Khdi nghiep kinh doanh
trong cac triTofng dai hoc cong lap of Viet Nam trong boi canh
chuyen doi sang cof che tu" chu
DiNH VAN TOAN*
Tdm tat
Bdi vii'l trinh bdy ke'l qud nghien cffu vd khdo sdt vi hoat dong khdi nghiip kinh doanh tai cdc irUdng dgi hgc (DH) cong lap d Viel Nam trong bdi cdnh chuyen ddi tii cff che hdnh chinh bao cdp sang cff che tu chd. Vdi ki't qud rut ra Iff khdo sdl tgi bdn trudng DH cong lap liiu bieu, bdi vii'l chl ro cdc vudng mdc, thdch thdc ddi vdi hogt dong ndy vd dua ra mgt sd gffi y chlnh sdch nhdm thuc day cdc trffdng DH cong lap phdt trien theo xu hudng DH khdi nghiep trong giai dogn tdi.
TH khoa khdi nghiep kinh doanh, doanh nghiip hgc thudt, dgi hgc khdi nghiep, dgi hgc cong lap, VietNam
Summary
This paper presents the results of a research and survey on academic entrepreneurship activity al public universities in Vietnam in the context of transformation from state-subsidized mechanism to autonomy mechanism. On ihe basis of the results of the survey at four typical public universities, the article highlights the problems and challenges lo this activity and provides some policy suggestions lo promote the trend of entrepreneurial university in the coming time.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, academic enterprise, entrepreneurial universit}', public university, Viemam
Giai THIEU
Tren the'gidi, khdi nghidp kinh doanh trong trffdng DH va phdt trien DH khdi nghiep (entrepreneurial university) ngay cang dffdc quan tam. Trong hdn hai thap men qua, phdt trien DH khdi nghidp va sff thiic day cac hoat dpng khdi nghiep kinh doanh da thay ddi tff duy trong quan tri DH, day manh thffdng mai hda va chuyen giao cdng nghd nhdm khai thac tdi Uu ngudn Iffe trong cdc nha trffdng.
DH khong chi la ndi dao tao, nghien effu, ma cdn la trung tam ddi mdi sang tao, giai quyet eae va'n de thffc tien, mang gia tn cho xa hgi (Nguydn Hffu Dffc va cpng sff, 2018). Do vay, cde qud'c gia thffdng ed nhffng chinh sach ho trd va thuc da'y phdt trien khdi nghiep kinh doanh trong trudng DH, ddng thdi tao mdi trffdng ddi
mdi trong cd cau td chffc va quan ly dieu hanb (Dinh Van Toan, 2019a)
Tai Viet Nam, cac ttffdng DH eung da va dang cd sff chuyen ddi theo hffdng nay de giam bdt sff phu thudc vao bao ca'p cua Nha nUde, tang tU cbu va tff chiu traeh nhidm ttffdc xa hgi. Tuy nhidn, thffc te'cbo tha'y, cac boat dgng va kd't qua edn ra't han ehd': chffa da dang ve loai hinh hoat dpng, dac biet ehua di vao chieu sau; ldi ich mang lai cdn ra't nhd be so vdi tiem nang cua cac ben lidn quan trong trUdng DH. Tren ed sd tdng quan ed sd Iy ludn ve khdi nghiep kmh doanh trong cac trffdng DH va ke't qua khao sat, bai vie't se trinh bay nban xdt ve ke't qua eae boat ddng^ nay tai cac trffdng DH cdng lap khdi ky thuat ed ttuyen thdng lau ddi 8 mien Bae Viet Nam. Dong thdi,^phan tich mat thuan ldi, khd khan va nguyen nhan chu yd'u tren gdc dp td chffc quan ly tai cdc trffdng DH nay. Ke't qua va ede nhan xet, ddnh gid rut ra se la cd^sd de tdc gia kie'n nghi cae giai phdp kha thi trong ddi mdi ve mat chinh saeh gitip cae trffdng DH cdng lap d Viet Nam 'Trifdng Dai hoc Kinh te, Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 10/09/2019; Ngdy phdn biSn: 23/10/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng- 24/10/2019
pbat tridn theo hffdng DH khdi ngbiep ttong giai doan chuyin ddi.
