LUAT
MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VE HdP DONG DICH VU LOGISTICS
Of VIET NAM HIEN NAY
• DAO THI CAM
TOM TAT:
Bai vie't de cap den nhiTng van de chung cua hdp d6ng dich vu logistics, trong do lam ro khai nifem, dac diem de lam cd sd cho vi$c ho^n thien cac quy dinh ve hdp dong dich vu logistics trong he tho'ng phap luat Viet Nam.
Tit khoa: Hdp dong dich vu logistics, h6 thd'ng phap luat, Viet Nam.
1. Dat van d^
Quan he kinh doanh dich vu logistics difdc xac lap va thifc hien thong qua hinh thiJc phap ly chu y6'u la hdp dong. Day cung la cd sd phap ly de giai quyet cac tranh cha'p ne'u c6 phat sinh. Mot hdp dong difdc soan thao chat che giiip cho doanh nghiep tranh du'dc nhieu rui ro, ba't Idi trong qua trinh thifc hien. O Viet Nam, cac doanh nghiep chu'a thifc sif quan tam de'n viec soan thao hdp dong, triJ mot vai doanh nghiep Idn. Hau he't cac doanh nghiep trifdc khi ky mot hdp dong nao do thu'dng vao mang internet tim mot vai hdp dong mau ma khdng biet rSng khdng cd mot hdp dong chuan miXc nao cho moi mdi quan he trong kinh doanh. Vi the'khi tranh chap xSy ra, doanh nghiep gap rat nhi^u bat Idi do hdp dong quy dinh khdng dung hoac khdng day du, chifa k^ den vi$c dd'i tac cd the Idi dung stf thieu hieu biet cua ben cdn lai di difa vao nhtJng dieu khoan cd Idi cho b6n ho ma ba't Idi cho ben kia.
Hien nay, d Viet Nam cac quy dinh ve hdp dong dich vu (HDDV) logistics vin cdn thi6'u, chu'a day du, chu'a ro rang, cac nghien ciJu ve
HDDV logistics chu'a cd. Vi the, trong nghidn ciJu du'di day cua minh, tac gia hy vpng ddng gdp mdt phan nho de lam cd sd hoan thien cac quy dinh ve HDDV logistics va giup cho doanh nghiep quan tri hoat ddng cua minh td't hdn.
2. Khai ni^m h^p dong dich vu logistics Trong cud'n sach "Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management" cua nhdm tac gia John Mangan, Chandra Lalwani, Tim Butcher and Rouya Javadpour chi ra rhng: NhiJng thap nien gan day, cd ra't nhieu nguyen nhan dan de'n xu hu'dng thu6 ngoai dich vu logistics (Outsourcing of logistics services) ciia cac cdng ty tang nhanh. Hp tSp trung vao cac hoat ddng cot loi va tif bd phifdng thiJc giao nhan tif cung tif cap (own-account transportation) ma chuyen giao viec nay cho ben thd 3 (third party transportadon)'. Xu hifdng mdi nay lam tang loai hinh cac cdng ty hoat ddng dich vu nhu' vSy va ngifdi ta gpi dd la cac nha cung cap dich vu logistics- LSPs (logistics service providers).
Cud'n sach neu len sif khac biet giifa LSPs va 3PLs. 3PLs: Third party logistics companies (Cac cdng ty dich vu logistics ben thu" 3), tham chi cung
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cd the la 4PL, 5PL khi 3PL phat trien d miJc dp cao hdn cung vdi vi6c iJng dung sif phat trien cua thifdng mai dien tu;). Cac cdng ty logistics 3PLs gid'ng nhif DHL, UPS, Kuehne+Nagels... la nhiJng cong ty giao nhan cung cap nhieu dich vu tich hdp du'dc goi la cdng ty djch vu logistics ben thu" 3- 3PL).
Si/ khac biet giifa LSPs va 3PLs: LSPs cung ca'p mdt hoac nhieu cac dich vu logistics. LSPs cd the la cac hang van chuyen hoac cac cong ty giao nhan. Khi cac cdng ty nay dam nhan hoat ddng tich hdp nhieu dich vu trong chudi logistics thi difdc gpi la 3PLs. Nhif vay, 3PLs la LSPs tich hdp chudi logistics. LSPs cd the la IPL, 2PL, 3PL, 4PL, 5PL trong td'ng the nganh logistics.
