VAN DE QUOC NGCT HOA HE THONG VAN TRONG CAC DIA DANH GOC HAN QUAN THOAI TAY NAM 6
VIETNAM
NGUYEN VAN HIEU I * )
1. Nhap de.
Trong mdt sd bai viet gan day, chiing tdi da dua ra mdt thuc te, d cac viing dan tdc thieu sd thudc eae tinh mien niii phia Bac nam dge theo bien gidi Viet - Trung nhu Lai Chau, Lao Cai, Ha Giang... cd xuat hien kha phd bien kieu dja danh gdc Han Quan thoai Tay Nam (ngudi dja phuong ggi la tidng Quan Hda). Ve mat ngtr am, va cau tao cac dja danh d day khi so sanh vdi tieng Han phuong ngdn Tay Nam trdn phuong dien ddng dai thi chiing ta van nhan thay chiing la nhtrng dia danh thuan Han. Vd nhiing mdc thdd gian cu the xuit hien nhiing dja danh dudi dang chii qude ngii can phai nghien cim them. Nhung de cd nhiing dja danh nhu hien nay thi nhirng dja danh nay da phai trai qua mdt qua trinh qude ngir hoa (diing chii qude ngii de ghi lai cac dja danh theo am dge Han). Trong bai viet nay, budc diu chung tdi de cap den van dd Qude ngii hda he thdng phan van trong cac dia danh gdc Han Quan thoai Tay Nam d Viet Nam.
Tidng Han Quan thoai Tay Nam dugc coi la phuong ngdn Han Tay Nam (Southwest Madarin Dialect), phd bien d cac tinh Van Nam, Tii Xuyen, Quy Chau - Trung Qude. De cd co sd khao sat va so sanh, chiing tdi chgn he thdng van eua tieng Thanh Dd (Chengdu .^^P), mdt phuong ngdn tidu bieu eho tieng Han Quan thoai Tay Nam. He thdng van ciia tieng Thanh Dd cung khdng kbac biet nhieu so vdi cac tieng khae thudc phuang ngdn Han Tay Nam. He thdng van tieng Thanh Dd bao gdm 8 van do cac nguyen am don dam nhiem, 10 van ddi do hai nguyen am ket hgp, 5 van ba cd ton tai cac ban phu am /-u, -i/ va 13 van cd tdn tai cac phu am cudi mui /-n, -0/"*:
y d a la
o yo ua
'*' TS. Khoa Ngon ngCr-Dai hgc KHXH & NV Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi.
VAN DE QUOC NGU HOA HE THONG VAN TRONG CAC OIA DANH
e le ue ye <
ai iai uai
ei uei au iau au iau an ian uan yan
an in uan yn
aq iaq uaq or) yoq
Trong tieng Viet, he thdng nguyen am bao gdm 10 nguyen am don va 3 nguyen am ddi: (i, y)*^' I'll; (e) Id; (e) lei;
{a)lal; (u) Ixil; (u) /LU/; (O) /Y/; (a)/ Y/; (O) / /; (d) loi... He thdng phu am cudi ciia tieng Viet phiie tap hon tidng Han vdi 6 phu am va 2 ban nguyen am cudi gdm:
(m)/m/, (n)/n/, (ng, nh)/i]/, (p)/p/, (t)/t/, (e, eh) /k/, (u,o) /-w/, (y, i) / - j / . Chinb vi vay, so vdi he thdng van tieng Han, he thdng vin tidng Viet cd sd lugng Idn ban rat nhieu.
He thdng van ciia hai ngdn ngir Viet va Han dua ra d tren chinh la nhirng co sd dl xem xet qua trinh qude ngir hda cac dia danh goc Han Quan Thoai Tay Nam d Viet Nam.
