndng dupc thdnh lap vdi mue tidu ddnh do ehu nghfa dg qude Phap, gidnh dde lap dan tde.
Khi tinh the cdch mang true tiep chua chin mudi va lire lupng vfl trang cdn non ygu.
Dang lanh dao qudn chflng ddu tranh bdng cdc hinh thuc: higu tinh, tudn hdnh thi uy, fflnh cdng, bai cong, bdi thi, bai khda... dg bao ve edc quygn ddn sinh, dan ehu, cac quygn Igi eo ban va hang ngay nhu tdng Iuong, giam gid
ldm, bd qudc trdi va thue than, mign ede thii thue cho ndng dan ngheo, dem lai quyen tu do cho nhan dan'^',.-- Tren thuc tg, nhftng eude ddu tranh kg trdn cflng Id hudc tdi luyen cho quan chflng trong cudc dau tranh vu trang vg sau.
Tir cac phong trdo ddu tranh, cac td chuc vfl ttang edeh mang ldn lupt ra ddi: Xich ve - Tu veDdttongXdviet Nghe Tinh (1930- 1931);
Dpi du kieh Bde Son (1940), sau ddi thdnh Viet Nam Cliu qudc qudn.
Chign tranh the gidi thii hai bung nd, d nudc ta, trgn khdp ba mign dgu dign ra bien dpng: Khdi nghia Bdc Son (9-1940), Nam Ky (11-1940) vd eudc binh bienoDd Luong (1- 1941). Dangta nhan dinh: "Dd Id nhiing tigng Sling bdo hieu cho cudc khdi nghia toan qudc, la budc ddu ttanh dau bdng vo luc eua cdc dan tgc d mdt nude Ddng Duong"'^'.
Den ndm thii ba ciia cugc Chidn tranh dd qudc, dodn dinh vg thai co mdi "se de ra nhidu nudc xd hdi chfl nghia, se do do ma each mang nhieu nudc thanh cdng"'^', lanh tu Ho Chi Minh trieu tap Hdi nghi Tmng uong 8 (5-1941). Vdi sir danh gia chinhxacvg tmh hinh
LyLUANCHiNHTR!-So11/2014
1^
NGHigN CCTU - P H A T TRIEN LV L U A Nqude tg vd trong nudc, Hdi nghi khdng dinh:
"Trong Iflc nay neu khdng giai quyet dupc van dg dan tdc giai phdng, khdng ddi dugc ddc lap, tu do cho toan the ddn tge, thi chdng nhiing toan thg qudc gia dan tdc cdn chiu mai kigp ngua ttau, ma quygn lpi efla bd phan, giai edp den van nam cflng khdng ddi lai dirge"'^'. Trdn eo sd ddnh gid dd. Dang khdng dinh: "Can phdi thay ddi chien luge... phai thay ddi chinh sach cdch mang 6 Ddng Duong cho phfl hgp vdi nguygn vpng ehung eua todn the nhan dan Ddng Duong, cho hpp voi tinh hinh thay ddi..."'^', "cugc each mang chi phdi gidi quygt mgt vdn dg cdn kip "dan tdc gidi phdng"'*'. Vd,
"cudc cdch mang Ddng Duong phai ket lidu bdng mgt cupc khdi nghia vd trang..."'^'.
Hdi nghi chu truang lap "Viet Nam nhan dan edeh mang qudn va vd trang dan chung"*"", chuan hi ddn thdi co khdi nghia gidnh ddc lap, tu do, trimg tti Viet gian phan qude, bdo ve chinh quyen. Ngdy 22-12-1944, theo Chi thi cua Hd Chi Minh, Dpi Viet Nam Tuyen truyen Gidi phdng qudn dupc thanh lap. Chi thi xde dinh rd: Day la "Dpi qudn chu luc", "Ddi quan ddu tign", "Dpi qudn dan anh", la "khoi diem cua Giai phdng quan", cd nhiem vu giup do, phdi hgp boat ddng vdl lue lugng vfl trang cac dja phuong"". Ngay 15-5- 1945, ddng chi Vd Nguyen Gidp tuyen bd thdng nhdt cdc td chuc vii trang each mang ttong ca nudc thanh Viet Nam Gidi phdng quan. Sau dd, Viet Nam Giai phdng quan dupc ddi tgn thdnh Ve qudc doan, Ve quoc quan, Quan dpi qudc gia Viet Nam, rdi Qudn dpi nhdn dan Viet Nam eho den ngay nay.