Chudi dich vu logistics bao gdm cac hoat dpng difdi day khdng gidi han nhif: Van tai, kho bai, nhan hang va ddng gdi, quan ly ton kho, khai hai quan, quan ly tai chinh thifdng mai... Hdp ddng ma cac cdng ty 3PL ky ke't thiJc hien cac dich vu logistics tich hdp do gpi la HDDV logistics.
Trong mot cud'n sach ti/a de The handbook of Logistics Contract (So tay hdp ddng logistics):, Joan Jane and Alfonso de Ochoa 2006 cd doan vie't: Ve mat khai niem, cd the dinh nghia hpp ddng dich vu logistics la mdt hdp ddng du'di t6n mdt b6n thiJ ba, gpi la nha cung ca'p dich vu ben thd ba - 3PL, chiu trach nhiem trifdc mdt ben khac de cung cap cac dich vu logistics ma ho can ve sau, doi lai nha cung cap du'dc tra nhifng Idi ich kinh te khac. Dieu quan trong de difa ra dinh nghia mdt each ro rang nhif vay vi sif da dang ciia hoat dpng nay cd the bao gdm, gidi han dich vu ciia cac nha cung cap dich vu nay cd the difdc yeu c^u va se lam mat di tinh tu" nhien cua cum tCr
"logistics"^.
3PL - Third party logisdcs: Ngifdi cung cap dich vu se thay mat chu hang quan ly va thifc hien cac dich vu logistics cho tCfng bd phan, 3PL gdm nhieu cac dich vu khac nhau, ke't hdp chat che viec luan chuyen, ton tru' hang hda, xii ly thdng tin... va cd tinh tich hdp vao day chuyen cung dng cua khdch hang.
Theo phap luat Viet Nam, tai dieu 513 Bd luat DSn sif nam 2015: Hdp ddng dich vu la sU thda thuan gida cac ben, theo dd ben cung dug dich vu
thifc hien cdng viec cho ben sii" dung dich vu, ben su" dung djch vu phai tra tien dich vu cho ben cung dng dich vu. Dd'i lu'dng cua hdp ddng dich vu la mdt cdng viec cu the', khong trai phap luat va dao diic xa hdi.
Luat Thifdng mai nam 2005 quy dinh: Cung tfng dich vu la boat ddng thu'dng mai, theo dd bdn cung dng dich vu cd nghia vu thifc hien dich vu cho mot ben khac va nhan thanh toan, ben sii dung dich vu cd nghTa vu thanh toan cho ben cung dng dich vu va sd dung dich vu theo thda thuan.
Nhif vay, HDDV the hien tinh thu'dng mai ro rang.
Cung ling dich vu la hoat dpng nham muc dich sinh Idi, ben cung dng thifc hien viec cung dng de thu Idi nhuan va ben cdn lai tra tien.
Nhif vay, difdi gdc dd phap ly vk can cd vao nhiJng quy dinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam va nhiJng nghien cdu tren day, tac gia khai quat dinh nghTa HDDV logistics nhif sau: HDDV logistics la siJ thda thuan giiJa mdt ben cung cap dich vu va mot ben la khach hang, theo dd ben cung cap dich vu cd nghia vu thifc hien tich hdp mdt hoac nhieu dich vu trong chudi cung dng logistics bao gdm viec nhtln hang, van chuyen, lifu kho, lifu bai, lam thii tue hai quan, cac thu tue gia'y td khac, tif vl'n khach hang, ddng gdi bao bi, ghi ky ma hieu, giao hang hoac cac dich vu khac lien quan de'n hang hda, cdn ben kia (khach hang) cd nghTa vu thanh toan phi dich vu.
Viec thanh ISp cdng ty 3PL la rS't can thie't, gid'ng nhif mdt sd' nu'dc khu vifc la Singapore, Trung Quo'c, Nhat Ban nham hd trd cho cac doanh nghiep san xuat. O Viet Nam hidn nay cd ra't nhieu doanh nghiep san xuat vifa va nho can phai nhd de'n cac 3PL lam viec vdi hang vSn tai. Cac cdng ty 3PL se gom hang td nhieu ddn hang nho thanh ddn hang Idn va tam viec vdi hang tau van tai de lay difdc gia td't hdn cho ddn hang dd. Cdng ty 3PL se lam giam difdc chi phi van tai hdn cho cac doanh nghidp (dac biet la doanh nghiep vCfa va nho). Khi thue doanh nghiep 3PL thi cac cong ty xuat nhEip khau uy quyen cho 3PL lam cac khSu trong chudi logistics nhif van chuyd'n, cac thu tue thdng quan, Itfu kho, bai, xin giS'y phep xua't nh3p khau, ddng thue'xua't nhSp khau...
