LU^T KINHTE 19
LUAN BAN VE CAC NGUYEN NHAN CUA TINH TRANG HUY PHAN QUYET TRONG TAI
6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
B(JIXUANHAI*
Tdm tdt
Trong th&i gian gdn ddy, nhiiu phdn quyet trong tdi da bf Toa dn tuyen hdy, chiim ty le cao trong so dan yiu cdu; tinh trgng ndy dd tdc dgng tieu cue den hogt dong cua trong tdi thuang mgi a Viet Nam vd quyin lai cua cdc doanh nghiep. Bdi viet lugn bdn ve cdc nguyen nhdn cua tinh trgng hdy phdn quyet trong tdi vd de xudt mgt so gidi phdp khde phuc.
Abstract
In the recent years, a lot of arbitral awards have been set aside with very high rate, this has caused negative impacts on the operation of Vietnamese arbitration and rights of enterprises.
This article examines reasons for the situation of setting aside arbitral awards and proposes some solutions to this problem.
T
rong giai dogn tft nam 2003 den nam 2014, theo thdng ke cua Tnmg tdm Trpng tai qudc t l Viet Nam (VIAC), cd 46 quyit dinh/ phdn quyet trpng tai cua VIAC da hi yeu cau Tda an xem xet hfty, trong sd dd cd 19 phan quyit trpng tdi da bi Tda an tuyen huy (14 phdn quyit trgng tai bi Tda an nhdn dan thdnh phd Ha Ngi tuyen huy vd 5 phan quyet frgng tai bi Tda an nhan dan Tp. Hd Chi Mmh tuyen hfty)^ Nhung, chi tmh rieng giai doan 2011-2014, khi ma Luat Trpng tai thuong mgi nam 2010 (Luat TTTM nam 2010) cd hi6u lyc tili hanh, cd d i n 50% s6 don yeu cdu hfty phdn quyit trgng tdi da dugc Tda an chip nhdn (buy• PGS-TS Luat hgc, Pho Hi?u truong DH Ludt Tp. H6 Chi Minh; Trgng tai viSn, Trung tam Trgng tdi quic tl Viet Nam (VL\C).
' Theo quy dinh cua Ph^ lenh Trgng tdi thuong mai nam 2003 thi quyit dinh giai quyit vu ki§n dugc ggi la quyit dinh trgng tiii. Tiiy nhien, Ludt TTTM nam 2010 da CO s\r phdn tdch giiia phdn quyit ligng tM vd quyet dinh trgng tdi. Theo d6, "Q^it djnh trpng tdi Id quyit
^nh cua H§i d6ng trgng tdi Uong qud trinh gidi quyit tranh chip" c6n "Phdn quyet trgng tdi Id quyit dfinh ciia HOi ding trgng tai gidi quyit todn bg ngi dung v\i tranh ch^ vd chdm dut t& tung trong tdi" (xem Diiu 3) . Phan quyet trgng tai theo phdp ludt hi^n hanh CO nghia tuong tu
"arbitral award'' theo C6ng uoc New York 1958 ve Cong nh|in vd thi hanh phan quyit cua trgng tdi nude ngoai.
10 phan quyit trgng tdi trong sd 20 vy yeu ciu). Ddy Id mpt tinh trang dang bao ddng vi ty le phan quyit trpng tdi bi buy frong tdng sd bi yeu cau cao mot each Ididng binh thudng, chua thay d nude ngodi.
Nghi quyit 49-NQ/TW cua Bd Chmh tri da khing dinh chft truong "khuyen khich viec gidi quyet mdt sd tranh chap thdng qua Ihuang lugng, hda giai, ftpng tai; Tda an hd trg bmig quyet dinh cdng nhan viec giai quyet dd"^.
Tuy nhien, tinh hgng hfty phdn quyet trpng tdi nhu hi$n nay khdng phdi la sy Ichuyen khich giai quyit bang trpng tai vd Tda dn chua hd h g trgng tai. Thyc ttgng hfty phan quyet trpng tai d nude ta trong thdi gian qua da cd nhieu tdc ddng rit tieu cyc. Hfty phan quyet trpng tai tuy tien se "gilt chet" trpng tdi thuang mai non tre cfta Viet Nam; lam giam long tin cfta cdc nha kinh doanh ddi vdi ttpng tdi, gidm ldng tin cfta cdc trpng tdi vien, lugt su, doanh nghiep vd cdc td chftc, ca nhdn cd li6n quan vao hp thdng Tda an. N I U cdc nha kinh doanh e ngai lya chpn trpng tai Ihi trpng tai se khong tfid chia se ganh nang gidi quyit tranh chap kinh
^ Mpc 2.1 Phan H Nghi quyit 49- NQ/TW cua Bg Chinh trj vl Chiin luge cdi cdch tu phap din nam 2020.