2. Noi dung
2.1. Vdn di qude ngir hda he thdng vdn don trong tieng Hdn Quan thogi Tdy Nam
Chung tdi quan niem van don trong tiing Han la nhung van chi tdn tai am chinh duy nhit trong khudn vin. Khi chuyin cac dia danh sang he thdng ehtr qude ngtr thi thdng thudng theo nguyen
tac chgn lira cac con ehii bieu thj gia tri ngtr am tuong img trong tieng Viet de phien ehuyen nhu trudng hgp i. y l\l, u l\il, 6 loi. a laJ .
Vi du: i^ ilk,/ kan ti /^'^Can Ty /kan ti/
f->5r / phin xo/ -• Phin Hd /fin ho/
Ddi vdi trudng hgp khdng cd am trong tieng Viet tuong img thi he thdng phien ehuyen se chgn giai phap tim mdt am ed dac trung ngir am gan giii hon ca dien bieu thj. Ban than /i / la mdt am ed dac trung [+ trudc +eao - trdn mdi].
Trong tu lieu eiia chiing tdi, am nay chi di sau phu am tac-xat nhu /ts/. /s/ va khi phat am vj tri am 111 thudng bj day gan eae am [+ giira] bon. Chinb vi vay ngudi nghe de dang tri nhan / i / gan vdi am /oc/
[+ giira + eao - trdn mdi] trong tieng Viet hon la am HI. Vi vay ngudd Viet da dimg eon chir (u) de phie.i chuyen tmdng hgp nay. Trudng hgp lei [- trude - cao - trdn mdi + mat luai] thudng dimg sau phu am mdi trong tieng Han nhu /p/, /p*^/, /f/ ciing ed sir thay ddi tuong tu, vj tri phat am eung lui ve gan vdi eac am hang gitra va khi dd ngudi Viet de chgn am eon ehtr "o" /if/ [+ giira - eao - trdn mdi ] de bieu thj am nay.
Vi du: ^ / phin tsl/ - Phin Chu /fin cLU/
6 ; t S / pe fu tsai/-* Pd Phu Chai /px fu cai/
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 2 (93) - 2009 NGUYEN VAN HIEU
Bang 1. Bang tong ket van de quoc ngir hoa he thong van don Tuong ung
Han
111
l\l 1 u /
/ a / loi le 1
Viet
/ L U /
HI Inl lai loi I-i 1
Chir Han
if ^ / phin tsn/
-f J^ / kan ti /
5i/#,>^/manu thai] / i ^ ^ / t a t s a i /
-f-;°r /phin xo/
^fL%lve fu tsai/
Chir Viet
Phin Chu/fin CLU / Can Ty /kan ti/
Ma Lu Thang/ ma lu t'^ar)/
Ta Chai /ta caj/
Phin Hd /fin ho/
Pd Phii Chai /py fu cai/
Con chir the hien
u i/y
u a d a 2.2. Vdn de qude ngir hda he thdng
vdn kep trong tieng Hdn Quan thogi Tdy Nam
Trong tieng Han, cac van kep dugc tao thanh do hai hay hon hai nguyen am ket hgp vdi nhau va khdng cd tdn tai cac am miii d vj tri ket thiic am tiet. Dura vao sd lugng cac nguyen am tham gia trong khudn van, chung tdi chia cac vin kep cua tieng Han Tay Nam thanh hai loai chinh: van ddi va van ba.
2.2.1. Vdn ddi
Chiing tdi thdng ke duge 7 khudn van thude loai nay cd tdn tai trong cac dia danh gdc Han Tay Nam. Didu de nhan thay la nhiing khudn vin cd cac thanh td ciing loai hay gan loai trong tidng Viet se dugc phien chuyin tuong duong. Dd la cac cap vin /ua/ -• oa, ua /ua/; /ai/ -^ ai /ai/; /au/ -> au/Yu/; /au/ -»
ao/au/.
