VIEC THL/C HIEN PHAN QUYEN CHO D!A PHaONG d INDONESIA
TLf NAM 2001 DEN NAY*
HO THI THANH*'
Tgm tdtj Sau khi che dp Trdt tU Mai sup do (thdng 5/1998), mdt logt cdi cdch dan chu diigc ti^'n hanh tgi Indonesia, trong do bao gom viec thgc hien ca ch&' phdn quyin dia phuang (decentralisation). Ca ch^ nay dugc chinh thitc bdt ddu tii n&m 2001 khi mpt so lugt phdn quyin bdt ddu co hieu lUc. Ph&n quyen dia phUang ldm tdng tinh chd ddng, hieu qua dieu hanh cua chinh quyen dia phUcmg nhdm thdc ddy sU phdt trien kinh t^, chinh tri, v&n hoa, oen. hgi cua dia phuang. Tii dinh hii&ng ndy, ca chi' phdn quyen dd di6yc trien khai tii ndm 2001 d&n nay d Indonesia vd mang lgi mgt so thdnh tUu quan trpng. Tuy nhien, qud trinh phdn quyin cUng vdp phdi nhieu han ch& chiia gidi quyet dupc. NghiSn cUu nay se gop phdn lam ro mpt so thdnh tiiu dgt dUac vd nhiing hgn che, thach thiic trong qua trinh thuc hien ca ch& phdn quyen d Indonesia.
Tiijthpti: Indonesia; Chinh tri; Phdn quyin; Dia phiicm,g.
1. CoT s& va thijfc t i e n p h a n q u y e n dia phifcTng cf Indonesia
LuSt phan quyen d Indonesia ra dcfi trong bo'i canh chinh tri phu'c tap trong nhijng nam dau sau khi chS' do Trat td Mdi sup d6. Cac luc liiOng dau tranh dan chu trong xa hgi dang len tieng manh me doi cai thien cac quyin dan chu. Gi6i quan sii - iLfc lifcfng chu dao cua che do Trat ttr Mcfi da suy yeu di. Phong trao dau tranh ly khai tr6i day 6 cac tinh nhu Dong Timor, Aceh, Iiian Jaya. Xung dot toe ngifcfi cung biing phat tai cac tinh Tay Kalimantan,
Trung Kalimatan, Maluku, Trung Sulawesi... khien nguy ccf chia re lanh tho Indonesia trcf nen d^ng Io ngai. Trong hoan canh do, c5c quan chijfc, gidi doanh nghiep c6 the life d cac dia phtfcfng, gidi ky tri, mpt so' lu'c lifcfng hoat dong xa hoi cimg cac to chtfc quoc te (dien hinh nhiT Ngan hang Phat trien chau A va Ngan hang The gidi) da len ti§'ng manh me yeu cau thtfc hien ca che phan quyen. Nhan thiJc duffc yeu cau nay, Tong tho'ng B.J. Habibie (len ndm quyen ttf nijfa sau nam 1998) nhanh chong ung hp yeu cau thuc hien phan quyen nhkm muc dich gi&nh sii ung hp cua
" Nghign cijru nky dupc tai tro b5i Dai hoc Quo'c gia H^ NSi trong de t^i ma so QG.15.4
•'* TS. Ho Thi Thanh, Dai hpc KHXH&NV Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
Nghien cim Dong Nam A. s6412017
cac life lifang chinh tri trong nifcfc d l cung CO vi thS' cua minh, d6ng thcfi gop phan difa Indonesia viTcft qua khung hoang*^*.
Ccf scf ban dau d l thiic thi chinh sach p h ^ quyin dia phiicfng la viec ban hanh cac Dao luat so 22/1999 va so 25/1999 vao nam 1999 - clu mpt nSm sau khi che dp Trat tli Mdi sup do. Trong cac nam tiep theo, mpt so dieu luat khac difpc b6 sung, chinh sLfa nham cung c6' viec phan quyin dia phuong nhu Luat so 17/2000, 34/2000, 32/2004, 33/2004, 28/2009, 23/2014... Cac dao luSt nay da tao ccf scf phap ly de thUc hien phan quyen chinh tri, phan quyen hanh chinh va phan quyen ngan sach a Indonesia.
1.1. Phan guyen chinh tri Luat so 22/1999 la luat dau tien trong chuSi luat v l phan quyen dia phUcfng dUpc ban hanh tai Indonesia trong thcri ky h§u Trat tu Mdi. Luat nay quy dinh viec to chUc cac cupc bau cuf hpi dong lap phap cS'p tinh va hpi ding lap ph^p cap quan, huyen hoac thanh pho' tnic thuoc tinh. Ben canh do, Luat 22/1999 cung quy dinh viec cac hpi dong lap phap co chtic nang bau va bai nhiem ngUdi dUng dau ca quan hanh phap caip tinh vk cap quan/huyen.