Nhu the, Quan dpi nhdn ddn Viet Nam ra ddi ttong bdo tap each mang, "tir nhdn dan ma ra", dap ling yeu cau Iich sii, dd eflng todn dan tien hanh Tdng khdi nghia, gianh dge lap, tir dg cho toan dan tdc (8-1945).
2. Quan doi nhan dan Viet Nam: sur th6ng nhat tinh dan t$c, tinh nhan dan va ban ch^t each mang cua glai cap cdng nhan
Do digu kidn tu nhien va lich s^, y thiic vg cdng ddng dan tpc d nudc ta da hinh thanh tii rat sdm. Cu dan ttdn lanh thd Vigt Nam xua da phai doan kdt - cd ket dg sinh tdn va phdt trign, phdi tim mpi each dd chdng chgi vol thien nhien khdc nghiet... Tu dieu kien tu nhidn nhu vdy, nhdn td quan ttgng nhat de hinh thanh nhd nudc dd la tii cdc cdng viec vg tri thliy va thfly lpi - ddp dg ngan lii dd sdn xudt chu khdng phai do phdn hda xd hdi nhu a nhigu qudc gia khde"^'.
Ciing vdi yeu edu vg khdc phuc thien tai, lam thliy Ipl Id edc cudc chien ddu bao ve dia vuc cu tru, bao ve eudc sdng. Cdch daytien 2.500 ndm, Nha nude Van Lang cua ngudi Viet ra ddi. Nha nudc binh thdnh sdm la cdi ngn uom mam y thirc vg qug huong - xu sd, uom mam cho qua tiinh hinh thdnh y thiic qudc gia - dan tde, vg long yeu nudc. Tinh thdn ydu nudc Id mdt gid tri phd qudt mang tinh toan nhan loai. Nhung d nudc ta, ndi dung vd dde tnmg cua tinh thdn ygu nudc cd dde thu rieng, do chi phdi bdi nhiing digu kien ridng. Dd la, de smh tdn va phdt tiign md ttong xa hdi Viet Nam xua, da sdm hinh thanh ket eau eo ban Nhd - Lang - Nude. Mpi ngudi, du atdng Idp, thanh phdn, tudi tdc, dia vi nao ttong xa hdi ddu duge gdn kdt vdo gia dinh, gidng ndi, cdng ddng, qug huong, ddt nudc; tu do va trong dd hinh thdnh nen y thiic vg lanh thd, su toan ven lanh thd, vg lich su, van hda, vg dde ldp, tu chfl eua dan tgc. Day la bieu hien thudng xuyen va dac trung nhat cua tinh than yeu nudc, chu nghia ygu nudc; day eiing la ngudn gdc va ehuan mue cua y thiic, thai do vi cdng ddng, vi nhan dan cua timg ea nhdn dgn toan xa hdi, tii ca the ddn cd the che.
Trong ky nguyen Dai Viet, hi Ly - Trdn dgn Le So, each td ehue ddi sdng xa hdi, td chirc qudn su
LfLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 11/2014
m
- qude phdng da tao nen nhiing diduky dieu. Dd la Nha nudc thuc hien ehinh sdch "Ngu binh u ndng", tlie la "giil binh dndng". Nhd do, lflc nao ddt nude cung cd nhan lue san xudt, luyen tap quan su va bdo ve ddt nudc. Ngudl san xudt, IIK lugng luyen tap lai ludn phien nhau theo quy dinh, khidn hp cd the vua lam ndng, vua sdn sang chuygn sang edm vfl khi chign dau bdo ve dat nudc. Trang thdi dd khien ngudi dan va ngudi Unh khd hidu nhau, gan gfli nhau. Tuy nhidn, luc lupng vfl ttang d nudeta, cho ddn ttudc khi Dang Cdng san ra ddi, ehu yeu do giai edp phong kidn td chuc va lanh dao, mang ban chat cua giai cap phong kidn. Lue lugng vii ttang ra ddi ttong cac cudc khdi nghia ndng ddn chdng phong kidn thdng tri hoac qudn xam lupc, dfl tign bd, van khdng thodt khdi y thiic hd phong kien. Trong lich Sli ddn tpc, khi dat nudc diing tnrdc hga ngoai xam, do Id Ifle lgi ieh efla giai cdp thdng tri va nguyen vgng ciiu nudc birc thiet ciia ddng ddo qudn ehiing nhdn ddn, duge digu hda va t^o ndn sire manh vi dai chidn thdng gidc ngoai xam.
