Danh gia tac dong
cua phat trien du Ijch homestay t6i dofi song cua ngUofi dan vung dem ViTofn Quoc gia Phong Nha - Ke Bang
N G U Y I N DflC KIEN' T R A N CONG DUNG"
NGavEN QUANG PHUC"'
Tomtit
Nghien ciiu nham ddnh gid cdc tdc dong ciia phdt trien loai hinh du lich homestay ldi ddi song kinh t^ - xd h^i cua ngudi ddn tgi vUng dem Vudn Quo'c gia (VQG) Phong Nha - Ke Bdng.
Thong qua khdo sdt 45 ho gia dinh tham gia logi hinh du lich homestay tgi 3 xd co hogt dong du lich phdt triin mgnh me nhat (San Trgch, Hiing Trgch vd Phiic Trach), ke'l qud nghien Cliu cho thdy, hai nhom nhdn to cua phdt triin du lich homestay co tdc dong tich ciic tdi dia phiidng, do la: Thiic day suphdt trien kinh ti• xa hgi; Ndng cao trinh do chuyen mon, nhdn thiic cud ngudi ddn. Ben cgnh do, phdt triin loai hinh du lich ndy cdng co nhiing tdc dgng tieu cue nhd't dinh din ddi song ciia ngudi ddn dia phUdng, nhu: ldm tdng chi phi miic song vd gdy d nhiim mdi triidng. Dua vdo kit qua phdn tich, nghien ciiu cUng dua ra cdc gidi phdp de phdt triin ben vUng logi hinh du lich homestay tgi vdng dem trong tuang lai gdn liin vdi giUgin vd phdt huy gid tri vdn hoa ban dia.
Til khoa: du lich cdng dong, homestgy, ngudi ddn, Phong Nha - Ke Bdng Summary
This study assesses the impacts of homestay tourism development on the socio-economic life of people in the buffer zone of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park. Data were collected from 45 households participating in homestay tourism in the three communes with the most strongly developed tourism activities (Son Trach, Hung Trach and Phuc Trach). The analysis results reveal two groups of factors of homestay tourism development creating a positive impact on the locality, which are Promoting socio-economic development and Improving professional knowledge and awareness of the people. On the other hand, the development of this type of tourism has certain negative influence on the lives of local people such as increasing living cost and causing environmental pollution. From those findings, the study suggests some solutions to the sustainable development of homestay tourism in the buffer zone in the future associated with preserving and promoting local cultural values.
Key word: community-based tourism, homestay, people, Phong Nha - Ke Bang
Cl6l THIEU Trach (huyen Bo Trach); TrKSnj Sdn (huy6n Quang Ninh). Cac mo hinh homestay noi tieng tai viing dem, Viing dem VQG Phong Nha - Ke nhuf: Oxalis, Jungle Boss (xa Sdn Trach), Chay Lap Bang la phjn dien tich rong Mn va trii Farmstay (xa Phuc Trach), Pepper House (xa Htnig phlj bao boc VQG Phong N h a - K e Biing, Trach), Ho Khanh Homestay (xa Sdn Trach) (Tran tiim tr6n dia phan hanh chinh cua 13 xa: Cang Dung va cpng sit, 2019)... da Co nhOhg tiic dpng DSn Hoa, Hda Sdn Trung Hoa, Thifdng tich circ doi vdi phat men kmh te - xa hoi cua ngUdi Ho4, Trong H6a (huyen Minh Hoii); dan dia phirong trong nhang nam vira qua (Nguyen T3n Trach, Thuang Trach, Phuc Trach, Cong Thanh, 2019). Tuy nhien, lo,, hinh du hch nay XnSn Trach, Sdn Trach,' Phl5 Dinh, Himg dang phiSt trien 6 at (ca so luong lan chat lifdng), W
'TS., "ThS., ' " T S . , TrUSng Dgi hpc Kinh te, Bai hpc Hue
IsHynMn bar 20/7/2020: Ngay phan bifn: 07/8/1020. Ngav duyel dang: 24/S/202O
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HINH 1: DU LICH HOMESTAY TAC DQMG THOC DAY P H A T TRIEN KINH TE - X A HQI DiA PHtfdNG
(Dan vf: %)
^ Uo&n tOHD dong y ^Daagy Bmh thucmg iKJ Mgu6n- KeE qua khao sat cua nhom nghien cJu phdt va thie'u vang sif quan ly cua cac ben lien quan (Nguyen Trung Hieu, 2017). Do do, phat hien du lieh homestay d dia phu'dng dang phai do'i mat vdi khong it nhifng ton tai va kho khan gap phai, nhtf: eanh tranh khong lanh manh, pha gia, ehat IiTOng dich vu khdng dong deu.., gay nen nhSng tac dong tieu ciJc nhat dinh de'n d6i song kinh t e - xa hpi ciia ngUdi dan dia phhOng.