Nham tang cUcfng quyen lUc, vai trb va trach nhiem cua nhiJng ngUcfi diiQig dau ca quan hanh phap cap tinh va cap quan/huyen, cac Luat so 32/2004 va 33/2004 dupc ban hanh nam 2004 da bai bo chiic nang ciia hoi dong lap phap trong viec bau ngUcfi dtfng dau ca quan hanh phap noi tren, thay vao do quy dinh viec to chtic bau cuf tnic tiep de liia chon ra cac chtfc vu nay.
Ke tu nam 2005, cac cupc bau cuf dupc to chUc tai cac dia phUcfng de tnic tiep bau ra thong doc tinh, thi trudng va ngUdi diing
dau c^c qu^n/huySn tren ca nUdc.
Luat 32/2004 cung trao quyen tU tri dSc bi§t cho 5 tinh t h a n h trong midc, bao gom Aceh, Papua, T^y Papua, Jakarta va Yogyakarta. J a k a r t a la viing dac biet vdi tu cdch la thu do dat nUdc, con Yogyakarta la tinh duy nhat tai Indonesia duy tri chufc VU dLfng dau tinh la m6t Hoi vUcfng (Sultan). Ba tinh con lai la Aceh, Papua vk Tay Papua la nhCfng ncfi co phong trao dau tranh doi dpc lap manh me tti lau nen dUoc trao cac quyen tii tri kha rpng nhU dUcfc su"
dung cd mang bieu tUpng tinh, dUdc quyin giijf m6t ty le ldn nguon thu tii viec khai thae tai nguyen thien nhien tren dia ban tinh... Dac biet Aceh con duac ap dung luat Sharia {Iuat Islam) va c6 cac dang chinh tri rieng thuoc clip tinh, Papua va TSy Papua duac quyen to chUc lUc luang canh sat dia phuong, co ngUcfi diifng dau tinh la ngudi ban dia...'^^
Ke tif khi cac luat tren co hieu luc, viec phan quyen chinh tri cho cac dia phuong d Indonesia da duac trien khai mpt each kha to^n dien va cu the. Cac hpi ding lap phap cap tinh, quan trd nen dpc lap va dong vai tro quan trong hcfn n h i l u so vdi trudc day.
Ben canh do, nhiing ngucri dam nhan chijfc vu nhu Thong doc tinh va ngUdi du'ng dau cap quan, huyen, t h a n h pho' cung chiu trdch nhiem tnidc n h a n dan dia phUtfng hon la tnidc chinh quyen trung UOng. Nhin chung, viec phdn quyin chinh t n co the coi ik linh viic duac trien khai thanh c6ng nhat so vdi phan quyen hanh chinh vk ngan sach t r o n g nhu'ng nSm qua d Indonesia.
1.2. Phdn quyen hdnh chinh Song song vdi viec phan quyin chinh tri, viec phan quyen hanh chinh cung dUpc
Uo Thi Thdnh - Viec thuc hien phan quyen cho dja phucmg...
quy dinh trong Luat 22/1999. Theo L u i t nky, chinh quyen tnmg UOng chi chiu trach nhiem v l cac van d l nhu he tho'ng phap lu^t, ton giao, an ninh - quoc phdng, tai chinh - t i l n te, quan he ngoai giao, ke hoach kinh te vi mo, cac van d l con lai nhu y te, giao due, thUOng mai, c6ng nghiSp, dau tu, moi trUdng, co sd ha tang, nong nghiep, hop tac va lao dpng se do chinh quyin dia phuang, dac bidt la cap quSn/huyen/thanh ph6' thuoc tinh quan ly.
De cu the hoa hon nOfa trach nhiem hanh chfnh cua chinh quyin dia phuong cac cap, Luat s6' 32/2004 quy dinh mfit s6' trdch nhiem cung cap dich vu cong cua chinh quyen cap quSn/huyen v l y tl', giao due, xay diAig ca sd ha tang va quan Iy moi trUdng, con chinh quyen tinh chi giU vai trb dai dien cho chinh quyin tnmg uong d khu vUc, c6 quyin va trach nhiem dieu ph6'i hoat dpr^ giUa cac quan/huyen wk ctmg ijfng mpt so dich vu cap tinh nhu y te, giao thong, ho trO giao due... Luat nay cho thay chinh quyin cap huyen da co nhieu quyen luc, chde nang hanh chinh han va chiu trdch nhiem cao hcfn trUde nhan dan dia phuang. Doi vdi chinh quyen cap tinh, do bi han che quyen luc nen gap nhilu kho khdn trong vai tro lam trung gian phoi hop hoat dpng va giam sat giUa chinh quyen trung Udng va chinh quyin quan/huyln. De khde phue nhuae diem nay, Luat 23/2014 ra ddi nhdm tai tap trung quyen liic cho chifih quyin cap tinh, trao cho chinh quyin tinh nhilu quyin gidm sdt hon, ddc biet d nhting vimg cd nhilu tai nguyen thien nhien.
