Nghien cuu ca s a xac djnh tien luong toi thieu gia a Viet Nam hien nay
D6Thi'I\roi
Khoa Ouan ly NNL, Trircmg Dal hoc Lao dOng Xa hoi
Hien nay d Vidt Nam mdi chi quy dinh tien luong tdi thieu vting theo thing. Trong khi, nhidu nude trdn the' gidi su dyng tien luong tdi thidu theo gid. Dae bidt, cic nude cd ndn kinh te thi tnidng phat tridn, muc luong tdi Ihi^u gid da dupe ap dung lu liu. 0 nude ta cie eo sd xac dmh tidn luong tdi thieu dang trong giai do?n nghidn cOu. Bai vidt nay de cap nhidu ddn phuong phap, each thuc xic dinh eie ydu td trong tien luong tdi thieu gid d nude ta hidn nay.
I.Cff sff Ii luan valhUG lien ve tien luong toi thieu gio 1.1. C a s d l i l u i n
Theo quan diem eua Td chiie lao ddng qudc le (ILO), "Tien luong td'i thi^u Ii miie tri cdng thap nhit cho ngudi lao ddng lim nhtrng cdng viec don giin nhit, du dim bio cho hp mdt mire sd'ng tdi thidu vdi lu cich la ngudi chii gia dinh, phii hp'p vdi dieu kidn kinh td xa hdi".Tai Viet Nam, Didu 91, Luat Lao ddng 2012, ghi "Miic luong tdi thidu Ii miic thap nhit ba eho ngudi lao ddng lim edng vide giin don nhat, trong didu kien lao ddng binh thudng va phai b i o d i m nhu ciu sdng tdi thieu ciia ngudi lao ddng v i gia dinh hp".
Nhu viy, luong tdi thieu ia sd tidn dupe tri thip nhit vi chi dupe tri khi ngudi lao ddng lim cdng vide dem giin nhat (ci ILO vi Vidt Nam ddu thdng nhit) vi di^u kien mdi trudng lim vide binh thudng. Cdng viec don giin nhat d diy duge hidu la nhimg cdng vide giin don, ngudi lim cdng vide niy chua qua d i o tao nghd (bit kd Ii hinh thuc d i o lao nghe nio) nhung vin lam dugfc va dam bao chit luong, dap img duoc theo ydu cau cdng viec. Didu ki^n va mdi tmdng lim cdng viec niy la dieu kidn lao ddng binh thudng, khdng ed yeu td ning nhpc, ddc hai, nguy hidm va cudng dd lim vide eung binh thudng, tiic la sau mot thdi gian an udng vi nghi ngoi hpp 1^ ngudi lao ddng cd thd bu dap dugc hoin loin sire lao ddng da bd ra trong qui tnnh lam viec.
Cd nhidu cich phin logi vd tidn luong tdi thieu, ndu phin loai theo don vi thdi gian thi ta cd tidn luong tdi thidu thing, lien luong tdi thi^u ngiy, tidn luong tdi thidu gid. Trong luit Lao ddng 2012 cQng quy dinh "Mue luong tdi thidu duge xae dinh theo thing, ngiy, gid vi dugc xic lip theo vung, nganh". Trong dd: miic luong thing dting de ha cho mdt thing lim vide vi khdng dugc vugt qui 26 ngay cdng ehd dd hay ngay tidu
^ u i n thing fimg ydi tuin lim vide 48 gid); miic luong
ngiy Ii tri cho mdt ngay lim viec theo lieu chuin la 8 gid va mite luong gio la tri eho mdt gid lam vide.
Nhu viy, tien luong tdi thidu gid la miie luong thip nhat tri eho 1 gid lam cdng viec don giin nhit trong dieu kidn va mdi trudng lim vide binh thudng. Tidn luong tdi thi^u gid la muc sin thip nhit de bio ve ngudi lao ddng lam vide va tri luong theo gid.