Vi du: >f ;5;fA / xua si pan/ -• Hda Sir Pan /bua §LU pan/
-f-^ /kan tsai/ -* Can Chai/ kan cai/
^^%%l nau xar) tsai/ -• Lao Hang Chai /lau hag cai/
Cac van kep trong tieng Han thudng cd dac diem khi phat am phai nhanh chdng trugt ttr mdt nguyen am nay sang mgt nguyen am khae. Van kep /ia/, /yo/
trong tidng Han se dugc phat am theo dac trung nguyen am dau phat am nhd, khdng rd va nguyen am sau se dugc phat am rd hon. Chinh vi vay khi phien chuyen sang chii qude ngtr, phuong an chgn la ( a) /a/, (d)/o/ dd phien chuyen la hoan toan hgp ly.
Vi du: %]i%l ma tfia/ -• Ma Tra /ma ta/
U. ^1 qai teyo/ -• Ngai Trd/ qai \QI Trong sd cac van ddi chi cd duy nhat trudng hgp /ei/ lai khdng theo qui luat trdn ma lai chgn am i l\l de phien chuyen /ei/
Vi du : 'V^lkjl tiau mei ti/ -• Seo
Mi Ti /§eo mi ti/
VAN DE QUOC NGlT HOA HE THONG VAN TRONG CAC DIA DANH
Bang 2. Bang tong ket van de quoc ngir hoa he thong van doi Tirong ling
Han Hal /ua/
/yo/
/ai/
/ei/
/au/
/au/
Viet lai /ua/
loi /ai/
III l^xil /au/
Chir Han
^ji"^ / m a t e i a / y^ ^ fe/ xua si pan /
;S ^ / qai t<^yol
• ^ S / k a n tsai/
•h%ihl tiau mei ti/
^ o / nau khau/
•^^^.% 1 nau xaq tsai/
Chir Viet Ma Tra / ma ta/
Hda Sir Pan / hua §LU panV Ngai Trd / qai \ol
Can Chai / kan cai/
Seo Mi Ti / §eo mi ti/
Lau Khau / lau xlf u/
Lao Hang Chai / lau baq cai/
Con chir the hien
a ua
d ai i au ao 2.2.2. Vdn ba
Nam trong ciing qui luat phien chuyen, cac van ba trong tieng Han Tay Nam hau het khi phien chuyen sang chir qude ngtr ddu lira chgn nhtrng khudn van gan nhat de bieu thj: /iau/-+ (idu) /ieu/;
/uei/-» (udi) / uoi/.
Vi du: 7J<.i°r/ suei xo/ -* Sudi Hd /§uoiho/ ^
^ i # jiiau tshaq/ -» Nhilu Sang / pieu §aq/
v i n /uei/ ciing dimg van (ui) /ui/
trong tiing Viet de phien chuyen va dugc coi nhu mdt trudng hgp ngoai le.
'^i^^l kuei pau phin/ -» Ciii Pao Phin /kui pao fin/
Trudng hgp van ba /'au/ trong tieng Han Tay Nam thi tinh hinh ed khae. Khi phat am thudng dge ludt tir thanh td thir nhat sang tbanb td thir hai va tbanb td thir bai thudng duge phat am rd ban.
Nbung do anh hudng eua thanh td thir nhat la mdt nguyen am hang trude nen am lai duge phat am gan vdi vj tri ciia Id ban. Chinh vi vay, ngudd Viet da dimg van (eo) /sw/ de phien chuyen van ba /iau/
trong dia danh gdc Han Tay Nam.
Vi du: 'h^ih I t i a u mei ti/ -• Seo Mi Ti /§eo mi ti/
Bang 3. Bang tdng ket vin de quoc ngir hoa he thong van ba
Tu-on Han /uei/
/iau/
/iau/
girng Viet /uoi/
/ui/
/EW/
/ieu/
Chir Han 7)^)^1 suei xo/
-^l&if / kuei pau phin/
' J ^ ^ i i t / t i a u mei ti/
^ : ^ Jiiau tshaq/
Chir Viet Sudi Hd /§uoi ho/
Ciii Pao Phin / kui pao fin/
Seo Mi Ti /§eo mi ti/
Nhieu Sangjiieu §aq/
Con chir the hien
udi ui eo ieu
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 2 (93) - 2009 NGUYSN VAN HIEU
2.3. Vdn de qude ngir hda he thdng vdn miii trong tieng Hdn Quan thogi Tdy Nam
He thdng van miii trong tieng Han kha phong phii. Trong dja danh gdc Han Tay Nam chiing tdi thu thap dugc 11 trudng hgp. Van miii duge ket hgp bang cac nguyen am vdd phu am eudi la cac phu am miii Inl, I rjl. Hai phu am nay cd trong tieng Viet duge the hien bang hai con chii n va ng. Vi vay ddi vdi phan van nay cac phu am eudi duge gitr nguyen khi phien ehuyen sang tidng Viet.