Nhin chimg, k^ tif nam 2001, chinh quyin dia phuang cdc cap d Indonesia da duac giao nhilu quyen tU quyet han ve cdc va'n d l hdnh chinh cua dia phUcfng minh.
Quyin life cua chinh quyin trung Ucfng bi giam bdt di, khong c6n thau tdm vd chi phoi mpi van d l d dia phuang nhU trong thdi ky Trat tU Mdi trUdc dd.
1.3. Phan quyen ng&n sdeh Mpt ndi dung khong the thieu trong luat phdn quyin d Indonesia ban hanh trong nhiitig n a m qua la phan quyen ngdn sach. Luat so 25/1999 quy dinh mot each chi tiet trach nhiem tai chinh cua chinh quyen t n m g Uong vd chinh quyen dia phuang. Chinh quyin dia phUcfng dUdc nhan ngan sach ttf Quy phdn b6 ehung (DAU), Quy phan bo dde bi§t vd Quy phan bg doanh thu (DBH)'^^
Trong so' cac Quy tren, DAU phdn bo han mpt ntfa ngdn sdch chuyen giao ttf tnmg uong den dia phUcfng. Trong so' do, khoang 10% danh cho chinh quyen ca'p tinh, eon lai duae phan tdi chinh quyen quan/huyen va cap tha'p hcfn, bao gom ehi phi lucfng vd cac hoat dpng khdc'^'. DAU eho ph6p cdc dia phuang dUpc quyin tif do chi tieu hcfn so vdi thdi ky trudc phan quyin, do do tinh tu tri cua chinh quyen dia phUcfng duac tang lgn. Con trong Quy phan bo doanh thu, ty le phan bo nguon thu cho dia phuang cd tdi nguyen khai thdc eung tdng len. Chdng han, dia phuang duac hudng 80% nguon thu doi vdi lam nghiep, khai khoang vd ddnh bdt ca, 30'7(
doi vdi gas va 15% doi vdi dau mo'''. Day Id Slf thay doi dang ke so vdi thdi ky trUdc phan quyen khi hau nhU tat ca cdc nguon thu ndy thupe v l chinh quyen trung ucfng.
Ngodi nhijfng quy dinh ve cdc Quy phan bo ndi tren, ludt so' 25/1999 eon cho phep cac chinh quyen dia phuong dUcfc vay tU cde thi trudng von va cdc chinh phii de phat trien cd sd ha tang.
Nghiin cim Dong Nam A, so 412017
Ludt sa' 17/2000 ban hanh sau d6 da bS sung them luat thue thu nh$p cd nhdn, dUa nguon thue nay thanh mpt bo phdn phan b6 cho cac dia phUdng. Theo dd, ehinh quyen trung Uong ndm giif 80% nguon thu thue thu nhap ea nhan, chinh quyen dia phUdng duac giii 20% con lai. Tiep dd, Luat so 34/2000 vl thue dia phUcfng cho phep chinh quyin dia phUOng eo them nhieu kenh de tang ngan sdeh (nhU thue, phi dia phuang, lpi nhuan cua eac doanh nghiep do dia phuong nam giii va cac nguon thu hop ly khde). Tuy nhien, trong thUc te, do ban thdn nen kinh te dia phUdng c6n khd khdn, cpng them sU yeu kem ve ndng lUe cua edn bp dieu hdnh va thieu sif kiem tra gidm sat hieu qua nen viec tdng nguon thu tu thue d eac dia phuang eon gap rd't nhieu kho khdn.
Luat 33/2004 tiep tuc siifa doi vi§c phan quyin tai chinh cho cde dia phUdng, trong dd dang luu y la viec quy dinh cac dia phUcfng nhdn dUpe nhilu quyen quyet dinh ngdn sdeh hcfn so vdi trUdc Dieu nay cd the thay trong sU thay doi ty le chi tieu eong trong ngan sach dia phuang. Neu d thdi diem trudc phan quyin, ty le chi tieu cdng eiia cdc dia phUOng chiem 17% (nam 2000), nhung khi ludt phdn quyin dUpc thiic thi, ty le nay da tang len 30% (ndm 2001) vd len de'n 40% vao ndm 2010'^'.