CO S6 LY THUYET VA P H U O N G PHAP NGHIEN CL/U
Ben eanh sff mang sang tao va truyen ba tri thffc gan vdi hai nhdm nhidm vu nghien cffu kboa hoc (NCKH) va dao tao nhan lUe trinh dp eao, ngay nay, cde trudng DH edn thuc hien nhiem vu thff ba la ehuyen giao, thUdng mai hda va phue vu cdng ddng thong qua ede hoat ddng khdi nghidp kinh doanh, tbam gia ede boat ddng trong nen kinh te' - xa bpi (Etzkowitz va cpng sff, 2000). Cac boat dpng nay dffdc ggi ehung la khdi nghiep kinb doanh trong DH, bay edn goi la 'khdi nghidp hgc thuat' (academic entrepreneurship). Nhieu DH tren thd'gidi da cd nhffng bffdc pbat trien manh me nhd cac boat ddng nay mang Iai.
Nhin chung, khdi nghidp va phat trien kmh doanh trong ede cd sd gido due DH dffdc bie't de'n nhff la sff tdng hdp cae kha nang va mong mudn eiia cdc ca nban trong hoac ngoai nha trffdng de nhSn bie't, tao ed hdi kinh doanh mdi (san pham, phUdng phdp san xuat, td chffc kinh doanh bay phdt trien thi ttffdng mdi). Theo Yokoyama (2006), phat ttien khdi nghidp kinb doanh trong bd'i eanh cua cdc trffdng DH khdng nha't thid't phai dffdc hieu vdi y tffdng tbu idi nhudn, cha'p nhan riii ro hay mang tinb thUdng mai thuan tuy, ma edn la the cbe' tff ehu boan toan va tu Iffc, chia se rui ro va traeh nhiem Clia nba trUdng, cac nha khoa hpc dd'i vdi xa hgi trong boat dpng kinh doanb, ddng thdi tich hdp van hda kinh doanb, doanh ngbiep vdi van hda hge thuSt.
Cae hoat ddng mang tinh kinh doanh trong DH ed the bao gdm nhieu boat dgng gan vdi ta't ea eac hanh vi khdi ngbiep kinb doanh ciia cac can bp giang vien va ngUdi hpe trong cac trUdng DH. Trong dd, hoat dpng chu ye'u bao gdm: thanh lap cae doanh nghidp mdi, binh tbanh cac trung tam nghien cffu vdi nganh cong nghidp va cde nd lUc nhdm khai thae bang sang che, sd hffu edng nghe va gia'y phep de' trien khai chuye'n giao cdng nghd (Jahangir va cdng sU, 2014). Nbilu nghien cffu gan ddy eiia cdc hge gia tren thd'gidi cung khang dmh xu hffdng phat trien eua "DH khdi nghidp", ma d dd, cac hoat dpng khdi nghiep kinh doanb luon gan vdi ddi mdi sdng tao va gan vdi vai trd quan trpng etia sff hdp tac ba ben: chinh phu, ttffdng DH va doanh nghiep (Gibb, 2012; Dalmarco va Hutsink, 2018).
Tai cae ttUdng DH edng lap, ke't qua cua ede boat dong va sff ehuyen dicb vl quan ly da gan NCKH vdi doanh nghiep bdn ngoai va lam tang tinh tff ehu, tff chiu ttach nhidm cua nha trffdng. Trffdng DH Auckland, New Zealand la mot vi du die'n hinh eua sff ehuyen ddi nay tff mo hinb tniyen thd'ng. Trong giai doan cbuyen doi sang quan tti kieu doanb nghiep (1990-2005), thdng qua cac dff an hdp tac edng - tff hidu qua, DH nay da hinb thanh cac td chffc nghidn cffu, ffng dung trffc thuoc ttffdng, tff do thffc day manh me tinb than khdi nghiep kinh doanh va xuat bien cac doanb nhdn hpc thudt (Dinb Van Toan, 2019b).
Bai vid't tiep edn khdi ,v hiep^^kinh doanh trdn cae khia eanh .^'U y^" ^^
thay ddi phUdng thffc id .hdc, dieu hanh (thanh Idp doanh ngbiep hoae eac vien, trung tam ve ttien khai NCKH va ket hdp cac hoat dpng tff va'n, chuyen giao. ), pbat huy tinli than doanh nghiep cua cac vidn chffc giang day va quan Iy tai cac trffdng DH cdng lap d Viet Nara.
Bdn trudng DH cong lap khd'i khoa hgc ky thuat d phia Bac dUde chpn lam dia ban nghidn cffu, bao gdm: Bach khoa Ha Npi, Xay dffng, Thuy ldi, Md - Dia chat.