1.2. Co s o thiic tidn
Trdn thi^c te, d Viet Nam mdi chi xic dmh mire luong tdi thieu theo thang ma chua xic dinh miic luong tdi thieu theo ngiy vi gid. Mac dii van bin luit khing dinh mirc luong tdi thieu duge xic dinh theo gid nhung chua cd mdt van bin dudi luat nio ban hinh hoac hudng din cich tinh, cich xic dinh mirc luong tdi thidu gid. Cie quy dinh bidn nay mdi chi xae dinh miic luong tdi thieu thang theo vimg va dupe xic dinh theo bdn vung, vdi miic luong cao nhit la eiia vting 1 va thip nhit la vimg 4.
B i n g 1: T l ^ limig tot mieu vang gia) do^D 2011 -2019 Niltn
10/2011-2012(*) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201S 2019
Don H rinh Viing 1
2000 2350 2700 3100 3500 3750 3980 4180
1000 d o n ^ b a n g Viing 2
1780 2100 2400 2750 3100 3320 3S30 3710
Vimg 3 IS50 ISOO 2100 2400 2700 2900 3090 3250
Vung 4 1400 1650 1900 2150 2400 2580 2760 2920 sd hau \6n theo Nghi dinh sS 70/2011/ND-CP ngay 22mi20!i
Nam 2019, ti4n luong toi thi^u viing theo thang ciia viing 1 da tang Kn la 4,18 trieu dong/thang va viing 4 da tang 16n la 2,92 trieu d5ng/thang, muc tang tmng binh cua tiSn luong 161 thieu vdng la 5,3% so voi nam 2018. Ti4n luong toi thlgu viing theo thang hien nay moi chi bao ve duoc nhOng nguoi lao dpng lam cong an luong trong khu vuc chinh thuc (idioing 25 trieu lao dpng, chiem dudii 50% luc luong lao dong), con
N G H I D N C U U
2. Kinh nghiem cua mot so quoc gia
each lidp ein ve tidn luong tdi thidu cOa ^^c nude trdn thd gidi rat da dang, tiiy thudc vao cic y6u tO Kinn te xa hdi, nhu eau cua ngudi lao dpng, gia dinh tig va mue tidu lua chpn cua timg qud'e gia. Tuy nhien, nhiing qudc gia ed ndn kinh td thj trudng phit trien nhu My, Nh^t, Tmng Qude,...ddu cd hd thong quy dinh vd ti^n luong tdi thidu gid.
T^i My, Chinh phu My luit hoi mirc tidn luong tdi thieu d^ doanh nghidp khdng dugc phep tri thip hon.
Chinh phu xic dinh mirc luong tdi thieu gio lidn bang, cie bang ed the edng bd miie luong tdi thi^u gid ciia timg bang. Bdn canh mue luong tdi thi^u, My cflng cd quy djnh vd miic luong du sdng. Miic luong du sdng dugc thiet lap theo eo che d i m phin ehinh tri d cap dia phuong. Miic luong dd sd'ng quy dinh dua tren chuin ngheo lien bang eua Chinh phii vdi nhidu quy md hd gia dinh, dugc x i e d|nh vdi ty Id 1/3 cho luong thuc, thuc phim v i 2/3 cho c i e chi phi khie. Miie luong du sd'ng tang khoing l,25$/gid ddi vdi trudng hgp chil sir dung lao ddng khdng cung eip chi phi/dich vu cham sdc sue khde. Cac thanh phddeu cdng bd miie tidn luong dii sdng v i lien luong tdi thieu, ddng thdi khuyen khich tri miic luong tdi thidu gid cao hon miic luong du sd'ng.