Ben canh do, Ludt 33/2004 cijng cho phep cdc dia phuong nhdn dupc ty le ldn hon ttf tdng nguon thu ciia chinh phu
Luat 28/2009 dupe ban hanh vdi muc dich tang eUdng hieu qua cde nguon thu thue, cho'ng lai cac nguon thue bat hcfp ly, dong thdi eho phep them cdc k&nh tdng nguon thu cua chinh quyen dia phuang, nhU thue sd hifu va thue chuyen giao sd hiiu.
Trong thuc tS", nguon thu nay khong lam tang ddng ke ngdn sach dia phUdng. Chinh quyin trung Udng v i n duy t n sU dde quyen doi vdi nguon thu thul" - nguon thu quan trpng nhat ehiem khoang gan 90% tong nguon thu"'. Do dd, cac dia phuang vdn phai phu thupe vao trung Ucfng ve mdt ngdn sdch Cling nhU dinh mufc va han ngach chi tieu trong nguon ngdn sach dUpc cap.
Ve ca ban, viec ban hanh cdc dilu luat phdn quyin ngdn sach noi tren da cho phep cac dia phUdng ed quyen tU quyet tdi ehinh ldn hcfn n h i l u so vdi trUdc. NhUng ben eanh do, mot so' vd'n de v l ngan sach cung phat sinh va t i n tai trong qua trinh phan quyin, gay it nhieu trcf ngai cho stf phat tiien kinh te' xa hpi cf dia phuong.
2. Mot s o t h a n h trfu t r o n g v i e c thrfe h i ^ n ctf c h e ph&n q u y e n
2.1. Gia tang khd ndng tii tri cda cdc viing mien vd gidm bift cac yeu sdch ly khai
Mpt thdnh tich n6i bat trong viee phan quyen gan h m . t h a p nien qua d Indonesia Id giup gia tang kha nang tU tri cua cac vung miln, ttf do giam bdt yeu sach ly khai khdi nUdc Cong hda Indonesia. Trong thcfi ky Trdt tu Mdi, sU tap trung hda quyen liic cao dp vdo chinh quyin trung Ucfng cting nhiing chinh sdch dp ddt do'i vdi cde dia phuong ttfng khien n h a n dan mot so' vtmg m i l n ba't man. Mpt trong nhifng bat man dd lien quan den van de n ^ o n thu tai nguyen. Mpt so' tinh mde du giau cd v l tai nguyen thien nhien, nhifng nguon lgi khai thdc tdi nguyen do chu yeu do ehinh quyen trung Ucfng, trong dd ehu yeu la cac quan chUe d Jakarta va cdc cong ty khai thdc, ndm giif. NgUdi dan dia phUcfng it dupe
Ho Thi Thanh - ViSc thuc hien phiin quyen cho dia phii<mg...
hudng loi ttf viec khai thdc tai nguyen ndy.
Dieu do khien ngUdi dan dia phuang bat binh, nhifng hp phai im lang chap nhan trUdc kha nang dan ap manh me cua chinh quyen Trat tii Mdi. Vi the, nhan Idii che dp Trat tu Mdi sup do, trong nhCfng nam
1998-1999, nhieu phong trao iy khai d cac vtmg mien da troi day, dien hinh nhU d eac tinh Papua, Aceh, Riau.,. 0 mot sd nai khac, tu tUtfng thie't lap hen bang Indonesia cung xuat hien. Trong hoan canh do, viec thUc thi ca che phan quyen da c6 nhifng tac dong quan trpng de han che hoac cha'm dUt cdc phong trao va tu
*Uong nay. Chdng han, tai tinh Dong Kalimantan, sau khi che do Trat tu Mdi sup dd, Thdng ddc tinh da len tieng dbi chinh quyen trung uang phai tra cho tinh 75% lpi tiJc thu dupc tif viec Idiai thae dau mo, khi dot va gd tren dia ban tinh Tiep do, thang 11/1999, Hoi dong lap phap tinh keu gpi thiet lap che do Hen bang tai Indonesia. Tuy nhien, viec ban hanh luat phan quyen luc do da cho phep Dong Kalimantan dUp'c nhan ty 16 ngufln thu tU lihai thae tai nguyen tai tinh lon hon nhieu so vdi trudc, dipu nay khien Dong Kalimantan hai long va tU bd sU iing ho tU tudng thiet lap ctf che lien bang cho Indonesia. Tuang tU, trong nhCfng nam 1999-2000, phong trao Riau Dgc lap (Riau Merdeka) cung ttfng xuat hien tai tinh Riau, nhUng luat phan quyen ra ddi luc do, nhu hoc gia Harold Crouch nhan xet, cd le da ngan chan phan ldn dpng lUc cua phong trao doi dpc lap tai day"' Doi v6i Aceh, nai phong trao dbi dpc lap tdng xuat hien ttr nhieu thap nien trUdc, viec thUc hien ca che phan quyen, trong do dac biet la quyen tu t n cao ve ehinh tri, kinh te' va hanh chinh danh cho Aceh. la mot tronj^ nhdng
yeu to quan trong Ithien phong trao cham dift. Cd the thay, ca che phdn quyen dia phuong da giup xda bd ve cp ban sii ap dat.