Ben canh vide sff dung dff lieu thff cd'p tff eac bdo cdo cua 4 trffdng DH nay, tac gia cung tid'n hanh phdng van dinh tinh sau, sff dung phffdng pbap phong va'n sau ban eau triic dd'i vdi 7 nba kboa hpe Eham gia quan ly, dieu hanh ede ddn vi kinh doanh va 2 nha lanh dao doanh nghiep ldn nbat trong eac trUdng DH nay trong nam 2018.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU Khao sat tai 4 trffdng DH cong lap khd'i khoa hpc ky thuat d phia Bae eho tha'y mgt so'ke't qud sau:
Thii nhdi, cong ty tnic thuoc DH duac thdnh lap ban ddu la doanh nghiep nhd nUdc:
Cung vdi ehinh sach chung cua nen kinh te'giai doan cbuyen ddi, Quyd't dinh sd 68/1998/TTg, ngdy 07/03/1998 eiia Thu tffdng Chinh phu da cbo phep thi diem thanh lap doanb nghiep nha nffdc trong Ciic ed sd dao tao va vien nghidn effu. Cac trUdng DH deu tbanh lap cae edng ty theo md hinh doanh nghiep nha nude Cu the:
- Trffdng DH Thiiy ldi: Bd Ndng nghiep va Phdt trien ndng thdn da ra quye't dinh thanh lap Cdng ty Tff vd'n va Cbuyen giao cdng nghe vao nam 2000. Tien than eua Cdng ty (tff nam 1990) la Trung tam Khoa hoe va Trie'n khai ky thuat thuy Idi, trffc thugc Trffdng DH Thuy idi.
- Trffdng DH Xay dUng: Cdng ty Tff van DH Xay dUng, tien than la Trung tam TU vd'n nghien cffu tfng dting kboa hoc ky thuat trffc thudc Trudng dUdc thanh lap nam 2000 (tbeo Quv O'l dinh so'4652/
QD-BGD&DT-TCCB, n,:,y 02/11/2000 cua Bd Giao dtic va D
hoat ddng theo mo hin nha nffdc.
- Trffdng DH Md - l:
Tff van, trien khai edng n md dia ehat dUdc Bg Gia. •
o). Cong ty
•nh nghiep Cdng ty ly dufng
"'ao tao 112
ra quye't dinh thanh lap nam 2000. Hoat dSng theo md hinb doanb nghiep nha nirdc, Cdng ty nay cd 1 trung tdm cdng nghd va 4 xi nghiep thi edng trffc thudc.
- Trffdng DH Bdch khoa Ha Ngi; Cong ty Dau Iff va Phdt trien Cdng nghe Bach khoa Hd Ngi (BK-Holdings) dffdc thanh lip vao nam 2008 tbeo md hinh edng ty CO phan, nhifiig trffc thudc Trffdng DH Bdch khoa Ha Ngi (Trffdng nam ed phan chi phdi).
Thff hai, co sU chuyen ddi ve hinh thffc td chffc, mo hinh doanh nghiip vd cff chi' hogi dgng theo thi trUdng, nhung vdn giff siiphii hgp vdi dieu kien hogt ddng trong trffdng DH cong lap:
Qua thdi gian, md binh doanh nghiep nhd nffdc dffdc bao cap kbdng edn phu hdp vdi sff phdt trien cua nin kinh te tbi trffdng, do do lam han chd' ddi mdi sdng tao va can trd stf phat trien, nudi dffdng tinh than doanh nghidp. Vdi yeu cau eua xu thd' thi trffdng va sff be tac ttong boat ddng, eac doanh nghidp theo md hinb nay trong ede trffdng DH dffdc eae bd cbii quan chuye'n ddi eho phti hgp vdi Luat Doanh nghidp vl thong Ie qud'c td'. Cu the:
- Tat Trtfdng DH Bach khoa Ha Npi, BK-Holdings da thay doi mo hinh de thieh nghi vdi dieu kien nam trong trffdng DH cdng lap. Md hinb doanh nghiep dtfde ehuyen ddi tff cdng ty cd phan thanh cdng ty TNHH mpt thanh vidn. Theo dd, BK Holdings nhtf mgt cong ty me (do Nba trudng gdp vdn sdng lap, quyd't dinh Cbu tjch hgi ddng thanh vidn va eff ngUdi Ebam gia quan ly) thtfe hien dau tff, gdp vd'n vdo cde cdng ty con va cde edng ty hdn ke't (theo md binb cd phan hoac TNHH). Tinh den nam 2018, he thd'ng eae doanb nghidp, td chffc boat ddng theo rad hinh doanh nghidp trong BK Holdings gdm: 6 cdng ty tbanh vien, 2 trffdng dao tao (Trffdng Cao dang nghi Bach khoa Ha Ngi; TrUdng THCS &
THPT Ta Quang Biifu) va 1 ebffdng trtnh hdp tae dao tao quo'c td'.