XuH't phat ttf thife te' do, nghien cdh nay danh gia nhiTng tac d6ng tich etfe va tieu ctfc ciia phat trien loai hinh du lich homestay tdi cuoe song cua ngtfdi dan viing dem VQG Phong Nha - Ke Bang, tiJf dd de xuat nhiJng giai phap de htfdng den phat trien ben vihig loai hinh du lich nay trong itfong lai.
PHL/aNG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
So lieu sd ca'p dtfde thu thSp bkng bang cau hoi, vdi so' Itfdng 45 homestay (chie'm 52,3% tdng the trong 86 homestay) cua 3 xa: Son Trach, Htfng Trach, Phuc Trach. Viec chpn mau dieu tra dtfdc tie'n hanh bang phtfdng phap ngau nhien khdng lap ttf danh sach homestay eua UBND cac xa. DiJ lieu nghien ciih dtfdc thu thap trong thang 4/2019. Ngoai ra, nghidn cthi con si^ dung phtfdng phap tho'ng ke mo ta de phan tich nhiJng tac dgng cua loai hinh du lieh homestay de'n cac goc do khac nhau ciia ddi song ngtfdi dan.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLOJ
Tac d6ng tich cifc cua du Iich homestay do'i v ^ ngtfcfi dSn vung d^m VQG Phong Nha - Ke Bang
De danh gia cac lac ddng tich ctfc cua phat trien loai hinh du lich homestay cd ih6' mang lai eho ngtfdi dan dia phtfdng, nhom tac gia lien hanh danh gia cac mat nhtf sau: Du Iich homestay giup thuc day kinh t e - xa hpi dia phtfdng; Giup nang cao trinh dp chuyen mon va nhan thu'c cua cpng dong.
Du lich homesttiy gdp thdc ^ ldnh ^'-mh^^phiMig Ket qua khao sdt (Hinh 1) cho tha'y, cac hp danh gia du Iich homestay cd nhiJng tac dpng tich ctfc Idn den nen kinh te dia phtfdng. Cu the: Tieu chi "Phat trien du
lich lao them nhieu vide lam cho ngtfdi dan dia phtfdng" cd 40% hoan toan dong y, 57,8% d6ng y va 2,2% trung lap; Tieu chi "Thu nh$p hp 6n dinh tOf khi lam du lich" ed 33,3% hoiln loan dong y, 57,8%
dong y, cac y kien khong dong •y va UTing lap ehiem 4,4%. Ly do cdc h6 cd y kien khong dong y \k vi nhihig nam gan day homestay tren dia ban 6 at dtfdc xSy dtfng, dan dd'n canh tranh khong lanh manh, phd gia.., nen finh trang "thifa phong, thie'u khdch" thtfdng xuyen xay ra.
Du lich homestay giiqf ndng cao trinh dg chttyen mdn vd nhdn thik cua cgng dong Ket qua khao sat (Hinh 2) cho tha'y, du lich homestay giup nSng eao hieu biet va nhSn thu'c ciia cdng dong dja phtfdng.
Cac tieu chi 6 ndi dung nay deu dtfdc danh gid d mtfe hoan loan dong y va dong y ttfdng do'i eao, trong dd phai ke den tieu chi "Du lich nang cao trinh dp chuyen mdn, ngoai ngu" cua ngtfdi dan dia phtfdng", vdi 57,8% y kie'n hodn toan dong ^ va 42,2% y kie'n dong ;?.