Idem soat cua chinh quyen trung Utfng ddi vdi cac dia phUOng, dac biet con lam tang cUdng tiem life ldnh te eua mpt so' dia phuong giau tai nguyen thien nhien. Dieu nay da han che cac life lUtfng va xu hudng ly tam dia phuong, gop phan quan trong lam on djnh tinh hinh chinh tri Indonesia.
2.2. Phan tdn quyen liic tU chinh guyen trung iidng tiri cctc dia phiCctng
Mpt thanh tUu quan trong ntfa ciia qua trinh phan quyen la giiip phan tan quj'en Iuc tU chinh quyin trung Utfng cho cac dia phUtfng, gop phan cung cd ctf che dan chu tai Indonesia sau thdi ky Trat tU Mdi. Ctf che phan quyen Idiong cho phep sU Uip trung quyen lUc vao mpt nhom hay mot ca nhdn d trung uong, thay vao do, no tao nen mpt gidi quyen life ve kinh te. chinh tn d cac dia phUffng vdi kha nang tham gia ngay cang tang trong ddi song chinh I.ri dat nudc Co the tha'y Joko Widodo (Jokowi) chinh la mpt dai dien tieu bieu cho gidi quyen luc dia phuong trUdc khi trd thanh Tdng tho'ng Indonesia''-'' Cii che phan quyen vdi che' do bau cU trUc tiep td cap dia phuang da tao dieu kien phat trien eho cac dai dien dia phuong, gdp phan tang cudng ctf che dan chu cua dat nddc.
Nhu vay, co the tha'y viec giam bd( yeu saeh ly Idiai va giam sU tap trung quyen lUc d chinh quyen trung Utfng la nhUng thanh tUu noi bat trong qua tiinh phan quyen tai Indonesia gan hai thap nien qua 3. Mpt so h a n cho t r o n g viec thtic h i e n p h a n q u y e n d i a phi^tfng
3.1. Gia tdng tinh trgng tham
Nghien cihi Dong Nam A, so 4/2017
nhiing vd chu nghia bdo trg cf dia phUPng
Mpt han che noi bat trong qua trinh thiic hien ctf che phan quyin d Indonesia nhifng nam qua la sU gia tdng tinh trang tham nhung va ehii nghia bao trp d cac cap dia phuong. Nghien etfU cua Valsecchi'^"' clu ra rdng phdn quyen lam tang so' lUtfng eae trudng hop tham nhung, con nghien cttu ciia Hofinan, Kaiser vd Schulze'^^' cho thay kha ndng yeu kem ciia cdc quan chde vd CO quan hanh chinh dia phUdng dan den sU tdng nan tham nhung vd suy giam chd't lUtfng cung uftxg eac (iich vu cong. Song song vdi dd, ctf ehe bao tra eung hinh thanh d cap dia phUOng. Chang ban, viec chi tieu hdnh chinh a Indonesia cao hon nhieu so vdi ehudn qudc te ed lien quan den viec bao tro cho cac vi tri cung cap dich vu dan sU vdn la thanh to rat quan trong dam bao sU ling hd bdu cd d cap quan/huyen'^^'. Trong nhieu trudng hap, do sii bao tra va mua phi&'u, eac eupc bau cd true tiep giiip cho gidi quan chUc dia phUtfng cang nam chae quyin lifc*'^'. Cff che bao tra eon dan de'n su ra ddi eua nhUng "vua nhd" (raja kecil) d dia phuong cd kha nang Idem sodt hieu qua ddi sdng kinh te chinh tri khu vUe'^'**.
Cd the ndi, sU tif tri hanh ehinh da han ehe kha ndng can thiep eua chinh quyin trung uong vd chinh quyin tinh trong ddi so'ng chinh tri ca'p quan/huyen. Them vao dd, co ehe giam sat vd trdch nhiem gidi trinh giifa chinh quyen trung uong - chinh quyin dia phuong va xa hpi dan su chUa hieu qua nen cdng ldm gia tang tinh trang tham nhung, bao trtf dia phuong, gdy bUe xuc ldn cho nhdn ddn.