BK Holdings ludn ddng vai tro cau ndi trong cdc hdp tae, keu gpi dau tff tff ede doanh nghidp va ea nhdn cho cac nha khoa hpc va Nha trudng khi cd nhu clu phat trien san pham, thffdng mai hda, hoac dau tff nghidn cffu ban dau ve cdng nghe. Ddc bidt, BK Holdings trffc tie'p trien khai dau tu ba tang, ed sd ky thudt va dao tao de hinh thanh dffdc mdt he sinh thai khdi nghiep kha thanh cdng cf Vidt Nam thdng qua eae chffdng trinh, dff
an hd ttd khdi nghidp dot mdi sang tao vdi mang Iffdi cac nha tff va'n, hffdng ddn, khdng gian khdi nghiep va ffdm tao.
- Tai Trffdng DH Thuy ldi, nam 2015, Cdng ty Tff van va Cbuyen giao edng nghd quye't dmh chuyen ddi mo hinb tbanh Cdng ty TNHH Tu van Trffdng DH Thiiy ldi. Day la mo hinh cdng ty TNHH hai thanh vien ttd len, trong dd vo'n ddng gdp chu ye'u (chid'm 75%) ttf can bg, vien chffc trong Nba trUdng.
- Trudng DH Md - Dia cha't: Nam 2014, Bp Giao diac va Dao tao quye't dinh thanh lap Cdng ty Tu van, Trien khai cdng nghd va Xdy dUng Mo - Dia cha't (Cdng ty CODECO) theo md hinh cdng ty TNHH hai thanh vien trd Ien trdn cd sd d l an ehuyen ddi md hinh tff doanh nghidp nha nUdc.
- TrUdng DH Xdy dung; Nam 2013, Cdng ty TU van DH Xay dittig chinh thffe chuye'n ddi md hinh doanh nghidp thanh Cdng ty TNHH Tff va'n DH Xdy dffng (CCU CO., LTD). Cdng ty boat ddng tbeo mo binh TNHH nhilu thanh vien do TrUdng DH Xay dung la td ehffe sang lap ehinh, vdi vd'n gdp chie'm 51%. Sd' vdn cdn lai do ca nhdn can bg va giang vien ttong Trffdng gdp. De boat dgng vdi quy md rgng va dap ffng nhu eau Clia thi ttUdng, Cong Ey TNHH f u van DH Xay dUng ed eae xi nghidp thdnh vien, nbU: Tff dgng hda thid't kd';
Thid't ke kie'n ttuc, ke't ea'u; Cd dien edng trinh M&E;
Xi nghiep Thid't kd' thuy ldi, thuy didn; Xi nghiep Thid't kd'clu dffdng d td, e^ng va cdng trinb bidn. Trong quy ebd' boat dOng ciia minh va sff thda thuan vdi Trffdng DH Xay dffng, Cdng ty dffdc quyen sff dung cdc phdng thi ngbidm ciia Nha trUdng phtic vu nghien cffu, ffng dung va chuyin giao khi can thie't.
Thff ba. chua co sd lieu chinh thffc ve cdc cong ly spin-off vd startups:
Kd't qua khao sdt tai cac trffdng DH cho thd'y, ehffa ed thdng tin chinh thffc v l cac cdng ty dffdc tbanh lap trdn cd sd eae kd't qua nghidn cffu hoac chuyen giao cdng nghd trffe tid'p tff cdn bg giang vien trong cae ttffdng (spin-off) bay eac doanh nghidp khdi nghidp gan vdi doi mdi sdng tao (startups).
Dieu nay kbdng ddng ngbTa vdi gia tbiet cdc nghien nghien cu\i, phdt minh, sang che', hay giai phdp biJu ieh cua cae nha kboa hgc hay edng nghe mdi eua cdc trffdng DH nay khdng hd trd viec hinh tbanb cdc doanh nghidp khdi ngbiep hoac doanh nghidp mdi tff nba trffdng. Thue te', nhieu edng nghd, giai phdp da dffdc ap dung trong thffe tidn thdng qua doanh nghiep ben ngoai vdi sff cbuyen giao chinh thffc (thdng qua tdc gia la eae ca nhan) hoae khdng chinh thffc. Tuy nhien, cdc dff lieu cdng bdhoac bao cao chinh thffc cua eac trffdng DH ehffa d l cap cac hoat dpng phat trien doanh nghidp theo hai phUdng thtfc tren.