20 T4P CHfKHOA HOC PHAPLfsd 3/2015 doanh vdi Tda dn nhu myc dich ban hdnh Ludt
TTTM nam 2010\ N I U frpng tai thuang mgi khdng thi phat trien thi se tac dgng tieu cyc din cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khi hp phai chgn trpng tdi nude ngoai vd ra nude ngoai giai quyit tranh chap. Viec Tda dn nhan dan huy phan quyet trgng tdi tuy tien se ldm tdn kem thdi gian vd chi phi cho cdc b6n, cd the ldm mat ca hgi kuih doanh va phdt trien cfta doanh nghipp, lam xau mdi trudng ddu tu kinh doanh cua Viet Nam. Vay, dau la nguyen nhan cua tinh trgng hfty phan quyet ttpng tai ttong thdi gian vfta qua? Xin thft ludn ban v l mdt sd nguyen nhdn co ban dudi day.
1. Cac can cft huy phan quyet trpng tai theo Luat IVpng tai thuotig mgi nam 2010 con chira ro rang, b i t hgp ly
Theo quy dinh tgi khodn 2 Diiu 68 cua Luat TTTM nam 2010 thi phdn quyit ttpng tai bi hfty neu: (a) Khong co thod thugn trong tdi hoac thoa thudn trong tdi vo hieu; (b) Thdnh phdn Hoi dong trong tdi, thu tgc to tung trong tdi khong phii hap v&i thod thudn cua cdc ben hoac trdi vai cdc quy dinh cua Lugt ndy; (c) Vu tranh chdp khong thuQc thdm quyen cua Hoi dong trgng tdi; tnrong hap phdn quyit trong tdi CO npi dung khong thuoc thdm quyin cua Hpi dong trpng tdi thi npi dung do bi hiiy; (d) Chimg cu do cdc bin cung cdp md Hpi dong trpng tdi cdn cit vdo do de ra phdn quyit Id gid mgo; Trpng tdi viin nhdn tiin, tdi sdn hoac lpi ich vdt chdt khac cda mpt bin tranh chdp ldm dnh hu&ng din tinh khdch quan, cdng bang cua phdn quyet trpng tdi; (d) Phdn quyet trpng tdi trdi v&i cdc nguyen tac ca bdn cua phdp lugtViitNam. Trong cdc trudng hpp hfty phan quyit ttpng tai ndi ttSn thi can cft tai diim a, b va d thudng dupe vien ddn khi yeu ciu hfty phdn quyit, dac biet la diim d.
Viee phan tich cac can cft huy phan quyit ttgng tai ein nhftng nghien cftu khac ma khdng the ttinh bdy diy dii ttong bai viit nay. Nhung,
^ ^ "Giai quyet tranh chdp bdng Trgng tai se gop phdn lam gidm tdi hoat dgng xet xii ciia Toa an", xem Hgi Luat gia Vi?t Nam, To trinh Vl Du an Ludt Trgng tai thuong mai (s6 lO/rTr-HLGVN), Hd N6i, ngay 01 thang 9 nam 2009, tr. 3.
trong cdc trudng hgp hfty phan quyit thi diim d Id mo h i nhit, d l bi Igm dung nhit. Cho d i n nay chdng ai cd thi trd Idi cau hoi "cdc nguyin tdc ca bdn cua phdp lugt Viet Nam"
la nhung nguySn tac ndo. Trong thyc tl, bSn yeu cau vd thdm phan, kiem sat vien... thuoi^
coi cdc nguyen tac dugc ghi trong Bp lugt Dan sy nam 2005, Lugt Thuang mai nam 2005 va thgm chi mpt sd dgo luat khac Id cac nguyen tac ca ban cua phdp ludt Viet Nam. Cd nhfing vy viec, tham phdn lap ludn thiiu khoa hpc, khdng logic ve cdi gpi Id vi pham cdc nguyen tic CO ban cfta phap lugt Viet Nam d l huy phan quyet trgng tdi. Chang hgn cd Tda an 6a. Ifip ludn rang viec Hdi ddng ttpng tdi bdc dom kien cua nguyen don Id vi pham khoan 1 Dieu 292 va Dieu 297 cfta Luat Thuong mgi nam 2005;
do dd da vi phgm nguyen tac co ban trong hogt ddng thuang mai quy dinh tai Dieu 11 cfta Lugt Thuang mgi nam 2005 (Nguyen tac tu do, tu nguyen thoa thugn trong hogt dgng thuang mgi), ddng thdi ttai vdi nguyen t5c co ban cua phap ludt Viet Nam dugc quy dinh t^i cac Dieu 4, 5, 7, 9,11 cua Bd ludt Dan sir nam 2005 (Nguyin tdc tu do, ty: nguyen cam kit, thoa thugn; Nguyin tdc binh ddng; Nguyen tdc chiu trdch nhiem ddn su; Nguyen tdc ton trpng, bdo ve quyen ddn su, Nguyin tdc turn thu phdp ludt).