3.2. Gia tdng tinh trang phd hogi ntoi tniifng
Viec thue hi§n ca ehe phan quyen d Indonesia hdn m6t thdp nien qua eon ldm gia tdng tinh trang pha hoai moi tnidng, dien hinh la tai Sumatra vd Kalimantan.
Trong nhifng ndm dau sau khi luat phan quyen ban hdnh, mpt so chinh quyen tinh thuoc ede dao nay da cap phep rat nhilu hpp dong khai thae rtfng va mo nhdm tang nguon thu ngdn sach. Dae biet, viec cdp phep cdn cd lien quan tdi tinh trang tham nhung, bao trp d dia phUcfng. Burgess ciing nhdm nghien citu ciia ong da stf dung ve tinh de hinh dung viee pha rifng va tim ra nhttog md'i lien he dd. Nghien cdu da chi ra ty le don gd bat hpp phap tang len cting vdi thdi gian bau cii*^^'. Dilu ddng noi la trong nhiing ndm dau thUc hien phdn quyen, viec khai thde nay khong dupc chinh quyen trung UOng quan ly va giara sat hop ly. Hau qua la rUng bi tan phii nhanh ehdng, anh hudng den sif phdt tni'n ben vUng chung ciia ed quoc gia.
3.3. Phdt trien kinh te xd hgi cf cac dia phugng chUa dong deu
Co che phdn quyin gdp phan lam tdng trudng kinh te d nhOfng dia phucmg giau tai n ^ y e n thien nhien do cac dia phuong nay dupc phdn ehia ngudn lpi ldn hon ttf viec khai thde tai nguyen dd, nhung lai chUa mang lai sif tang trUdng kinh te dang ke cho cac dia phUcfng khac. Dilu ndy lam tang su chenh lech v l trinh do kinh te giifa cdc tinh va qudn huyen khde nhau trong ca nudc.
VI mdt ly thuyet, eo ehe phan quyen dia phUcfng se tao dilu Iden de chinh quyen dia phucmg quan Iy hieu qua hon, thuc day su canh tranh vd ddn de'n sif phdt trien kinh te xd hpi nhanh hon cho cac dia phuong. Tuy nhiSn, tren thuc te, khong eo
Ho Thi Thdnh - Viec thUc hien phdn quyen cho dia phUcmg.
nhieu bang c h i ^ g v l sii cai thien kinh te xa hdi ndi chung do co che phdn quyen mang lai trong hon mpt thap nien qua d Indonesia'^^'. Mpt so' ly do noi bdt ddn de'n tinh trang ndy la do kha ndng han che cua chinh quyin dia phUcfng trong viec hoaeh dinh chinh sdch phat trien vd quan ly kinh te chung eiia vung. Thifc te cho thdy, khi ludt phan quyen dUOc dp dung, cac dia phuong thudng tap trung vao vi§c khai thde tdi nguySn thien nhien hodc tang ede ngudn thul', phi de ndng cao ngan sach ma it chu y de'n sU phdt trien dai ban eua dia phUcfng. Viec thieu cac ehien lUpc phdt trien ldnh te mpt edeh he thong, thieu chinh sdch thu hut dau tu hop ly d eac dia phuong da ngdn can sU phat trien ldnh te mpt each nang dpng va ben vitog. Cting vdi dd, viec chi ti§u hdnh chinh trdn lan vd tinh trang thara nhijng pho bie'n cua quan ehtfc dia phuong da han che hieu qua phdt trien kinh te xd hpi'^"*. Ngodi ra, viee chinh quyin trung UOng phd thdc cho chinh quyin dia phuong cae nhiem vu quo'c gia nhu gidm ngheo, ndng cao trinh dp gido due, eai thien dich vu y te, phdt trien vtmg sdu vting xa.,. nhUng iai khdng co ke hoach, khong co tdi trp gay khd khan cho chinh quyin dia phUOng de thiic hien nhiem vu. Chinh quyen trung UOng vdn kilra soat phan ldn nguon thu, trong khi ehinh quyen dia phUtfng phai ehiu trdch nhiem tra luong cho vien chUc, phai lo dich vu y t§' va giao due. Vi the, he thdng cung dng dich vu cong nhU y te, giao due, nUde, dien... d cac dia phuong cung chUa duoc eai thien ddng ke.
Qua trinh phan quyin mang lai sU tang trudng kinh te nhanh hon eho mdt so dia phucfng, chu ye'u la cac dia phuong giau tai nguyen thien nhien vd ed cac loi the Idiac,
nhuiig t h a n h qua tdng tnfdng nay khong phai Mc ndo cung dUpc phan phdi mpt each cdng bang cho nhan dan trong vung.