Thff tu. nhin tdng the. hogt dgng cua doanh nghiip thugc cdc trudng DH chUa co bfftphd vd thdnh cong ldn ve quy mo vd hieu qud so vdi liim ndng:^
Trong 5 nam trd lai ddy da chffng kie'n sir nang dgng va cae kd't qua boat dgng thanh edng v l md hinh td chffc va van hanh cua BK Holdings, Cdng ty TNHH 113
Tu van DH Xdy dUng. Dieu nay budc dau khang dmh mgt md binh td ehffe doanb ngbiep trong trffdng DH edng lap phii hdp bdn so vdi cde md binb doanb nghiep nha nffdc va cdng ty cd phan trffdc dSy. Tuy nhien, ke't qua mang lai ehffa that ndi trdi. Mat khac, cac doanb ngbiep cdn lai hoat dgng d mffc do "cam chffng" vd cd the tha'y van tdn tai khoang each rat Idn giffa tiem lUc cua cae trffdng DH va nang life ddi ngu cdc nha khoa hgc vdi kd't qua khai thac va hidu qua mang Iai (tbeo so' lieu ehinh thtfc ma cde trffdng nay edng bd).
Thff nam, cdc trung tdm, viin nghien cdu, dng dung dUffc thdnh lap, hogt dgng theo mo hinh dffn vi sU nghiep co thu phu thugc cdc trudng DH co sff chuyen ddi cff cdu vd phuffng thffc hogt dgng theo tinh thdn tu chu (theo Nghi dinh I15/2005/ND-CP) vd bdt ddu cd nhffng chuyen bie'n trong cff cdu td chffc vd dieu hdnh theo hudng "doanh nghiep".
Ve ed cd'u td ehffe va dilu hanb, hiu he't ede trung Earn, vien trong cdc trffdng DH dffdc thanh lap Erong giai doan 1990-2000, boat ddng tbeo md binh ddn vi sff nghiep cd tbu va cd che' td ehffe khoa bgc, edng nghe (KHCN) trdn ed sd Nghj dinb sd'35-HDBT, ngay 28/01/1992 Clia Hdi ddng Bd tnfdng (nay la Cbinh pbu). Cae doanb nghiep trong cdc ttUdng DH d giai doan nay, nd'u dUde tbanh lap deu la doanb ngbiep nba nudc theo cbu trffdng cbo phep thi diem tbanh lap eua Thii tffdng Chinh phli (Quyet dinh sd68/1998/QD.TTg, ngay 27/03/1998). NhUvay, tutudng v l day manh boat ddng nghidn ctfu gan vdi ffng dung, ehuyen giao cdng nghe da ed tff giai doan nay. Nhffng, sff thay ddi dang ke trong cac boat dpng nay va hoat ddng cua eae doanh ngbiep trong trffdng DH mdi Ehffe sff dem Iai nhilu kd'E qua trong khoang 5 ndm gin ddy, sau khi eae ddn vi thtTc sU dupe giao quyen tff chii ve nhidm vu, tai chinh, td chffc, nhdn sff va dac biet la cdng tac dieu banh ndi bd tbeo tff tffdng cua Ngbi dinh sd 115/2005/ND-CP, ngay 05/09/2005 etia Chinb phu va vide cbuyen dd'i thanh cdng mo hinb doanh nghidp nha nffdc thanh ede cdng ty hoat ddng theo Ludt Doanh ngbiep (nam 2005 va 2014).
Ben canh do, cd sif thay ddi trong nhan thtfc can tang cffdng ede nghien effu mang tinh ffng dung, phue vu cpng ddng va ehuyen giao cdng nghd dd' tang ngudn tbu cho cac ddn vi va nha trffdng. So Iffdng vidn, trung tdra nghien effu, ffng dung dUdc thanh lap va hoat dong hieu qua tai 4 trUdng tang lien tuc trong 5 nam qua, Trong 4 trffdng DH nay, ehi cd 4 doanh nghidp boat dpng tbeo rad hinb cdng ty TNHH, nbung cd tdi 26 trung tam vd 29 vien. Dien hinh nhU: Trffdng DH Xay dffng ed 16 vien; Trffdng DH Md - Dia ehd't ed 8 trung tam. . Dae diem chung eua cac vidn la tham gia nhieu bdn hoac trffc tie'p vao boat dpng ddo tao so vdi cac trung tam. Tbeo bdo eao bang nam eiia cac trffdng, thi doanh thu cua cae vidn, trung tdm tang lien tuc: Trffdng DH Xdy dung dat 79 ty dong nam 2018, Trffdng DH Thiiy ldi dat 168,5 ty ddng nam 2017 va Trffdng DH Md - Dia cha't dat trdn 232 ty ddng vao nam 2018.