Theo Diiu 14 Nghi quyit sd 01/2014 cua Hdi ddng thdm phdn Tda an nhdn ddn toi cao thi Tda an chi hfty phan quyit trpng tai khi ^ chftng mmh dugc rang: (1) phan quyit trgng tdi cd npi dung ttai vdi mdt hoac nhieu nguyen tac CO bdn cfta phdp lugt Viet Nam, va (2) phan quyet trgng tdi do da xdm pham nghiem trong lgi ich cfta Nhd nude, quyin, lgi ich hgp phSp cua mdt hoac cac ben, ngudi thft ba. Trong hai dieu kien ndi tren thi diiu kien thft 2 khong khd de chung minh bdi vi phan quyit trpng ^ phan xft ve tranh chip giua hai bSn thi diac chin lgi ich cua it nhit mgt ttong hai ben luon bi anh hudng. Chi cd diiu kien thft 1 la con mo ho ttong vi$c chftng minh vd dp dung ms du Nghi quyit 01/2014 da hudng dki rk%
nguyen tdc co ban cua phdp ludt VIpt Nam phdi Id nguyin tdc xu su ca bdn co hieu luc
LUAT KINHTE 21 bao trdm doi vai viec xdy dung vd thuc hien
phdp ludt Viet Nam - mdt hudng din cd gia tn tich cyc de ngan chgn vi?c coi cac nguySn tac cua cac dao luat chuyen nganh la nguyen tac ca bdn cfta phdp luat Viet Nam.
Song, giai thich cua Hpi ddng tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao vl cdc nguyen tac co ban cfta phap lugt Viet Nam trong Nghi quyit 01/2014 cung chua minh thi vd cdn the hien sy lung tung. Nd hau nhu khdng giup chiing ta hieu ro han ve cac nguyen tdc co bdn cua phap lugt Viet Nam. Ndi mgt cdch cdng bang, neu mpt ca quan dac biet quan trpng cfta n6n tu phap nude ta nhu Hpi dong tham phdn Tda an nhan dan tdi cao ma ciing khdng xac dinh dupe hien nay nhung nguyen tac co ban cfta phap luat Vi§t Nam la nhihig nguyen tac ndo thi khdng th6 ddi hdi cdc trgng tdi vien vd tham phdn Cling nhu cac ben tranh chap va luat su ciia hg phdi ty biet cac nguyen tic nay!
Lugt mlu cfta UNCITRAL vl Trgng tai thuang mai qudc te (UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration) va phdp luat trgng tai cua cdc qudc gia va vftng lanh thd nhu Anh, Hong Kong, An Dd...
khdng cd quy dinh ve can cft huy phdn quyet trpng tai do "trdi v&i nguyin tdc ca bdn cua phdp ludf nhu Viet Nam**. Mdt trong cac can cft buy phdn quyet trpng tdi theo Luat mdu cfta UNCITRAL va cua rit nhiiu nude la phdn quyet "mdu thudn vai chinh sdch cong (in conflict with the public policy) cua quoc gia do".^ Nhung public policy (chinh sdch cdng) diu dupe gidi thich vd dp dung theo
•* Vi du, xem D i i u 81 Phdp lenh Trong tdi nam 2011 ciia Hong Kong (Hong Kong Arbitration Ordinance CO heu lyec ngdy 01/06/2011). Phdp l?nh nay co bdn d\ra tren Ludt mdu ciia UNCITRAL.
^ Tu "Public policy " dugc quy dinh trong Ludt mdu v l Trgng tdi thuong mai quoc t l ciia UNCITRAL va C6ng u6c ciia Li6n hgp quoc ve Cong nhdn vd thi hanh phdn quyit cua trgng tai nuoc ngoai nam 1958 c6 thi dugc djch sang tilng Viet la "chinh sdch cong"
hay "trgt tu cdng cgng". Trong bdi viit ndy, tac gid quan m^m "public policy" la chinh sdch cong.
Vi dg, xem diim b khodn 2 Dieu 34 Luat mdu ve Trgng tdi Thuong mai quIc te ciia UNCITRAL (the award is in conflict with the public policy of this State)
nghia hep va hgn chi xem xet nd Iam ca sd de hfty phan quyit trgng tdi. Trong vy Parsons and Whittemore Overseas Co., Inc. v. RAKTA (1974), Tda an Phftc thim Hoa Ky khu vyc 2 cho ring, khdi niem chinh sdch cong (public policy) trong Cdng udc New York cin phdi dupe hieu mdt cdch rat hep; viec thi hdnh phan quyet trpng tai nude ngodi cd th6 bi tft chdi chi khi viec thi hanh dd se vi pham nhung nguyen tac ca ban nhat ve dgo dftc vd cdng ly cfta qudc gia (violate the forum State's most basic notions of morality and justice)^. Tda dn d Dftc cung da khmg dinh rang, ddi vdi cac phdn quyit trpng tdi nude ngoai, thi khdng phai mpi vi pham dieu cdm cua phdp lugt Dftc deu bi coi Id vi phgm ttat ty cdng cdng; rang d Dftc, khai niem vi phgm trat ty cdng cgng dugc vien ddn chi tt-ong nhiing trudng hgp vd cftng dgc biet ma thdi'.
Hon nua, cdc an le cung nhu thyc tiin thi hdnh Cdng udc New York nam 1958 d cdc nude thanh vien cfta Cdng udc da cho thay rang: Tda an cac nude, v& co ban deu gidi thich diiu khoan vl chinh sach cdn^ (public policy) theo nghia rat hep, vd hgn che tft chdi thi hanh phan quyit ttpng tai, chi trong nhiing trudng hgp cyc ky han hun md thdi; dieu ndy cd nghia la, trong cdch hieu va gidi thich dieu khoan chinh sach cdng, cdc Tda an da the hien quan diem ftng hg tinh than cfta Cdng udc, la tao diiu kien thuan loi cho viec cdng nhan vd thi hanh quyet dinh cua trpng tdi nude ngoai^.