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3. D^c di^m ccf ban cua h^p dSng dich vu logistics
Thii nhat: HDDV logistics Id hap dong song vu, hap dong Ung thuan vd mang tinh cha't den bd.
Dich vu logistics difdc thifc hien tren cd sd hdp ddng song vu cd tinh den bu. Day la sif thda thuan giila hai ben chii the, la si/ thdng nhat y chi difdc the hien ra ben ngoai tren cd sd binh dang ve dia vi phap ly, tdc la cac bin cd quyen ngang nhau trong qua trinh dam phan di de'n thdng nhat quyen va nghia vu cua minh. Ben cung dng va ben sd dung dich vu cd cac quyen va nghia vu ttfdng dng vdi nhau theo thda thuan. Tru'dng hdp mdt ben cd hanh vi vi pham nghia vu, ben cdn lai cd quyen hoan thijfc hi^n nghia vu tifdng dng. Dac trurng cd ban ciia hdp ddng song vu la chu the nay thifc hien nghia vu la cd sd di chu th^ cdn lai thiJc hien nghia vu lu'dng dng da thda thuan trong hdp ddng.
Vi du, hdp dong quy dinh ben A cd nghia vu van chuyd'n hang cho ben B tif diem X de'n diem Y do ben B chi dinh, Tai di^ra Y, sau khi da nhan hang day dd, ben B phai tra tien vSn chuyfi'n cho ben A (nghTa vu ciia ben A da hoan thanh lam phat sinh nghia vu lu'dng dng (nghTa vu tra tien cua ben B).
Tiiy thudc vao mdc do sd dung dich vu cua khach hang, npi dung hdp ddng cd the ddn gian hoac phdc tap.
Tinh den bu trong HDDV logistics du'dc the hien d chd: Ben sd dung djch vu phai tra tien phi dich vu cho bdn cung cap dich vu. Phi djch vu do cac ben thda thuan trong hdp ddng. Thdi diem tra ti^n dich vu cac bdn thda thuan trong hdp ddng, cd the la thanh toan tam dng trifdc, tra tien ngay sau khi bdn cung dng hoan thanh nghTa vu hoac sau 60 ngay ki td ngay ben cung dng hoan thanh nghTa vu... Tru'dng hdp ben sd dung dich vu khdng tra tien dich vu difdc coi la vi pham nghTa vu. Khi cd vi pham nghia vu, bdn sd dung dich vu cd the tie'p tue thifc hiSn nghTa vu da vi pham va/hoac bdi thu'dng thiet hai theo thoa thuan trong hdp ddng (thu'dng la phat lai cham thanh toan hoac ben cung dng tam dtfng nghia vu cung ca'p dich vu cua minh). Vi du, hdp ddng quy dinh: Dinh ky 25 hang thang hai ben cd nghia vu lap bang cdng nd trong thang dd, ben cung cap dich vu xua't hda ddn dd gdi cho ben sd dung dich vu. Sau thdi ban
60 ngay ke tiir ngay hda ddn, ben sd dung dich vu cd nghia vu tra tien dich vu cho ben cung cap dich vu. Qua thdi han nay, ben cung cap dich vu cd quyen ddng viec cung cap dich vu, cu the la dCfng viec van chuyen hang, tam giiJ khdng giao hang, tinh lai phat so' tien cham tra theo thda thuan trong hdp ddng...
Thu"hai: Chu the cua hop dong.
Ben lam dich vu phai la doanh nghiep, cdn khach hang cd the la doanh nghiep hoac la ca nhan. Thifdng nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics bao gdm td chdc kinh te'du'dc thanh lap hdp phap, boat dpng thifdng mai mdt each dpc lap, thu'dng xuyen va cd dang ky kinh doanh. Hoat dpng logistics la dich vu kinh doanh cd dieu kien, do dd thu'dng nhan kinh doanh dich vu nay, tily tifng loai dich vu se cd cac dieu kien kinh doanh khdc nhau.