Anh hudng tff doi mdi CJ va cd che' dieu hanh tron^
DH va cac cdng ty (sau eh
;u ehffe trtfdng , ddi), dac bidt la cae trung tam, vien uiic diugc cac trffdng DH dUde khao sat chi ra nhffng kd't qua dang khieh le dot vdi phat tneii tinh than khdi nghiep kinh doanb, the hidn d sir thanh edng trong ho^t dgng djch vu tff van, dao tao, san xuat, kmh doanh cua cac ddn vi. Ke't qua phdng van sau cdc chuydn gia. nha qtian ly dang lam vide tai eac ttffdng DH nay cho thay su chuyen bie'n kba rd tff hai khia canh ddi mdi sau ddy:
(i) Ddi vdi cac trung tam, vidn: tff chii hdn trong quan Iy va dilu hanh ddn vi.
Hang nam, cdc ddn vi bdo cao kd't qua ve nba trUdng, nop mpt pban kmh phi (tii l%-2% doanh thu) quan ly; ede ddn vi dffdc trffdng hd ird nhan sff quan ly (phan ldn va can bp giang vien kiem nhiem) va tru sd lam viec. Cac boat ddng khde (xay difng va thuc hien chie'n lUde, ke' hoach phat trien, khai thae eae ngudn life) eua ddn VI dffdc pban quyin quye't dinh va tff ehu nhff doanh nghidp boat dpng ttong ITnh vffe.
(li) Dd'i vdi cae doanh ngbiep: thuan ldi hdn trong quan ly, van hanh va huy ddng ngudn Iffe, gdp vd'n va tai san til cac ca nban td chffc tbeo Luat Doanh ngbiep (nam 2014). Vdi md hinh td chffc ehuyen doi tbanb cdng ty TNHH mdt thanh vien hoac hai thanh vien trd Idn, nhffng ty Id vd'n gdp cbi phd'i Id trffdng DH, thi nba trudng cd the lUa chgn va c\i can bd cd nang Iffc quan tri la chu tieh HDTV vd tham gia cae ed quan ttong thid't che' quan tri. Dae bidt, cac cdng ty ed the quye't dinh gdp tai san, vdn va nhdn sff de phat trien dff an kinh doanh mdi, hoac de hinh tbanh ede doanh ngbiep tbeo md hinh edng ty cd phan khi trien kbai cac du an khdi nghidp va Iinh vffe kinh doanh mdi (dieu ma trffde day.
nha trffdng hoac doanh nghidp nha nffdc tttJ-c thudc trffdng khdng thffc hidn gdp vd'n, nhdn lUc hay tai san tff ngan sach nha nUde dUde).
Thff sdu. cd nhffng ihuan loi khi cdc dffn vi hogt dgng theo mo hhih dffn vi iriiC thugc trudng DH cong !',>•
Tnidc he't, do la sU -•
dien ve tU each phd, nghidp), dUdc Uu tien k mat bang, thUdng hieu . dac biet la dpi ngii quai bpc (tbeo cd chd' kidm n
f kha toan idn vi sff
^ sff dung trffdng,
• a khoa ' H. ng cac 114
boat ddng NCKH va chuj'en giao. Mat khac, cdc ddn vi vdn cd the khai thac mat bang, thiet bi, tai san cong khi phue vu ldi ich cgng ddng, nghien ctfu va phdt trien cdng nghd tuan theo Luat Cdng san de thffdng mai hda cdc ke't qua nghien cffu. Ddc bidt, Idi the' ve uy tin cua nha ttffdng khi lam vide vdi cdc ca nhdn, td ehffe, cd quan ehffe ndng va ldi thd' khi khai thae mang Iffdi cffu sinh vien, hpe vien thdnh dat la nhffng yeu to' thudn ldi ciia cdc ddn vi boat ddng vdi danh nghTa thuge trffdng DH.
Dd'i vdi cde doanh nghidp, diem gid'ng nhff cac trung tdm, vien trffc thupc la co cd quan chii quan la trffdng DH, nhffng cd cd ehe'hdp tdc ddc l^p hdn (khdng phai Id ddn vi sff nghiep ed thu), phai thue dia diem, mat bang, thie't bi (ne'u khai thdc).
Tuy nhidn. diem thuan ldi hdn cac doanb nghiep ben ngoai trffdng DH la sU gdn bo vdi cdc nha khoa hgc va mdi trffdng hgc thuat. Do vdy, cac cdng ty nay cd thd' manh trong doi mdi, chuyen giao thffdng mai hda cdng ngbe va ttien khai cdc diX an khdi nghiep kinh doanh gan vdi giai phdp, san pham cdng ngbe mdi va ddi mdi sfing tao.