Q nude ta, ben yeu cdu va tham phan thudng cd xu hudng hieu nguyen tac co bdn ciia phap
* Nguyen van: "the Convention's public policy defense should be construed narrowly. Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards may be denied on this basis only where enforcement would violate the forum state's most basic notions of morality and justice". [508 F.2d 969] Parsons
& Whittemore Overseas Co., Inc v. Societe Generate De L 'Industrie Du Papier (RAKTA).
Xem them: James H. Carter vd John Fellas, International Commercial Arbitration in New York, Oxford University Press, 2010, tr. 394.
' Xem them Dang Hodrig Oanh, Huy quyet dfnh trgng tdi: Che dinh con nhieu bat cap trong phdp lugt Viet Nam, Cong Thong tin dien tii Bg Tu phdp, trich lai tii mang Diln dan Doanh nghiep, http://vibonline.com.
vn/vi-VN/Forum/TopicDetail.aspx?TopicID=2311.
' Ddng Hodng Oanh, tldd.
T4P CHtKHOA HQC PHAPLfsd 3/201S lugt Viet Nam theo nghia rgng, d l vgn dung d l
hfty phan quyit trpng tai. Trong khi quy dinh v l hfty phdn quyit trgng tdi theo Luat mdu cfta UNCITRAL (Article 34.2.b.(ii)) vd v l khdng cdng nhgn phdn quyit ttpng tdi nude ngoai cfta Cdng udc New York 1958 (Article V.2.(b)) cd ttudng hpp do trdi chinh sdch cong (public policy) cua qudc gia do, dii Luat TTTM nam
2010 cfta Viet Nam khdng cd quy dinh v l ttirdng hpp ttdi chinh sach cong ma cd quy dinh v l "ttai nguyen tdc co bdn cua phdp ludt Vi6t Nam". Ddy cd thi la mdt viec ldm thieu khdn ngoan vd do ciing Id mpt nguyen nhdn ddn din nhiiu phan quyet ttgng tdi bi hfty'.
Mpt can cft khde ciing de bi dp dyng tuy tien Id trudng hpp quy dinh tgi Diem b, khodn 2 Diiu 68 Ludt TTTM nam 2010. N I U dgc Idi vdn cfta can cft nay thi khdng thdy cd sy khac nhau vdi quy dinh tuang ty tgi Luat mdu ciia UNCITRAL^", id "Thdnh phdn Hpi dong trpng tdi, thu tuc to tung trpng tdi khong phu hap v&i thoa thugn cua cdc ben hoac trdi v&i cdc quy dinh cua Lugt ndy". Nhu vgy trudng hgp nay cd 2 khd nang la thdnh phin Hgi ddng trpng tai, thft tuc td tung trpng tdi: (i) khong phu hpp v&i thoa thugn cda cdc bin; hoac (ii) trdi v&i cdc quy dinh cua Lugt TTTM ndm 2070. Khd ndng thft 2 rit rdng vi Ludt TTTM nam 2010 quy djnh tdt cd cac van de v6 ttgng tdi, cho nen neu Hdi ddng ttpng tdi cd hdnh vi td hong khdng dftng quy dinh ciia Luat TTTM thi cd thi bi coi la "tt:ai vdi cdc quy dinh cfta Lugt TTTM" va bi Toa dn tuyen huy. Cho nen quy dinh nay rit can phdi dupe Iam ro.
Theo Nghi quyit 01/2014 thi trudng hgp cdc ben cd thda thugn v l ttianh phin Hgi ddng ' Chang han Toa dn da hiiy phdn quyit trong tai vu tranh chap giua Tisco vd Age do phan quyet ndy "vi ph^m nguyen tac co ban ciia phdp luat ddn sir Vigt Nam" quy dinh tai Diiu 9 ciia Bg ludt Ddn su nam 2005. Xem Quyit dinh s6 06/2014 ngay 29/8/2014 cOa Tda dn nhan ddn thanh ph6 Hd Ngi.
'° Diim a khoan 2 diiu 34 Ludt mlu ciia UNCI- TRAL ciing c6 quy dinh can cii hiiy phdn quyit trgng tdi: "Thdnh phan cua hgi ddng trgng tdi hoac td tung trgng tdi khdng phii hgp vdi thoa thudn giUa cdc ben trir tneong h^ thoa thudn ndy trdi vdi diiu khodn trong lugt ndy md cdc ben khong thi viphgm duac, hoac neu khong cd thoa thugn do, khdngphit hgp v&i lugt nay".
trpng tdi, quy tac td tyng ttpng tai nhung Hgi ddng trgng tai thyc hi?n khdng dung thoa thugn cfta cdc ben hogc H0i ddng ttpng tai thyc hipn khdng dung quy dinh Luat TTTM nam 2010 ma Tda dn x6t thay do Id nhihig vi pham nghiem trpng va can phai hfty niu Hpi ddng ttgng tdi khdng the khde phyc dupe hoac khdng khac phyc theo yeu cau cua Tda an".