Van de phien ehuyen td ra don gian trong nhting trudng hgp nhiing van ddu cd mat trong hai ngdn ngii. Khi phidn chuyen sang tieng Viet van theo nguyen tac giii nguyen cac thanh phan vdn ed cua eac van va phien chuyen thanh cac van tuong iing cd trong tieng Viet nhu:
/an/ -» /an/ (an); /uan/ -» /uan/ (oan, uan); /in/ -» /in/ (in); /uaq/ -> / uaq/
(oang, uang); /oq/ -•/oq/ (dng).
Vi du: ^ J i / t u san/-»Tu San/tu §an/
^% I tsuan uan/ -• Choan Van / cuan van/
if-^/phin pau/-» Phin Pao /fin pau/
^ W / xuaq thian/ -• Hoang Thidn /huaq t'^ien/
^jit^xIi/Thau xoq yan/-•Thao Hdng Den /t'^aw hoq zen/
Trong sd nhiing van trdn, nhung vin khdi diu bing lui nhu /uan/; /uaq/ cd tdn tai them mdt bidn thi ntra. Nhtrng trudng hgp nay xay ra khi nhiing vin nay khdng ket hgp vdi phu am diu.
Trong phuong ngir Han Tay Nam, tiiy timg dja phuong am lui ton tai nhu mdt ban phu am /w/ hay mdt mdt phu am xat
mdi-rang Ivl. Ddi vdi dja ban gan bien gidd Viet - Trung, giai phap Ivl dugc dting md ta phat am ciia ngudd ban ngtr xem ra hgp li hon. Chinh vi vay, ddi vdi nhtrng trudng hgp nay khi chuyen sang tieng Viet thudng chi giii lai nguyen am chinh lai ket hgp vdi phu am cudi /uan/
-• /an/; /uaq/ -• /aq/.
Vi du: ::^ *if / ta uan/-»Ta Van /ta van/
^ i ^ / nau uaq tsai / -» Lao Vang Chai /law vag cai/
Van mui /iaq/ khi phien chuyen sang tieng Viet cd ba bien the. Trudng hgp thii nhat, am I'll diing dau phan van dugc xem nhu la mdt ban nguydn am /j/ trong cac phuong ngii Han Tay Nam khi nhtrng van nay khuyet phu am dau.
Trudng hgp nay khi phien chuyin ban nguyen am /j/ dugc bieu thj bang mdt phu am Izl va phan van cdn lai se dugc giii nguyen /aq/. Trudng hgp thii 2, van / iaq/ cd ket hgp vdi phu am dau se ed hai bien the tuong irng /ieq/ va /sq/ do ap lire cua I'll ma /a/ thudng dugc phat am gan cac nguyen am hang trudc Izl va lei hon.
Vi du : #-f^ / iaq tJ ia/-> Giang Tra /zaq \al
1% Jl / niaq san/-» Lidng Sang /lieq
§aq/
T ^ /tia eiaq/ -• Sa sdng /§a §eq/
Cling gidng nhu trudng hgp tren, cac phan van /yan/ va /ian/ dugc diing van /en/ trong tieng Viet de phidn ehuyen.