Thff bay, nhiMg thdch thit, kho khdn, vi^g mdc chu yeu trong hogt dmg kinh doanh:
- Thach thtfc: Hgi nhap vdi khu vffe va canh tranh ngay cdng gay gat trong cde linh vffe san pham va dicb vu, trong khi cdc ddn vi va doanh nghidp trong cac nha trffdng thie'u thong tin kd't nd'i thi trffdng so vdi cac tap dodn, doanb nghiep Idn vi tinh "ddng kin" etia cac trffdng DH. Mat kbac, cac cdng ty trong cdc trffdng DH cdng lap hoat ddng d quy md nhd va vffa, tiem Iffc tai chinb chtfa manh so vdl cdc doanh nghiep dang boat dpng ttdn thi trudng.
Mgt thach thffc Idn nffa lien quan de'n mdi trffdng va t h l cbe la sff anh hffdng Clia tinh "ban lam" va quan ly hanh chinh trong trffdng DH edng lap van tdn tai trong tUdng lai gan. Dieu nay ddn de'n tinh nang dgng cua eac cdng ty trt/e thuoc trudng ed han chd' hdn vdi cdc doanh nghidp bdn ngoai.
- Khd khan, vudng mde: Khd khan chung ma doanh nghiep vd ddn vi trong eae trUdng DH gap phai chu yd'u xung quanh viec chua phdt huy cac thd' manh ve chuyen giao, thffdng mai hda kd't qua nghien ctfu. Cu the la: thi trtfdng cong nghe ehffa phat trid'n; cac doanh nghidp bdn ngoai ehffa ed thdi quen tim den cac
ddn vi NCKH va doanb nghiep; vide ddi thdng tin gitta ben chuyen giao (cae ddn vi) va bdn nban chuydn giao (doanh nghiap, ca nhan tren tbi trUdng) cbua thuan ldi va tbong sud't.
Mat kbac, sd lifdng cdc san pha'm NCKH va cdng nghd ed the ehuyen giao va cd Einh thUdng mai hda trong cac trffdng DH ehffa nhieu, nhffng Cbinb phii va cac trffdng DH cbua cd cd ehd' hay cbe tai de cae nha khoa hpe, chu nhiem de tai, dU an hen he vdi cae doanh nghiep trong va ngoai DH de tiep tuc cdc bUdc thUdng mai hda ke't qua nghidn cffu (phin ldn bp chpn phUdng An an toan la nhan kmh pbi dat bang NCKH, khdng quan tam de'n thUdng mai hda).
Bdn canh dd la vUdng mac v l ed ehe^tai chinh, cd che huy dgng vd'n vd tai san. Hau he't cac ddn vi va cdng ty trong DH gap khd khan v l vd'n hoat ddng do kbdng tid'p can dUdc cde nguon vdn hd trd ban dau, trong kbi vay thUdng mai tff cac ngan hang eho giai doan dau boat ddng eua eac doanh nghiep la khdng kha thi; ed sff lung tung ve phap ly dan dd'n rat khd khai thdc, stf dting tai san, dd't dai va vd'n (ed ngudn gd'c ngan saeh) trong cae ddn vi thudc trudng DH cdng lap dd gdp vd'n triin khai kinh doanh, trong khi phan ldn eae doanh nghiep nay boat ddng tbeo md hinb TNHH.
Ngoai ra, edn ed vUdng rade va lung tung dd'i vdi cdc trffdng cdng lap va doanh ngbiep trong trifdng bdi eae quy dinh ehffa rd rang trong thffc tidn ve stf dung vdn cd ngudn gd'c ngan sach nha nffdc va tai san, dat dai eiia nha nffdc giao dd hinh thanh doanh nghidp theo mo hinh gdp vo'n dd'i vdi cdng ty TNHH nhieu thanh vien va edng ty ed phan.
MOT SO KHUYEN NGH! CHINH SACH De thue day tinh thin doanh nghidp trong vidn chffc giang day va ddi mdi to ehffe dieu hanh trffdng DH edng lap theo budng pbat trien DH doanh nghidp trong giai doan cbuyen ddi sang cd cbe' tu chu, qua nghien cull thUc ttang 4 trUdng DH khd'i ky thudt d Viet Nam, tde gia d l xua't mpt sd khuye'n ngbi nhff sau day.