Vi du, thifdng nhan thanh lap cdng ty dai ly hai quan thi phai cd chdng chi dai ly hai quan, thu'dng nh§n kinh doanh dich vu kho bai thi phai tuan thu cac dieu kien ve kho bai, thu'dng nhan kinh doanh dich vu van chuyen phai tuan thu cac quy djnh ve van chuyen... Thifdng nhan kinh doanh djch vu logistics phai thda man mdt sd' didu ki6n theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh so' 163/2017/ND-CP ngay 30/12/2017 cua Chinh phu quy dinh chi tiet thi hanh Luat Thifdng mai ve dieu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics va gidi han trach nhiem dd'i vdi thu'dng nhSn kinh doanh djch vu logistics. Chu the cd the mdt ben la phap nhan nu'dc ngoai trong trifdng hdp ben thue dich vu logistics sd dung djch vu ciia cac dd'i tac nifdc ngoai.
Thii ba: Doi tuong cua hop dong dich vu logistics.
Dd'i lu'dng ciia HDDV logistics tru'dc hd'l la mot loai djch vu, ma dich vu la mot san pham vd hinh, khdng ton lai dudi dang vat chat, khd xac dinh dich vu bang nhiJng chi tieu ky thuat difdc lifdng hda. Luat Thu'dng mai khdng quy dinh ve dd'i tifdng dich vu ma tim thay trong Bp luat Dan sif 2005, dieu 519: Doi tifdng cua HDDV la mdt cdng viec cd the thifc hien dUdc, khong thudc danh muc djch vu cam kinh doanh.
Dd'i tifdng cua HDDV logistics la dich vu gan lien vdi hoat dpng mua ban, van chuye'n hang hda nhif: td chdc viec van chuyen hang hda, giao hang
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hda cho ngu'di van chuyen, lam cac thii tue gia'y td can thie't dd' van chuyen hang hda la cac dich vu du'dc Nghi djnh so' 163/2017/ND-CP ngay 30/12/2017 ciia Chinh phu quy djnh chi tiet thi hanh Luat Thifdng mai ve di^u kidn kinh doanh djch vu logistics va gidi ban trach nhi6m dd'i vdi thu'dng nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics.
Thii tu: Hinh thiic cua hap dong dich vu logistics.
Vi tinh chat phdc tap cda dich vu logistics mh thifc te' HDDV logistics bat bupc phai bang van ban. HDDV logistics la mot hdp ddng phdc tap vdi mot chudi cac dich vu gSn lidn vdi quyen Idi va trach nhiem cua cac ben, phi dich vu, thdi diem djch chuyen rui ro, cac trifdng hdp mien trach cua ngu'di chuyen chd, cac van ban quy pham phap luat cd lien quan cd quy dinh bat bupc hdp ddng phai du'dc lap bang van ban. Ne'u khdng tuSn thu dieu kien ve hinh thdc nay thi hdp ddng cd the' bi vd hieu, hoac khi cd tranh chap xay ra cac ben khdng cd can cd phap ly de giai quye't.
Thit nam: Noi dung ciia hop dong dich vu logistics.
HDDV logistics la toan bd cac dieu khoan ma cac ben da giao k6't tren cd sd tif nguyen, tif do y chi, difa tren cac quy dinh ciia phap luat.
LTM2005 khdng quy dinh cu Ihi ve cac ndi dung chu ye'u cua HDDV logisdcs nhifng vdi tinh chat ciia hdp ddng dich vu thi HDDV logistics cd cac ndi dung chii ye'u sau: Dd'i tifdng, phi dich vu, di^u khoan thanh toan, thdi gian va dia diem thifc hidn dich vu, quyen va nghia vu cac ben cung dng va ben sd dung dich vu, ke't qua cua djch vu, che tai phat hdp ddng va bdi thifdng thiet hai, gidi han trach nhiem va cac trifdng hdp mien trach nhiem dd'i vdi ngu'di lam djch vu, cha'm ddt hdp ddng djch vu, cac tru'dng hdp ba't kha khang, cd che' giai quye't tranh ch§'p, hidu life cua hdp dong...