X^ Ita tNan/ - Ta Thin /ta t^enl MIH @ / t'^au xoq yan/ -»Thao Hdng Den /t'^aw hoq zen/
Khi phat am vin /an/ trong tieng
Han Tay Nam, am /a/bj ngan hon do ket
hgp vdd mdt am mui d vj tri kdt thiic am
VAN DE QUOC NGU HOA HE THONG VAN TRONG CAC DIA DANH
tiet. Vi vay khi chuyin sang he thdng tieng Viet nd tu ddng chgn vin /Yn/ thay vi am /Yn/ tuong iing.
^i^l ta tsan/-»Ta Chin/ta cYn/
Van lyongl va /oq/ trong tiing Han Quan thoai Tay Nam phien chuyin sang tieng Viet bang hai bien thi /oq/ va /uq/.
Bang 4. Bang tdng ket van de quoc ngir hoa he thong van miii
^xM-l xoq qai/ -• Hdng Ngai/ hoq qai/
:k. 't' '^1 ta tsoq xo/-» Ta Trung Hd /ta tuq ho/
fik i / tyoq uaq/-» Siing Vang /§uq vaq/
Tucmg urng Han
/an/
/ian/
/uan/
/yan/
/an/
/in/
/ar)/
/iar)/
/ uar)/
/or)/
/yor)/
Viet /an/
/en/
/an/
/uan/
/en/
an /in/
/ar)/
/ao/
/ier)/
/eo/
/ar)/
/ uar)/
/Ol]/
/ur)/
/ur)/
Chir Han
^|5 ill /tu san/
: ^ W / ta t^an/
: ^ *f / ta uan/
# ' - ^ ' / t s u a n uan/
^jlt^x|7c| / t'^au xor) yan/
: ^ i - ^ / ta tsan/
if-^ / phin pau/
^ ' ^ S /nau xaq tsai/
4^f^ / iaq tela/
i%iii / niaq san/
T ^ /^iaeiai)/
•^3-^1 nau uaq tsai/
^ B ? / xuaq thian/
^x ^ / xoq Qai/
:k. ^ /^/ ta tsoq xo/
.ii,^, i / tyoq uar)/
Chir Viet Tu San /tu §an/
Ta Then /ta t''en/
Ta Van /ta van/
Choan Van /cuan van/
Thao Hong Den /t''aw hor) zen/
Ta Chan /ta cYn/
Phin Pao /fin pau/
Lao Hang Chai /law haq caj/
Giang Tra /zaq ta/
Lieng Sang /lieq §aij/
Sa seng /§a §Eq/
Lao Vang Chai /law vaq cai/
Hoang Thien /huaq t''ien/
Hong Ngai /hoq gai/
Ta Trung Ho /ta tuq ho/
Siing Vang/§uq vai)/
Con chir the hien
an en an uan
en an in ang ang ieng eng ang oang
dng ung ung
3. Nhan xet
Qua vide khao sat van de qude ngtr hda he thdng van trong cac dja danh gdc Han quan thoai Tay Nam d cac tinh miln niii phia bac Viet Nam, chiing tdi nit ra mdt vai nhan xet so bd nhu sau:
He thdng phan van trong tieng Viet phiic tap va cd sd lugng nhieu ban so vdi he thdng van ciia tidng Han Quan thoai Tay Nam. Chinh vi vay mgt van trong tiing Han ed xu hudng chgn mdt
hay tren mdt khudn van trong tieng Viet de phien chuyen.
Nhin chung, khi phidn chuyen sang chir qude ngii, cac van trong cac dja danh gdc Han thudng lira chgn cac van tuong img trong tidng Viet. Neu trudng hgp khdng cd sir tuong img tbi xu budng lira chgn mdt van ed dac tnmg tuong can nhat trong tieng Viet de phien ehuyen.
Hau bet cac trudng hgp deu chi ra
dugc qui luat phien ehuyen gitra hai
TAP CHi HAN NOM SO 2 (93) - 2009 NGUYEN VAN HIEU
ngdn ngii. Nhung ben eanh dd eiing ed nhieu trudng hgp dugc coi la nhtrng trudng hgp ngoai Id nam ngoai he thdng.