Nhu vay, d l huy phan quyet ttgng tdi ttong trudng hgp ndy thi can phai thda man tit ca cdc diiu kien sau day: (i) cd sy vi pham quy dinh cfta Luat TTTM nam 2010, (ii)viphpi do phdi Id vi phgm nghiem ttpng'^; vd (iii) ttgng tdi khdng the khac phuc dugc vi pham ndy hoac trgng tdi khdng khac phyc cac sai sot theo dftng yeu cau cfta Tda dn.
Tuy nhien, mdt sd Tda dn da nhan dinh khdng dftng ddn ve hdnh vi bi coi la vi pham phdp ludt trpng tai va neu cd Id nhan dinh ididng dftng mftc dp vi pham vd tinh nghiem trpng, cho nen hfty phdn quyet trpng tai kha tfty tien. Vi dy, trong khi Luat TTTM nam 2010 khdng cd quy dinh ndo ve sy tham gia td tung ciia ngudi thft 3 thi cd Tda an cho rang viec ttgng tai dua ben thft 3 vao td tung voi tu each la ngudi cd quyen lgi, nghia vy lien quan khdng phdi Id vi phgm Lu^t TTTM nam 2010, khdng phdi la can cft de hfty phdn quyet trpng tdi'^ Hon niia, cd Tda dn da cho rmig viec ttpng tdi khdng dua mpt td chftc khde tham gia td tung vdi tu each la ngudi cd quyen loi, nghia vy lien quan Id vi vi phgm nghiem trpng phdp luat ttpng tai. Nhu vay, Tda an da ap dyng tu duy td tung ddn sy vdo to tung ttgng tdi, da khdng hiSu dftng bdn chat ciia ttpng tai vd phap lugt trpng tai.
Dieu 71 Luat TTTM nam 2010 va Nghi quylt01/2014dlucd quy dinh viec Tda an tao dieu kien cho Hpi ddng trpng tdi khac phyc sai sdt td tung trpng tai nham loai bd can cft buy bo phdn quyit trgng tdi; n i u trpng tai khdng khde
" D i l m b , k h o a n 2 D i l u l 4 c u a N g h i q u y l t 0 1 / 2 0 1 4 , '^ Tuy nhien Nghi quyet 01/2014 khong huong dan cy thi tham t h i nao la "vi ph^mi nghiem txgng" ngoSi vi$c dua ra 2 vi du it co y nghia gidi thich luat va it giS tri tham khdo.
" Xem Quyit djnh s6 1655/2012/{^ST-KDTM ngay 15/11/2012 ciia Toa an nhdn dan Tp. Ho CM Minh.
LUAT KINHTE 23 phyc sai sdt td tung thi Tda dn tiip tyc xet don
yhi cdu hfty phdn quyit trgng tdi. D I thyc hi?n quy dinh nay cd 2 diiu kien; (1) phai cd yeu ciu cfta mdt ben, va (2) Tda an xet thiy phft hgp. Dieu ki$n thft nhit cd thi mdt ben biit vd yeu cdu Tda an, song niu hg khdng hi£u biit phap luat dl yeu ciu thi ciing khdng thyc hi?n viec nay. Diiu kien thft hai lgi phy thudc hoan todn vao thien chi, quan diem cua Tda dn. Cd nghia la neu cd mdt ben yeu ciu, nhimg Tda dn cho rang viec cho trgng tai khde phyc sai sdt Id khdng phft hgp thi cd quyin khdng cho trpng tdi khac phyc. "Phft hpp" hay "khdng phft hpp" lgi la phgm trft kha trftu tupng, phy thupc vao quan diem, cdch nhin nhan vin dl va nang lyc, thien chi cfta thim phan. Dang tiee rang, cac Tda an rat hiem khi dp dung quy dinh nay. Cho den nay, thdng ke cho thiy chi cd mpt trudng hpp dugc Tda an tgo dieu kien cho ttgng tdi khac phyc sai sdt. Nhu vay, mgt diem rat tien bd, rdt tich cyc cfta Luat TTTM nam 2010 da khdng phdt huy dugc tr6n thyc te va them nguy co phan quyet trpng tai bi hfty.
Vi vay, Tda an nhan dan tdi cao can cd hudng din ro rdng them cdc can cft huy phdn quyit trpng tdi. Ddi vdi diem b, khodn 2 Dieu 68 thi chi nen hfty phan quyet neu: (i) vi pham cfta trpng tai rd rang lam dnh hudng den ket qua gidi quyet tranh chdp, vd (ii) Tda an da yeu cdu ttpng tdi khac phyc sai sdt theo Idiodn 7 Dieu 71 nhung khdng khac phyc dupe hoac sai sdt dd la khdng the khac phyc dugc. Ddi vdi diim d khodn 2 Diiu 68 thi kien nghi Tda an nhdn dan toi cao liet ke cdc nguyen tac ca ban cfta phap ludt \^et Nam va hudng dan each van dyng.