Nhiing chien cdng hien hdeh efla td tidn ta cde thdi Ly - Trdn - Ld va Quang Trung - Nguydn Hue la nhiing vi du tieu bieu. Tuy nhign, lue lupng vfl ttang cua nhd nudc phong kien va dan chiing ddng ddo ludn cd sir ddi lap vg lgi ieh giai cdp;
nhigu khi cdn mau thudn ve dirdng ldi chi dao khdng chien chdng ngoai xdm, khien cho thdng lgi bi han che va ttgng nhigu tnrdng hgp, quan dpi nha nudc khdng hoan thanh dupc su menh dan tdc (thdi ky Thuc An Duong Vuong, Hd Quy Lyva Nhd Nguygn...).
Thdm nhudn sdu sdc tmygn thdng dan tpc
"Nude lay dan lam gdc" va nguyen ly ciia chu nghia Mae - Lenin vg sire manh va vai ttd lich sii efla qudn chung nhan dan, ttong sir nghiep xay dung lire lugng vu ttang cdch mang Viet Nam, Chfl tieh Hd Chi Minh va Dang ta ludn nhdn manh nhdn ddn Id chfl thg - edi ngudn siic manh
eiia Quan dpi, ddng thdi thudng xuydn giao due, bdi ddp ban ehdt giai cdp cdng nhan cho Qudn dpi. Ban ehdt giai cdp cdng nhdn, tinh nhan dan, tinh ddn tdc thdng nhat lam mgt va hpp thdnh ban ehdt cdch mang cua Quan dpi ta"^'. Ban chat do da nang eao tinh khoa hpc, tinh chidn ddu cfla Quan dpi, gdp phdn Iam phong phfl, sau sdc va hdi hda eae tinydn thdng nhdn vdn tdt dep cua vdn hda gift nudc, vdn hda Viet Nam. Tu tudng chi dao CO ban ttong xay dimg ban chat edeh mang cho lue Iugng vu ttang nhan ddn, Qudn ddi r±an dan dugc Chfl tich Hd Chi Minh chi rd la "Trung vdi nudc, trung voi Dang, hidu vdi dan". Dd Id bdn phdn thidng ligng cua moi cdn bd, ehien si ttong cdc Iuc lirong vu ttang ta. Xua, trung vdi vua, vdi nudc, hieu vol cha me Id dao ly ldn ciia ngudi Vidt Nam. Nay, dao Iy do dugc Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh ndng len thanh dao ly eho qudn dpi ta d tam cao mdi. Trung vdi vua trudc kia, nay tid thanh trung vol nude; higu vdi cha me nay md ra gdm cd long hieu nghia vdi nhdn dan, vi nhan dan ma phue vu chign dau, ma xa than Cliu nudc.
3. Vl nhan dSn qu§n minh - pham chdt each mang hinh thanh nhu qua tiinh Uch sv tir nhign Qudn dpi nhan dan Viet Nam do Dang ta va Chfl tich Hd Chl Minh sang lap, gido due va ren luyen. Day la nigm vinh diJ, tu hao cua Quan dpi ta. Tinh ddn tdc, tinh nhan dan va ban chat cdng nhan hdi tu tiong Quan dpi nhan dan Vigt Nam. Didu nay quy dinh phdm chdt edeh mang ciia Qudn dpi, ttong dd mgt pham ehdt cue ky cao dep, mang gid tii dao ly va nhdn van sdu sdc, viing ben ma cdn bp, chien sy ludn tam nidm, do Id vi nhan ddn qudn minh.