Ddi vdi Chinh phu:
- Hodn thien be thd'ng phdp luat va chinh saeh de dinb hffdng va dieu ehinh hoat ddng Uen kd't giffa trffdng DH va doanh ngbiep theo hffdng: day manh xd hpi hda, khuye'n kbich khu vffe tff nhan dau tff cbo boat ddng giao due; tang quyin tff chu, tff ehiu trach nhiem cua cac trffdng DH; khuye'n khich eac doanh nghidp diu tff vao hdp tdc nghidn effu va phat trien cdng nghe. _
- Tao lap kdnh giao tid'p hay mang Iffdi lien kd't giffa cdc doanh nghidp va cac ttffdng DH de thUc bien vai ti;6 thu thap, cdp nliat dff lieu, cung cd'p eae thdng tin tU van giffa hai ben ve NCKH vd nbu cau pbat trien san pham, ffng dung cdng nghe mdi ttong san xua't, kinb doanh.
- Cai thidn cd che hd trd dd'i vdi td chffc,^doanh nghidp ddi mdi sang tao va doanb nghiep ttien khai ffng dung cdng nghe, san pham mdi tff eac boat ddng nghien cuti eiia DH; ddng thdi, can cd cac chffdng
115
trinh, du an bd trd phdt tnen ddi vdi cae doanh nghidp trong DH.
- Ban banh cd che' tai cbinh rieng, phii hdp vdi cde ddn vj KHCN, doanh nghidp khdi ngbiep va vUdn Udm cdng nghe trong trUdng DH, khdng chi bao gdm tai cbinh cd yd'u td nii ro eao nhu quy diu tU, ma can sUUu tidn cao ttf cac quy hd trd ctia Nha ntfdc de hd trd cac btfde thUdng mai hda cde ke't qua nghidn cffu ban dau d nha Erffdng.
Ddi vdi cdc irUdng DH cong ldp:
- Kd't bdp hai hda cdc Idi ich va Erach nbiem trong trien khai hdp tde theo hffdng: nha trudng Uu tidn nghien ctfu, chuyen giao cdng nghd, chia se ngudn tffc va tff vd'n vd cac va'n dl cua ddn vi kinh doanh; ngffdc Iai, eae ddn vi can xdy dffng chid'n Iffde phat trie'n gan vdi chid'n Iffdc NCKH cua ttUdng, ed ke' hoaeh cbii dgng tie'p nban kd't qua d l thUdng mai hda, phat triin san pha'm, ddng thdi lam td't vai trd la nha cung cd'p thdng tin, phan bien d l cac khoa, nba khoa hpe trong trudng nam dUdc nbu eau cua thi trUdng.
- Xay dUng cac chinh sach, ed cbe' va cac quy dinh ve binh thtfc, ngi dung, ed chd' bdp tdc va dai ngg de khuye'n khich nba khoa hpc ticb cffc khai thac, hdp tdc vdi doanh nghiep song song vdi vide dang ky, xac lap va chuyen giao quyin sd hOlt tri tue cho cae doanh nghidp; cd c(3 ehe de nha khoa hpc khdng ndn chi quan tdra dd'n bao vd tai san tri tue hay ban quyen, ma duy tri vide thffdng xuyen ehia se thdng tin, y tffdng thdng qua cdc boat ddng ehung vdi cac ddn vi kinb doanh d l xdy dffng bdp tac lau ddi cd tinb chid'n Iffdc.
- Cln cd chinh sdch hdtn ' ghiep, xue tie'n dianh lap doanh nu " ''!^^^u binh edng ty cd pban do oon^ i) J ' ^ ^ "
eua trffdng sd huXi toan bd li.i> mOt phan vd'n de thu hut tiem ndng cua cac ea n"an>
bpphan ttong nha trffdng kliai ihac kdt qua nghien ctfu, y tudng kinh doanh. hdp tac, lidn doanh, lien ke't vdi eac doanh ngbiep cd uy tin di nang eao nang lue eanh ttanh Clia doanb nghiep thupc trffdng.
- Cbu ddng mdi cac nba quanjy, nha quan tri gidi tham gia vao boat ddng dao tao, nghien ctfu eiia nba trffdng va lam viec tai cac ddn vi kinb doanh. Dong thdi, quan tam lffa chgn vd bdi dffdng dgi ngu edn bd co tinb than doanh thffdng, cd khat vpng kinh doanh de tham gia cdc chffdng trinh, dff dn khdi nghiep va phat trien y tffdng thffdng mai boa cae san pham nghien cffu KHCN tai cde ddn vi nay.
- Cac trffdng DH cln tang cffdng cac boat dgng dao tao, bdi dffdng vl khdi nghidp kinb doanb, thue day tmh than doanb nghidp cho dpi ngu cdn bd giang vidn va vidn chtfc; ddng thdi quan tam vide bdi dffdng nang cao nang Iffc phap luat, quan tri td chffc, quan ly doanh ngbiep va kinb doanh eho eae can bg tbam gia cac cdng ty, ddn vi kinh doanh trong nba trffdng.•
TAl LIIEU THAM KHAO
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