2. Vifc n$p don yeu ciu huy phan quyit trong tai khd de d^ng
Khoan 1 Diiu 69 cua Ludt TTTM nam 2010 quy dinh trong thdi hgn 30 ngdy, kl tft ngdy nhan dugc phdn quyit trpng tai, niu mdt ben co du cdn cir de chung minh rang Hdi ddng trgng tdi da ra phan quyit thudc mdt trong nhiing trudng hpp quy dinh tgi khodn 2 Diiu 68 cfta Lugt nay, thi cd quyin lam don gfti Tda an cd thim quyin y6u ciu huy phan quyit trpng tai. Nhu vay, dieu kien dl
ygu cau la: (i) vl thdi gian phai trong 30 ngay tinh tu khi nhgn dugc phan quyit trgng tdi va (ii) phdi CO dd cdn cu chimg minh phdn quyet trpng tdi thupc it nhit mpt trong cdc trudng hop quy dinh tgi khodn 2 Diiu 68 Luat TTTM nam 2010.
Tam ly cfta ben thua kien thudng mu6n
"lat lgi" tinh the cho nen tim mpi each de hfty phdn quyet trpng tdi hoac it nhat thi hp ciing cd the lai dyng de keo dai thdi gian phdi thyc thi phdn quyit khi phan quyit ttpng tdi khdng bi huy. Nhu vdy, niu mdt ben hiiu ro la phan quyet trpng tdi se khdng bi hfty thi hp van thdnh cdng trong viec tri hoan thi hanh phan quyet md trong thyc te cd the keo ddi dSn cd nam do thdi han td tung keo ddi.
Trong cac can cft yeu cau buy phan quyet trpng tai, trudng hpp phan quyet trpng tdi ttdi vdi nguySn tac co bdn cfta phdp ludt Met Nam rat de bi lay lam co sd xin hfty phan quyet trpng tai, vd thyc te rat nhieu vy yeu cdu da viSn ddn ly do ndy. Han nua, Luat TTTM nam 2010 quy dinh trdch nhiem chft ddng xdc minh thu thap chftng cft de quyet dinh hfty hay khdng buy phan quyet trpng tdi do ttdi vdi nguyen tac co bdn cua phdp ludt Met Nam lgi tiiudc ve Tda an chft khdng phai ben yeu cau''^. Trong thyc te, khd nang thdnh cdng neu yeu ciu hfty phdn quyet dya vao can cft ndy Id khd cao bdi nhiing ly do nhu da trinh bay d phan tren cfta bai viet nay.
Mdt ly do khac din den viec nop don yeu ciu hfty phan quyet ttgng tdi kha de dang la Tda an thudng khdng xem xet ky ly do xin hfty trudc khi thy ly. Nhu da phdn tich, theo khoan 1 Dieu 69 thi mdt ben phai "co du cdn cie di chimg minh " thi mdi cd quyin ndp don yeu ciu buy phdn quyit trpng tdi". Dang tile ring trong thyc tl, mdt phan vi nang lyc han che, mpt phan vi e nggi, cac Tda dn thy ly don yeu ciu khd de dang va it cdn nhac xem xet phin trinh bdy cfta ben yeu cau ve can cft xin hfty
'* Diim b, khodn 2 Diiu 68 ciia Ludt TTTM nam 2010.
'* Khodn 3 Dieu 68 quy dinh ben yeu cdu hiiy phan quyet trgng tdi quy dinh X^i cdc diem a, b, c va d khodn 2 Diiu 68 CO nghia vu chftng minh Hgi dong trgng tai da ra phdn quyit thugc mgt trong cac truong hgp do.
24 T4P CHtKHOA HOC PHAPLfsd 3/201S phan quyit cd thuyit phyc hay khdng; ngudi
thy ly thudng cho rang viec ket lugn cd can cu huy hay khdng se thugc trdch nhiem cfta Hpi ding xet dan sau ndy.
D I ban chi tmh trgng nop dan yeu cau qua dl ddng, cin (i) bd sung quy dinh huge ben yeu cau hfty phdn quyet phdi chiu mgi chi phi phat smh vd b i i thudng thiet hgi cho ben kia neu Tda an khdng hfty; vd (ii) yeu cau cac Tda an phdi xem xet ky dan yeu cau huy phdn quyet de ddnh gia tinh nghiem tuc cfta ngudi nop don va trinh bay ve ly do xin hfty ro rdng.
3. Mot so thim phan giai quyit ySu cau huy phan quyet trpng tai co nang lire cdn han che va thieu khach quan, chira thiSn chi Thyc t l cho thdy mdt sd thdm phan khi gidi quyet yeu cau hfty phan quyet ttpng tai cd nang lyc cdn hgn che, chua hieu dung bdn chat cfta trpng tai, hieu khdng dftng quy dinh ciia phdp ludt cho nen da van dyng sai lam rdi hfty phdn quyet ttpng tai. Vi dy, thdm phan da mang tu duy cfta phdp ludt td tung dan sy d l cho ring ttgng tdi can phai dua mdt ben thft 3 vdo vy Iden vdi tu cdch Id ngudi cd quyen lgi nghia vy Uen quan'^. Cd tnidng hgp thim phdn eho rang ttpng tai khdng "tdng dgt" cdc giiy td trong td tyng ttgng tai theo kiiu cfta Tda an Id vi phgm nghiem ttgng phap lugt td tung vd hfty phdn quyit ttpng tai.