Quan dgi ta vi nhan dan quen minh, vi Quan dpi dupc Dang va Bde Hd tiiudng xuydn gidp due vg muc tieu chign ddu, vg Iy tudng vd dap due each mang, va ban than mdi can bd, chign sy cflng Iudn tu tu dudng ren luyen, thdm nhudn
LVLUAN CHiNH TR!-So11/2014
EL
NGHIEN C t f u - PHATTRIEN LV LUANChu tich Ho Chl Mmh den du Le khai giang khoa dau tien cua Truang vo hi Tran Quoc Tudn (Son Tdy).
va thuc hien tdt nhiing ldi day dd. 34 chidn sy Viet Nam Tuyen tmygn Giai phdng qudn - dgi qudn ehu lire ddu tidn, trong khu rimg Tran Hung Dao tham nghiem, da tiang ttgng thd dudi cd Td qudc "hy sinh tat ca vi Td qudc Viet Nam... Idm eho nude Viet Nam tto thanh mdt nude Ddn chu, Ddc lap, Tu do, ngang hdng vol cac nudc dan chfl ttdn thg gidl""^'.
Ngdy 25-6-1946, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh den du Lg khai giang khda ddu tien cua Tmdng vo bi Tran Qudc Tudn (Son Tay), tang nhd tmdng la ed do then 6 ehfl vang "Tmng vdi nudc, hidu vdi dan" va nhan manh "Trung vol nudc, higu vdi dan la bdn phan thieng lidng, mpt ttdch nhiem ndng ng, nhung ciing la mdt vinh du cua ngudi chign sy ttong dao quan qude gia ddu tien eiia nudeta""^'.
Nam 1964, nhan Ky niem 20 ndm ngay thanh lap Quan dpi nhan dan Viet Nam, Ngirdi edn day: "Tmng vdi Dang, hieu vdi dan, sdn
sang chien ddu hy sinh vi ddc lap, tu do eua Tg qude, vi chfl nghia xd hdi. Nhiem vu ndo cung hoan thanh, khd khan ndo cflng vupt qua, ke thu nao ciing ddnh thdng"'^^^ Nhu thd, nguoi chidn sy d thdi dai Hd Chi Minh, vi nhan dan, la ngudi chien sy khdng ehi cung toan ddn bao ve dde lap dan tdc, thdng nhat vd toan ven Ianh thd, ma edn cflng toan dan xdy dung mdt chg dp xa hdi mdl, a dd con ngudi dupc gidi phdng, dupc Idm chu dat nudc, lam chii xd hgi, xdy dung qudc gia gidu manh, dan chfl, cdng bdng va van minh nhu mong mudn va Di hudn cOa Chfl tich Hd Chi Mmh. Nhu the, Dang va ldnh tu Hd Chi Muih da trao - tmygn cho can bO chien si muc tieu va ly tudng chien ddu cao cd.
Qudn dgi vi nhan ddn qudn minh, boi tii thud tning nude vdi vd van khd khan, den khi thanh mdt dpi quan hung hau, eflng toan dan ddnh thdng nhigu "de qude to", hp ludn dupc nhdn dan diim bpc, chd che.
LYLUANCHINHTR!-S611/2014
Khi mdi thanh lap, qudn ddi ta "ban ddu luong thuc, khi gidi, chdn do, thudc men edi ^ ciing thieu thdn", nhd dua vao ddn md "ehdng mdy iau, tii vai ehue ngudi da truong thdnh den vai ttdm ngudi, thanh nien rdm rdm keo ddn xin vdo bO ddi. Nhd ddng bdo Viet Bde hdng hdi giflp dd mpi mat, cd ngudi ban ea trdu, ea mdng de giup, ddng bdo cde noi eiing ra siic flng hd..., tu do ngudi cdng ddng, sflc edng manh...""^. Vira gido due Qudn dpi kinh nguong nhdn dan, mang on sdu, nghia ndng vdi ddng bao, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh viia giflp ddng bao hieu them vg bd dpi. Dd Id lire lugng sdn sang hy sinh tinh menh "de giet gidc, Cliu nudc, bdo ve ddng bdo". Ngudi ndi:
"Ddng bdo bidt rdng, ede chien si ttong bd dpi ai eiing cd eha me anh em, ai eflng cd gia dmh than diich. Nhimg hp da hy sinh tieu gia fflrih ciia hp, hg da khdng ngai rdi cha me, bo que huong ra xdng pha bom dan de phung su dai gia ffinh dan tde, gdra cd gia dmh eiia mdi ddng bdo. Do dd, nhdn dan ta bidt on va yeu mgn bd dpi""*'.