Chang han, d Papua, nguon lai ttf vi&e tdng trudng kinh te do don cho ngUdi nhap c\S tU cdc dao khac den, trong khi ngudi Papua ban dia lai it dupc hudng*^^'. Y\ the, eo che' phan quyin cung chUa tao dUpc sii phan phd'i cong bdng vd cai thien ti'ch cUc ddi sdng ngudi dan dia phuong.
Nhu vay, ben canh mot so' thdnh tUu dat duae, qud trinh phdn quyen d Indonesia van con ton tai nhieu han che.
Dilu nay doi hdi Indonesia trUdc het ein phai hodn thien cdc quy dinh phap ly ve phan quyin lam ca sd vUng chde cho tien trinh phan quyen tren thUc te mang lai hieu qua. Song song vdi do, Indonesia phai tdng cUdng CO che tham gia, giam sdt va giai trinh gida eac to chde xd hpi dan sU va chinh quyen trung UOng vdi ehinh quyen dia phucfng mpt each hiSu qua. Dilu nay se giup dia phuong cd ehien lupc phdt trien kinh te xa hpi hcfp iy hon, dong thdi ban chl' dupc tinh trang thara nhung, bdo trtf vd'n la mpt rao can ldn dd'i vdi sU phat trien kinh te xa hpi d cac dia phUOng. Cd nhu the', ehinh sdeh phdn quyen dia phuong radi mang lai hieu qua phat triln kinh te xa hpi nhU mong dpi va ddng gdp quan trpng thue day tien trinh dan chii hoa d Indonesia./.
CHU THICH
1 Ostwald. Kai. Yuhki Tajima and Krislert Samphantharak, ''Indonesia's Decentralization Experiment Motivations.
Successes, and Unintended Consequences",
Nghien cifu Dong Nam A. .so 4/2017
Journal of Soutlieast Asian Economies Vol.
33, No. 2 (2016), p. 139-56.
2. Resosudarmo, Budy P , Julius A. Mollet.
Umbu R Raya and Hans Kanvai, 2014, Development in Papua after special auton- omy", in Regional Dynamics in a Decentralized Indonesia, edited by Hal Hill, Singapore: Institute of Southeast.
Asian Studies,
3. Quy phan bo chung (Dana alokasi umum/DAU) la quy la'y tif nguon thu nhdp quo'c gia phan bo chung cho cac dia phuong.
Trong khi dd, Quy phan bo' dac biet (Dana alokasi khusus/DAK) chi phan bo cho cac dia phuang nhd't dinh vdi muc dich trp giup cac hoat dong dac biet cua khu vifc phii hop vdi chucfng trinh uu tien qudc gia. Quy phan bo doanh thu (Dana Bagi Hasil/
DBH) CO ngudn thu tUthueva khai thae tai nguyen thien nhien, dupc phan chia theo ty le mdi giUa trung uong va dia phucfiig.
4. Shah, Anvi-ar, Riatu Qibthiyyah and Astrid Dita, 2012, "General Purpose Central- provincial-local Transfers (DAU) in Indonesian: From Gap Filling to Ensuring Fair Access to Essential Public Services for AH", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6075 Washington, D C: Worid Bank,
5. Lewis, Blane and David Woodward,
"Restructuring Indonesia's sub-national public debt: reform or reversion?". Bulletin of Indonesia Economic Studies 46, no. 1 (2010). 65-78.
6 Fadliya and Ross il, McLeod. "Fiscal Transfers to Regional Governments in Indonesia", Working Papers in Trade and Development no. 2010/14. Canberra.
Australian National University 7. Shah, Qibthiyyah va Dita. 2012. tai lieu da
ddn
o. Crouch, Harold, Political Reform m Indonesia after Soe/icirto, Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 2010 p. 95
9. Joko Widodo xuat phat tU thanh pho Solo vdi vi the la mpt nhaji vat ten tudi trong gidi kinh doanh, ong sau dd dUpc bdu Iam thi trudng thanh phd Solo, rli tiep tuc thdng cU trd thanh Thdng ddc Jakarta va cudi cimg la Tong thdng Indonesia hi^n nay.
10. Valsecchi, Michael, 2013, "Local Elections and Corruption during Democratization:
Evidence from Indonesia". Working Paper.
11. Hofman, Bert, Kai Kaiser and Gunther G.
Schuize, 2009, "Corruption and Decentralization". In Decentralization and Regional Autonomy in Indonesia:
Implementation and Challenges, edited by C, Holtzappel and M. Ramstedt.