Sy thieu khdch quan va thien chi cfta thim phdn thi hien d viec khdng tgo diiu kien cho trpng tdi sfta chfta, khde phuc sai sot v l td tung theo Diiu 71 Lugt TTTM nam 2010 va Nghi quyit 01/2014. Nhu da trinh bay, cho den nay chi cd mgt trudng hgp Toa dn tao diiu kien cho ttpng tai khac phyc sai sdt. B8n cgnh do, hau het cac vu viec giai quyit lien quan din ttgng tdi cua Toa dn diu cd thdi gian keo dai hon rit nhiiu so vdi thdi hgn td tyng theo lugt dinh (vi du xet don yeu ciu hfty '* Vi du CO Toa an kit ludn H6i ding trong tdi da khong dua Cong ty trdch nhiem huu han C.T.P voi tu Cdch la nguoi co quyin lgi, nghia vy lien quan vao t l t\mg la bo sot nguoi tham gia t l tyng theo Diiu 56 vd 201 ciia Bg lu|t T6 tung dan s\r... Do do vi pham quy dinh v l thii tyc to tung trong tdi (Quyit dinh s l 2611/2009/QDST-KDTM).
phan quyet tt-png tdi vy 28/09 cfta VIAC keo dai tdi 21 thang, vu 21/13HCM cua VIAC ciing keo ddi khodng 6 thang", trong khi thoi hgn td tyng theo ludt dinh chi keo ddi khong qua 2 thdng ke tft khi thy ly...). Nhiing phan tich tren da phan nao khang dinh Tda an vi pham thdi hgn td tung lam dnh hudng nghiem ttpng den lgi ich cfta cdc ben va thi hien sir thiiu trdch nhiem cua Tda dn.
Theo Luat TTTM nam 2010 thi khi xet don yeu cau, Hpi dong xet don khdng xet xft lgi noi dung vy ttanh chip'^ Tren thyc tl, mpt s6 Toa dn Igi nhsin dinh, danh gia kit ludn lai npi dung cfta vy tranh chap nhu xet xft phftc tham. Vl nguyen tac, Tda dn khdng cd quyen ket luan dung sai ve ngi dung phdn quyet ciia Trgng tai ddi vdi van de xac dinh quyin vd nghia vu ciia cdc ben tham gia tranh chap md chi co quyin xem xet can cft de ra quyet dinh hfty bo hoac gift nguyen phdn quyet ttpng tai'^. Mpt sd tham phan da xet Igi ngi dung cfta vy viec tranh chip vd gan kSt nd vdi nguyen tac co ban ciia phap lugt Viet Nam de hfty phdn quyit ttpng tai^.
Cd the khdng logi trft khd nang cd thdm phan tieu cyc de hfty phan quyet ttpng tai vdi sy van dung tuy ti|n, sai Idm cdc trudng hpp tai khoan 2 Diiu 68 Luat TTTM nam 2010
Vi the, cdn phai bdi dudng them kien thiic chuyen mdn ve trpng tdi cho cdc thdm phan chuyen giai quyet yeu cdu hfty phan quyet ttpng tai, de hiiu dftng phap ludt ttgng tai,
" Xem Vu Anh Duong, Thuc trang hiiy phan quyet trgng tdi tai VIAC, tham ludn tai Tga ddm khoa hgc
"Huy phdn quyet trgng tdi''' t l chuc tai Tnrcmg Dai hgc Ludt Tp. H$ Chi Minh ngay 20 thang 01 ndm 2015.
' ' Khoan 4, Dilu 71 Luat TTTM nam 2010 va khodn 2 Dieu 15 Nghi quyit 01/2014 ciing quy dmh tuong tu rang khi xet don yeu cdu. Hoi ding xet don khong xet lai noi dung vu tranh chip ma can kiem tea phdn quyet trgng tai co thuOc mgt trong cdc truong hgp quy djnh tai khodn 2 Dilu 68 Ludt TTTM nam 2010 hay khong.
'^ Ddo Tri Uc, Nhung vdn di ca bdn cda Luat Trgng tdi, 2006, c6 tai http://vibonline.com.vn/
Fonim/TopicDetail.aspx?TopicID-2178.1.
^^ Vidu, xem va ddnh gid cdc Quyit dinh s6 10/2013 ngay 30/5/2013 vd Quyit djnh s l 06/2014 ciia Toa dn nhdn ddn Tp. Ha Ngi; Quyit dinh s6 1252/2014/
KDTM-QD cua Toa an nhan dan Tp. H6 Chi Minh
LUAT KINHTE 25 Ididng duac coi phan quyit trpng tdi chi nhu
bdn an so thim. Ben canh dd, vifc phdt hien, xft ly nghiem minh cac bieu hien tieu cyc cfta tham phan trong td tung ciing rat quan trpng nham cftng cd niem tin cfta ngudi dan vdi nen tu phdp nude nha.