0 Nhat Bin, tieu chuin tdi thieu ve tidn luong dugc quy dinh trong Luit Tidn luong tdi thidu. Ti^n luong tdi thidu duge xae dinh dua trdn 3 ydu td Ii ehi phi sinh hoat eiia ngudi lao ddng, miie Iuong eiia ngudi lao luong tdi thidu vung thi cdn phii tuan th^ ^^.ng, khi nang tri luong ciia nginh nghe thdng khie nhu: tra bao hiem (BHXH, BHYT, BHTN), tri cho thudng. Cd hai loai tidn l u ^ g tdi thieu. trong dd tidn edng vide eo thoi gian lamyiec khong on dinh,... Cie i ^ g ^di thieu gid quy dinh cho timg dia phuong dugc quydn ig. nay nguoi lao dpngse khong dugc hudng ,^^ ^^i vao thing 10 hing nam vi & n luong tdi thidu ndu tidn luong tdi thieu gio tinh bang each tren. ^heo nganh nghd rieng biet. Tidn luong td'i thidu gid Mdt thuc te khae, nhieu doanh nghiep, co sd, nguoi cho timg dia phuong do tiing tinh va thinh phd tuong thud lao ddng chi ein thue lao ddng vai gidmdi ngay, thue duong cap tinh quyet dmh va i p dung eho ngudi lao tren 50% luc luong lao ddng khdng dugc b i o ve bdi
tien luong td'i thieu vung theo thing. Nguyen nhin la do sd lao ddng niy chu ydu lim viec tai cic hd kinh doanh ca thd, cac hg gia dinh, lao dpng tu do, lao ddng lim viee bin thdi gian tai eae doanh nghidp, khdng thudc dd'i tugng, pham vi ap dung eiia luong td'i thieu viing.
Mat khic, theo quy dinh vd ehd dd lam viec, ngay cdng lam vide che dp thang (hay ngiy edng tieu chuin ciia thing) tdi da Ii 26 ngiy liig vdi ehd dp lam vide 48 gid/tuin, mdi ngiy lim 8 gid che dd (hay gid tieu chuin).Nhu viy, mot thing ngudi lao ddng cd sd gid lam viec ehe dp la 208 gid (26 ngiy x 8 gid/ngiy = 208 gid).
Do dd, ed thd hidu ringtien luong tdi thieu vting theo thing do Chinh phii quy djnh dugc tra tuong iing vdi ehd dp lim vide khdng qua 26 ngay cdng ehd dd thang va khdng qui 208 gid lim viec che dp trong thang.
Trdn thuc td, tai doanh nghiep, ky hgp ddng lao ddng theo thing vi tri luong theo thing, tidn luong thang nhan dugc cao hon lien luong tdi thidu vimg do Nhi nude quy dinh nhung ndu chia cho sd gid lim viec thyc te thi tien luong nh^n duge eila mdt gid lim vide rit thip.
Trong khi dd, vide xic dinh tien luong tdi thieu gid bing each Iiy tidn luong tdi thieu thing chia cho 208 gid la khdng hgp ly, khdng dim bio quydn lgi cua ngudi lao ddng. Bdi vi, khi ngudi lao ddng lam vide theo thang, ky hop dong va tri luong theo thang thi ngoii quy dinh ve tri luong khdng thap hon miie
khdng Iron thdi gian theo ea lam vide; ben eanh dd, nhidu ngudi lao ddng cting linh boat, lam viec d nhi^u noi khac nhau. Cdng vide cin nhidu lao ddng thdi vu, bin thdi gian ehti yeu thudc nhdm nginh nghd ban hang, dich vu, phuc vynha hing, khach san, cham sdc khach hing, tiep thi, bio ve, nhan vien vd sinh, t ^ vu, giiip viec gia dinh... Miic luong tri theo gid mdi noi mdi kidu, thudng dao ddng hong khoing tir 15.000 - 50.000 ddng/gid ddi voi lao dgng phd thdng khdng cin kinh nghiem.
ddng dang lam vide tai tinh, thinh phd dd.Miic luong tdi thieugid tai Nhat ban dugc i p dung eho hiu hdt mpi hinh thire sir dung lao ddng: bin thdi gian, tam thdi,...
Kinh nghiem cua Tmng Qud'e, Chinh phu Tmng Quoc xay dung mdt dudng bien tang tidn luong qudc gia dua theo eae ehi tieu vd GDP, viee lam, gia c i vi diu tu de lam co sa cho cac dja phuong va c L nginh xac dinh cac gia tri can bien tang t r ^ ' l i ^ ^ g d S v a Nhu vay, viec nghien ciiu va ban hanh muc luong doanh nghiep. Bong thoi cung huona dan i, A.