Chiing tdi cd the coi nhiing trudng hgp nay la nhiing bien the tiiy tien mang tinh ea nhan ciia nhirng ngudi lam cdng tae ghi dja danh bang ehii Qude ngii.
Vide xem xet van de qude ngii hda eac dia danh gdc Han se la mdt hudng nghien ciiu ggi md. Kdt qua nghien curu mdt mat se cho chiing ta thay qui luat phien ehuyen tir am dge Han sang ehii qude ngii, mat khae se gdp phan true tiep vao vide chuan hda dja danh gdc Han quan thoai Tay Nam d cac tinh mien niii phia bac Viet Nam.
N.V.H
Chu thich:
(1) Theo tai lieu Hanyu Fangyan Gaiyao, Beijing 1982, tr.26-27.
(2) Qui udc trinh phan cac con chir trong ngoac don (...).
(3) Vi chii yeu khao sat phan van nen dl gian tien, chung tdi khdng phjen am phin thanh dieuV.
Tai lieu tham khao chinh
1. Nguyen Tai Can: Ngudn gdc vd qud trinh hinh thdnh cdch doc Hdn Viet, Nxb.
Dai hgc Qude gia Ha Ngi. H. 2001.
2. Hoang Thj Chau: Mdi lien he ve ngdn ngir cd dgi a Ddng Nam A qua mdt vdi ten sdng. Thong bdo khoa hgc Vdn hgc - Ngdn ngu 1964-1965, tap 2, Nxb. Giao due, H.
1964, tr.94-106.
3. Hoang Thj Chau: Phuang ngic hgc tiing Viet Nxb. Dai hgc Qude gia Ha Ngi, H. 2004.
4. Tran Tri Doi: Ngdn ngii- vd su phdt trien vdn hda xd hdi, Nxb. Van hda - Thdng tin, H. 2001.
5. Tir dien Hdn - Viet. Hau Han Giang, Mach VT Luang chii bien, Nha in Thuang vu, Bic Kinh 2002.
6. Nghiem Thiiy Hang: Tieng Hdn trong cdc ngdn ngit phuang' Ddng. Nxb. Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, H. 2001, tr.289-411.
7. Nguyen Van Hieu: Vdn hda ddn tgc Mdng - Dao a Ldo Cai dugc phan dnh qua ngir nghTa cua cdc dja danh hdnh chinh goc Hdn. Tgp chi Hdn Ndm, sd 2/2006.
8. Nguyen Van Hieu: Nhiing dia danh gdc Hdn a mdt sd vitng ddn tdc Mdng - Dao a Viet Nam (tren cir lieu dia danh hdnh chinh tinh Ldo Cai). Tap chi Ngdn ngii so
11/2005.
9. Nguyen Van Hieu. Vdn de quoc ngir hda he thdng phu dm ddu trong cdc dia danh a Viet Nam cd ngudn gdc tit tieng Hdn quan thogi vitng Tdy Nam Trung Quoc. Tgp chi Hdn Ndm so 212007.
10. Le Trung Hoa: Cdc phuang phdp ca bdn trong viec nghien cuv dia danh. Tap chi Ngdn ngir so 7/2002.
11. Tir Thu Mai (2004), Nghien ciru dia danh Qudng Tri, Luan an Tien sT NgCr van, Dai hgc KHXH & NV Ha Ndi.
12. Hoang Tat Thang: Dia danh Dd Ndng tit cdch tiep cdn ngdn ngu hgc. Tap chi Ngdn ngit sd 2/2003.
13. Doan Thien Thuat: Ngir dm tieng Viet, Nxb. Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi. 1999.
14. Nguyen Kien Trudng: Nhiing ddc diem chinh ciia dia danh Hdi Phdng (trong vdi net ddi sdnh vdi dia danh Viet Nam.
Luan an Phd tiin sT Khoa hgc Ngir van, Dai hgc KHXH & NV Ha Ngi, 1996.
15. Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe. Hanyu Fangyan Gaiyao, Beijing 1982 (tiing Han)./.