Ciing can cd them quy dinh ve sy hgp tac giua Tda an vd trpng tdi, niu cd yeu ciu hfty phan quyit trgng tai thi Tda an nen thdng bdo va gfti ngay ban sao hd so yeu cdu cho ttpng tdi va trpng tai nen cd van ban gidi trinh, phan tich, trinh bdy quan di€m vl vy viec. Ciing nen can nhac khd nang mdi dai dien trpng tai tham dy phien hpp xet ySu ciu huy phan quyit ttpng tai de trpng tai dugc cd co hpi trinh bdy ro ban ve viec ra phdn quyet. Mac du trpng tai khdng phai la mgt ben tranh chdp, khdng phdi la cap dudi cua Toa an, song viec ttgng tdi dupe tham dy va trinh bay y kien cfta minh ciing Id mdt yeu td tich cyc giup Tda an phan xft mgt cdch dung dan yeu cdu buy phdn quyet ttpng tai.
4. Khong cd thu tyc giam doc tham quyet dinh cua Tda an ve huy phan quyet trpng tai Phdp ludt trpng tdi vd phdp luat td tung dan sy deu khdng cd quy dinh ve giam ddc tham de khac phyc tinh ttang quyet dinh huy phdn quyet trgng tai cfta Tda dn ro rdng Id sai trai, vi pham phdp ludt. Viec Tda an buy phdn quyet ttpng tdi tuy tien, sai luat se gay tdc ddng xau, bat cdng cho cac td chftc, cd nhdn Uen quan, lam tdn hai uy tm, danh dy cua ngdnh Tda dn vd trgng tdi. Hien nay, theo quy dioh cfta Bd lugt To tyng dan sy nam 2005 thi yeu cau buy phan quyit trpng tai Id yeu cau vl kinh doanh, diuong mai va gidi quyet theo quy trinh gidi quyit viec dan sy. Nhu vay, chi cd thft tuc phftc ihim cho cdc quyet dinh ve hfty phan quyit ttpng tai chft khdng cd thft tuc gidm ddc thim. Kmh nghiem cho thay nhiiu nude tren thi gidi (nhu Phdp, Bi, Thyy ST...) cung cd thft tuc gidm ddc thim ddi vdi quyit dinh cfta Tda dn vl phdn quyit ttgng tdi^'. Phdn quyit trpng tai thyc chit la quyit dinh giai quyit vy viec
=' Do Van Dai - Trdn Hoang Hai, Phdp lugt Viet Nam ve Trgng tdi thucmg mgi, Nxb. Chinh tri qu5c gia, 2011, tr. 375.
tranh chdp, tuong ty nhu ban an cfta Tda an.
Neu phan quyet ttpng tdi bi huy thi cung cd y nghia tuong ty nhu ban an bi hfty, do vay, neu viec hfty ndy rd rang la sai lim trdi phap luat, gay hgu qud nghiem trpng thi cung nen cho dp dyng thft tuc giam die thim nhu cdc vy dn dan sy. Viec khdng chip nhdn gidm ddc tham ddi vdi cdc quyit dinh cua Tda dn ve hfty phdn quyet trpng tai ciing Id mgt nguyen nhdn lam cho phdp ludt ttgng tdi khdng dupe dp dung thdng nhdt d Viet Nam^^ va thieu ca che ran de viec hfty phan quyet tuy tien ciing nhu thieu co che bao ve quyen lpi chinh dang cfta cac ben lien quan.
5. Nguyen nhan tft phia trpng tai Khdng phdi tat ca cac vy phan quyet trgng tai bi Tda dn tuyen hfty deu la tfty tien, deu bat hgp ly. C6 mdt sd phan quyet ttgng tdi bi hfty Id hoan toan dftng, do nhihig sai lam trong td tyng va ra phan quyet. Chang ban ttpng tai da nham lan mpt thda thudn trgng tdi vd hieu Id cd hieu lyc va thyc hien dugc hoac bd qua nhiing budc td tyng chac chan phdi ldm. Vdn cdn hien tugng to chftc trpng tai cd tinh khang dinh thdm quy6n cfta minh trong khi mgt ben phan doi diam quyen vdi ly do dung luat. Vi the, de han ch^ phan quySt trgng tai bi huy thi cac td chftc trpng tdi cung can phai thudng xuyen bdi duong kien thftc vd ley nang cho cac trpng tai vien, ddng thdi ban hanh cdc bd qui tac, cac hudng din cd lien quan den td tyng trpng tdi vd kiem tra, giam sat viec thyc thi.
Ket lugn
Trong thdi gian vfta qua, co nhieu nguyen nhan dan den tinh ttgng phan quyet trpng tdi bi hfty vdi ty le cao; trong dd cd nguyen nhdn tft cac quy dinh phap luat va cd nguyen nhan tft phia nhiing ngudi xet xft cua Tda dn vd trpng tai. Vi vay, cdn nhieu viec cdn phai lam dl ban chi tinh trgng hfty phan quyet ttpng tdi tfty ti^n, nang cao hon nua hogt ddng cfta trpng tai vd Tda an, gdp phin tao mdi trudng thudn lgi cho hoat dpng ddu tu kinh doanh. •
^ Do Van Dai - Trdn Hodng Hai, tldd, tr. 376.