tfii thiSu gio la c4n thiet, khong nhtrng dap ung yeu phuong xac dinh muc luong tdi thieu
thang va mirc gio bang nghiep, nguoi thue lao dpng ma con nhjm bao v$ I (luong tp'i thiSu theo thang); 20,92 (ngayl i'°- w ^ quyin loi nguoi lao dpng khi lam viec theo gio, lam + ti le bao hiem duong gia va bao hiem „ i' " • viec ban thdrl gian, ddng then cOng ia can cir de thoa ma don vi su dung nop)l x (1 + he so troi n'T ™ -''™
thuan, thuong lupng \i tien luong tren thi tnrdng lao troi noi" neu tren chii yeu la xet dSn su chenh ll^* 'A dgng dpi voi vi$c cung lao dong theo gio. Do vay, de tinh on dinh cpng viec, cucmg dp vi di^u i, . **
dua ra cAc co so xac dinh muc tidn luong toi thiSu gio dpng, phuc loi ciia nhiing nguoi lao dpng la t " '^°
cung cdn nghidn ciru kinh nghiem ciia cac nuoc trong trpn ngay cdng so vdi ngudi lao ddng lim iro™
linh vuc nay. ' "say.
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3. Khuyen nghi each xac djnh tien luong toi thieu giir d Viet Hani
vd nguydn tie xic dinh, tidn luong tdi thieu gid duge xic dinh dua tren tidn luong tdi thieu thing va cd tinh den cac yeu td' vd an sinh xa hdi (cic che dp b i o hidm do Nha nude quy dinh), miic dp khdng on dinh cua cdng vide, cac lgi ich kinh td khic dugc quy dinh ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng giao udc hgp dong lao dgng ttr 1 thing trd Idn dugc hudng nhu lien luong ciia cic ngay nghi le, tet, phep nam.Tien luong tdi thidu gid phii Idn hon tidn luong tdi thidu thing chia eho 208 gid. Tien luong td'i thieu gid duge xic dinh dua trdn cdng thiic sau:
TLmin thang ,
ILmiiigl -X (1 + Ty le ®o tftiig them) Ty le % tang thdm duge tinh dua tren cac yeu td tang them, xac dinh cac yd'u td tang thdm nhu sau:
Ye'u td an sinh xa hdi, theo quy dinh ciia Luit Bio hi^m xa hdi, bidn nay ty Id trich ddng cae loai b i o hi^m bat budc doanh nghidp phii ddng eho ngudi lao ddng gdm 17,5% BHXH + 3% BHYT + 1% BHTN, tdng la 21,5%.Nhu viy, ty Id % tang them cua ye'u td anh sinhxahdila2i,5%.
V^ miic dd khdng dn dinh cua cdng viec duoc tinh dua tren he sd khdng dn dinh sin xuat cua nganh xiy dung.Trong nen kinh te, nginh xay dung la nganh duy nhat da duge ap dung phu cap khdng dn djnh s i n xuit do nginh nay cd dac thii sin suit thudng xuydn khdng dn dinh, ngudi lao ddng thudng xuydn phii ehd viec, khdng ed vide lam lien tuc. Vi viy, de dn dinh cudc sdng cho cdng nhin xiy dung che dp phu e i p khdng dn dinh sin xuat da duge Unh vio don gia tien luong. Theo dd, Thdng tu 07/2003/TT-BXD ngay 17/6/2003 he sd nay dugc xac dinh it nhit Ii 10%, sau dd Thdng tu 05/20IG/TT-BXD ngay 10/3/2016 cOng d i d^ cap ddn d i e didm, tinh chit cdng viec ciia cdng nhan xay dung trong miic luong co sd d i u vao theo thing de xic dinh don gii nhan cdng. Tuy nhidn, trong thdng tu niy Jthdng ghi cu the la bao nhidu m i chi quy djnh cho Sd Xiy dung khao sit, didu tra, xic dinh va cdng bd don gia nhin edng xiy dung. Tai Ha Ndi, tir nam 2017 cho den nay, nam n i o Sd Xiy dung Hi Ndi cung cdng bd don gia nhin cdng cho lao ddng phd thdng, theo tinh loin cua tic gii, miie luong cdng bd nay eao hon mite luong tdi thidu viing ciia Ha Ndi (vting 1 va vimg 2) binh quSunam 2017 Ii 9,96%, 2018 la 11,87% va 2019 la 8,57%, trung binh ciia 3 nam la 10,19%/nam. Vay, ty le % tang them ciia yeu td khdng on dinh trong cdng vide ciia ngudi lao ddng cd the lua chpn d muc 10%.