Ra ddi ttong bdi cdnh nude mdt, nhd tan, trong khdng khi sue sdi ciia eudc each mang gianh dde lap, ttr do dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang vd Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh, Quan ddi ta kg thira vd phdt tridn len dinh eao nhiing gid tri cao dep cfla con ngirdi Viet Nam, van hda Viet Nam, chien ddu vi dde lap tu do, vi CNXH. Nhan dan ta da triu men gpi Quan dpi nhdn ddn Viet Nam danh xung cao quy Bo doi Cu Hd.
"Trung vdi nudc, trung vdi Dang, hieu vdi dan la phdm chdt cao quy nhdt, co ban nhdt efla "Bd dpi Cu Hd", Id cdi gde eua cd cudc ddi hoat ddng each mang cua ngudi chidn sy Quan ddi ta""^'.
Dang ta vd Chfl tieh Hd Chi Minh quan tam dde bigt den pham chat higu vdi dan ttong qua trtnh giao due, bdi duong, ren luyen cdn bd, chidn sy. "Hieu vdi dan, vi nhdn ddn quen minh bao ham ca dire dd, nghia ndng tinh sdu, la su ham on sau sde, su phung sir bdo dgn tan tuy
ngudi sinh ra vd nudi dudng minh, md sir bdo dgn Idn nhat la su hy sinh vi su nghiep giai phdng nhdn dan"'^*".
Vl nhdn dan qudn minh, edt ldi dao due each mang cua can bd, ehidn sy sd dupc Quan dpi ta gift ^ , bdi ddp ngdy cdng phong phii va lam eho gid tri efla nd ngay edng tda sang D
(1). (2), (3) DCSVN: Vin kien Ding toan taptl. Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, Ha Npi, 1998, tt.l22,2,16.
(4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10) DCSVN: Van kien Dang toan tap, t.7, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Hd Npi, 2000, tt.109,100,113,118,119,129,150.
(11) Xem Cbi thi thanh lap Doi Viet Nam tuyen tmyen Giaiphdngquin cua lanh tu Ho Clii Minhvk Loi ciia Dai tuang Vo Nguyen Giap, in trong sach Ddi Viet Nam tuyen tmyin Giai phdng quan, Nxb Quan dpi nhan dan. Ha Npi, 2004.
(12) Theo Bao cao tdng hop de tai khoa hpc cong nghe cap Nha nuoc Bao ton va phat huy he gia tii vanhoa tmyen thdngVietNam tiong ddi moi va hdi nhap (KX03.14/06.10).
(13) Xem: Chu tich Ho Chi Minh vdi su ngiiiep xay dung Quan doi nhan dan Viit Nam, Nxb Qudn dpi nhan dan. Ha Npi, 2007, tt. 177.
(14) Dan theo Doi Viet Nam Tuyen truyen Giai phdng quan, Nxb Quan dpi nhan dan, Ha Ndi, 2004, tr.353.
(15) HdChiMinh: Vi xay dung luc luong vQ trang, Nxb Quan dpi nhan dan. Ha Npi, 1995, tt.601.
(16) HdChiMinh: Toan fap,t.ll, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1998, tt.350.
[17} Sdd. t.4, tt.330.
(18) Sdd, t.6. tt.427.
(19), (20) Ban Chi dao tdng kgt chign ttanh thupc Bo Chinh tri: Ciiien Uanh each mang Viet Nam 1945 - 1975 - Th^gM va bai hoc, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, HaNpi, 2000, tt.349,350.
LYLUAN CHiNH TR!-Scf n / 2 0 1 4