4. K^'t ludn
HDDV logistics la mot cdng cu, la cd sd phap ly de' cac doanh nghiep thifc hi$n va quan trj hoat dpng kinh doanh ciia minh. Thdng qua hdp ddng, doanh nghiep xac dinh difdc chi phi gia ca trong mot thdi gian nhat dinh, tranh du'dc nhffng rui ro tiem an xay ra tranh chap trong tifdng lai.
Cac HDDV logistics la cac dich vu thue ngoai ben thdba (third party outsourcing), tap trung giup cdng ty qu^n ly tai nguyen, tie't kiem chi phi. Nhifng cdng ty thifc hien HDDV logistics se dam nhidm cac cdng viec bao gdm lap ke hoach cho chudi cung dng, thie't ke cd sd vat chat can thiet, nhap kho, van chuyin va phan phd'i hang hda, xtf ly va quan ly ddn hang, tham chi cd the qudn ly dich vu cham sdc khach h&ng, NhiJng vi du dien hinh nhat v^ cac cdng ty thifc hien hdp ddng logistics cd th^ ke de'n la:
Kuehne -i- Nagel, Exel, Genco va DHL, BD Shenker, Vinatrans, Germandept, Yusen , PTV, SDS logistics,,, O Viet Nam, thifdng gpi cac cdng ty 3PL la cac forwader, la each ndi tat cua tiJf freight forwarder, dich sang tie'ng Viet cd the du'dc hieu la cdng viec ve nghe giao nhan van tai (LTM nam 1997 gpi la djch vu giao nhan). 3PL du'dc coi la phia trung gian, chu hang hda giao, nhan va gom nhifng loai hang nhd thanh sd lifdng Idn hdn, sau do IhuS nhiJng hang ben van chuyen de chd tdi ndi c^n dS'n.
Tren dSy la mot so van de ly luan cd ban lien quan de'n HDDV logistics nhtf khai nidm, dac diem hdp ddng nay. Cdn rat nhieu van de lien quan den ndi dung va cau true cua hdp ddng, phap luat vd HDDV logistics d Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, trong khudn khd' bai vie't, tac gia mdi chi dij'ng lai d nhiJng ndi dung neu tren va se tie'p tue ban luan s&u sac hdn ve nhifng ndi dung cdn bd ngo trong nhffng bai vid't khac, nham hifdng de'n muc tieu xay diJng, cai tiS'n hdn nffa cd che luat phap ciing nhif viec thifc hiSn cd hieu qua HDDV logistics d Vi6t Nam Men nay •
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN:
'John Mangan. Chandra Lalwani, Tim Butcher and Rouya Javadpour, Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Second Edition, John Wiley <&. Sons, Ltd, page 154,155,156.
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^ Conceptually, it can be defined as a contract under which one party, called the 3PL provider, undertakes before another to provide those service.^ of a logistical nature thai the tatter needs, in exchange for payment of an economic consideration. It is important to keep such a broad definition, due to multiplicity of operations that may be included, the range of merchandise for which the sevice may be required and the loose nature of the term "logistic.^" ifself.
(Joan Jane arul Alfonso de Ochoa 2006, The handbook of Logistics Contract: A practical Guide to a Growing Field, Palgrave Macmillan 2006, page 14)
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
/. Luat Tltuang mgi nam 2005;
2. Nghi djnh so 163/2017/ND-CP ngay 30/12/2017 ciia Chinh phu quy dinh chi tiet thi hanh Luat ThUOng mai ve dieu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics vd gidi han trdch nhiem doi vdi thuong nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics:
3. Bg luat Ddn sUndm 2015;
4. Joan Jane and Alfonso de Ochoa 2006, The handbook of Logistics Contract: A practical Guide to a Growing Field, Palgrave Macmillan 2006:
5. John Mangan, Chandra Lalwani, Tim Butcher and Rouya Javadpour, Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.
Ngay nh$n bai: 9/1/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chiJa: 19/1/2019 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 29/1/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
DAO THI CAM
Vu Phap che'- Bd Cdng ThiTrfng
SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES
ABOUT CURRENT LOGISTICS SERVICE CONTRACTS IN VIETNAM
• DAO THI CAM
Deportment of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Industry a n d Trode
ABSTRACT:
This paper briefly studied about logistics services contracts and clearly identified the defmition and the legal nature of logistics services contracts to finalize the regulations on logistics services contracts in the VieUiamese legal system.
Keywords: Logistics services contract, legal system, Vietoam.
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