V^ Igi ich lien quan den cac ngiy nghi duge hudng luong, mdt n i m ngudi lao ddng duoc nghi Id tdt 10 ngay vi ung vol 1 thing lim viee dugc nghi 1 ngay phep nam (theo luit Lao ddng 2012). Cac yeu td nay dugc xac dinh nhu sau:
Tnrdng hgp neu tinh eic ngiy nghi Id let ngudi lao ddng dugc nghi trong nam thi ngay ehd dp nam (ddi vdi nam thudng, khdng phii nam nhuan) Ii 303 ngay (365 ngay -52 ngay nghi hing luan - 10 ngay nghi Id tet), binh quan ngay ehd dd trong thing ia25,25 ngiy (303 ngay chia cho 12 thing). So vdi ngay cdng che dd thing la 26 ngiy thi he sd chenh lech la 1,03(26/25,25) .Vay, ty le phin tram tang them eua ye'u td niy la 3%.
Trudng hgp tinh c i ngay nghi Id tdt va ngay nghi phep nam thi binh quan ngay che dp thing la 24,25 ngay (25,25 ngiy - 1 ngay phep/thing), he sd chenh leeh liic nay la 1,07 (26/24,25).Do dd, ty le % tang them la 7%. Ngoai cac yeu td trdn, tuy vao quan diem, dinh hudng, mue tieu ciing nhu si/ anh hudng vi tie ddng eua lien luong tdi thidu gid den cic van dd kinh td vi md, eie vin dd kinh te x i hdi khae Chinh phu ed thd ling hoac giam ty Id phan tram niy. Diy Ii ty le dieu chinh ciia Chinh phu: d%
Neu Chinh phu khdng dieu ehinh (d% = 0) va tinh diy dil eie ngiy duge nghi Id tdt, phep thi tdng ty Id % tang them Ii 38,5% (21,5 + 10 + 7), vdi miie luong td'i thieu thing cua 4 viing nam 2019 ta cd lien luong td'i thidu gid cua 4 viing tuong ting theo bing 2.
B^iig 2: HSn faroi^ toi Uiieu gitr liiili theo vimg iiflm 2019 Don V} tinli: D6ng
Tien luong tfii thiSu TLmin thdng TLmin gi6
Vungl 4.180.000
27.833 Vimg 2 3.710.000 24.704
Vimg 3 3.250.000
21.641 Vung 4 2.920.000
19.443 Dua trdn miic tien luong td'i thieu gid niy dd nhiing ngudi lam cdng vide theo gid vi nhin luong tri theo gid thuong lugng thoi thuan khi lam cdng vide ddi hdi phii qua d i o tao hoac edng vide cd ydu td nang nhpe ddc bai nguy hidm ciia didu kien mdi trudng lim viec./.
Tai lieu tham khao
ILO (Td chire Lao ddng Qudc te), Cdng udc sd 26 ngay30/5/1928.
Qudc hdi nude cdng hoi xa hdi ehu nghia Viet nam, Luit Lao ddng 2012.
Sai Gdn Giai Phdng, Thir Ba, 2/1/2018, Viet Nam se CO tien luong tdi thieu theo gid?,http://www.sggp.org.vn/viet-nam-se-co-tien- luong-toi-thieu-theo-gio-491818.html
Tinh loan eua tic gii dua tren bang gia nhin cdng thi trudng Thinh phd Hi Ndi do UBND thanh phd edng bd theo Quydt dinh sd 189/QD-UBND ngiy 10/01/2019,Quyet dinh sd 638/QD-UBND ngay 09/02/2017 vi Quydt dinh sd 869/QD-UBND ngay 22/02/2018 cua UBND thanh phd Ha Ndi.
Dd Thi Tuoi, DS lai "Cai cich chinh sach tien luong khu vuc sin xuat kinh doanh trong bdi eanh hdi nhap"cip co sd nam 2018, Tmdng Dai hpc Lao ddng xa hpi.
H A N G 6 / 2 0 i g . 4 7