Netherlands: HAS and Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
12 Sjahrir, Bambang Suhamoko. Krisztina Kis-Katos and G#nther G Schuize.
"Administrative Overspending in Indonesian Districts: The Role of Local Politics", World Development 59 (2014);
166-83.
13. Buehier, Michael, 'T)ecentraIisation and local democracy in Indonesia: the margin- alisation of the public sphere", In Problems of Democratization in Indonesia: Elections, Institutions and Society, edited by E Aspinall and M Mietzner, Singapore:
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010.
14. Aspinall, Edward, 'The Irony of Success".
Joumal of Democracy 21, no. 2 (2010):
20-34
15. Burgess, Robin. Matthew Hansen, Benjamin A OIken, Peter Potapov and Stefanie Sieber, 'The Political Economy 16. Ostwald, Kai, Yuhki Tajima and Krislert
Samphantharak, "Indonesia's Decentralization Experiment Motivations, Successes, and Unintended Consequences", Journal of Southeast Asian Economies Vot, 33, N'n 2 (2016), pp. 139-56.
17 Shah, .\nwar, Riatu Qibthiyyah and Astrid Dita, 2012. "General Purpose Central- provincial-local Transfers (DAU) in
Ho Thi Thdnh - Viec thuc hien phdn quyen cho dja phU(Mg..
Indonesian: From Gap Filling to Ensuring Fair Access to Essential Public Services for All" tai lifeu da ddn.
18. Pepinsky, Thomas B. and Maria M.
Wihardja, "Decentralization and economic performance in Indonesia", Journal of East Asian Studies 11, no. 3 (2011): 337-71.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Aspinall, Edward, 2010, "The Irony of Success". Joumal of Democracy 21, no. 2 (2010): 20-34.
2. Buehier, Michael, 2010, "Decentralisation and local democracy in Indonesia: the mar- ginalisation of the public sphere", In Problems of Democratization in Indonesia:
Elections, Institutions and Society, edited by E. Aspinall and M. Mietzner, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010.
o. Burgess, Robin. Matthew Hansen, Benjamin A. Olken, Peter Potapov and Stefanie Sieber, 2012. "The Political Economy of Deforestation in the Tropics", Quarterly Journal of Economics 127, no. 4 (2012): 1707-54.
4. Crouch, Harold, 2010, Political Reform in Indonesia after Soeharto, Singapore:
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010.
o. Fadliya and Ross H McLeod, 2010, "Fiscal Transfers to Regional (Governments in Indonesia", Working Papers in Trade and Development no. 2010/14 Canberra:
Australian National University.
6. Hofman, Bert, Kai Kaiser and Gunther G.
Schuize, 2009, "Corruption and Decentralization", In Decentralization and Regional Autonomy in Indonesia:
Implementation and Cliallenges, edited by C Holtzappel and M. Ramstedt.
Netherlands: HAS and Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
7. Lewis, Blane and David Woodward, 2010,
"Restructuring Indonesia's sub-national public debt: reform or reversion?". Bulletin of Indonesia Economic Studies 46, no. 1 (2010): 65-78.
8. Moricz. S . Sj#holm. F, 2014, "The Effect of Elections on Economic Growth: Results from a Natural Experiment in Indonesia", IFN Working Paper no. 1023. Stockholm:
Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
9. Ostwald, Kai, Yuhki Tajima and Krislert Samphantharak, 2016, "Indonesia's Decentralization Experiment Motivations, Successes, and Unintended Consequences", Journal of Southeast Asian Economies Vol.
33, No. 2 (2016), pp 139^56.
10. Pepinsky, Thomas B. and Maria M Wihardja, 2011, "Decentralization and economic performance in Indonesia", Journal of East Asian Studies 11, no, 3 (2011): 337-71.
11. Resosudarmo, Budy P., Julius A- Mollet, Umbu R Raya and Hans Kaiwai. 2014, Development in Papua after special auton- omy", in Regional Dynamics in a Decentralized Indonesia, edited by Hal Hill, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
12. Shah. Anwar, Riatu Qibthiyyah and Astrid Dita, 2012, "General Purpose Central-provincial-local Transfers (DAU) in Indonesian: From Gap Filling to Ensuring Fair Access to Essential Public Services for AH", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6075.
Washington, D C : World Bank.
13. Sjahrir, Bambang Suhamoko, Krisztina Kis-Katos and G#nther G. Schuize.
"Administrative Overspending in Indonesian Districts' The Role of Local Politics", World Development 59 (2014):
166-83.
14. Valsecchi, Michael, 2013, "Local Elections and Corruption during Democratization;
Evidence from Indonesia". Woridng Paper.