Diem dang ltfu y 6 ndi dung nSy \k tidu chi "Tang ctfdng tinh doan ke't trong eOng dong ban dia" cd ph^n tram khdng dong y len den 11,1%. Qua thtfc te khao sdl, hidn nay, viec canh tranh khdng lanh manh, sao chep y ttfdng trong ldm du lich, pha gid,. tai dia ban nghidn ctfu thtfdng xuydn xay ra. Them vao dd, mdt so hd homestay ehi tap trung vdo viec Ihu hut khach du lich bing mpi gid, de bdn tour cho doanh nghiep lay hoa hong, ma khdng quan tam den chd't Itfdng, hinh anh du lich cua dia phtfdng. Chinh vi the', mpt so hp khao sat da khdng dong y d tidu chi nay ciing la dieu dd hie'u.
Kd't qua ki^m dinh gia tri trung binh (Bang 1) cho thd'y, ede tieu chi 1 3 6 7, 8, 10, 11,^12 cd Sig. < 0,05, nen bac bd gia diuyet H^, cd nghia la cac tieu chi tren cd gid tri trung binh khdc vdi 4 (dong y). Gia tri trung binh eiia cac tidu chi trdn dtfdc ngtfdi dan ddnh gia d trdn mi?c dong y, vdi cac gia tri trung blnh lan Itfdt la: 4.38; 4.24: 4.29. 4.33: 4,33; 4,58;
4,36; 4,33. Nhtf vay cd die thay, cdc hd khao sdt hoan loan dong y vdi nhiJne tdc dpng tich ctfe ndu tren ciia du Iich homestay vdi ddi sd'ng ciia ngtfdi dan v&ng ddm. Ngtfdc Iai, cdc tidu chi '> 4 5.9 cd Sig. ian Itfdt Id: 0.07; 0,164- Q j i g va 0,511 > 0,05. Do do. ta chtfa'dd cd sd de bdc bd gia thuyet H,. Gid tri irung binh ciia nhi?ng tieu chi na\ ] a 4 2 0 - 4 16- 4.18 va 4.09. Nhtf \ a>. doi vdi riioig tac
58
dOng tich ctfc ndy cdc hd khao sdt ddnh gia ngang mlJc do d6ng y.
Ijic d$ng ti6u cifc cua du lich homestay ddi vdl ngif^ ddn viing d^m VQG Phong Nha - Ke Bang
De danh gia cde tae ddng tidu ctfe cd Ihe c6, ma phdt trien loai hinh du lich homestay mang lai cho ngtfdi dan dia phifdng, nhdm tdc gia tie'n hanh ddnh gid c^c tidu chi gom: Du Iich homestay ldm tang chi phi miJc sd'ng; Gdy nguy cd chia re mat dodn ke't cdng d6ng; Ld'i song ciia ngtfdi dan thay ddi theo chieu htfdng xau; Tdc ddng tidu ctfc dd'n thien nhidn;
Urn thay doi van hda dia phtfdng; Lam 6 nhilm moi htfdng.
Hinh 3 cho tha'y, y kie'n ciia ede hp khio sdt ve tac ddng tidu ctfc ciia du lich homestay co nhieu y kie'n khac nhau. Cu th^: "Du lich lam tang chi phi mtfc sd'ng"
c6 64,4% d6ng J, 31,1 % hoan toan dong y va 4,4% la khdng dong ^•, "Nguy cd chia re/mat doan ket eong dong" ed 55,6%
khong d6ng y, 31,1% y kie'n dong y va 8,9% ^ kiein tmng lap vdi lieu chi nay. Sd (E CO dieu nay la vi, mot so' hp hien nay ehi tip trung chay theo kieu "bong bdng ldi nhudn", nen thtfdng xuyen xay ra viec pha gia vd canh ttanh khdng lanh manh... dan den gdy md't dodn kd't vdi nhiJng hd Iam du lich con Iai. Dai da sd' cdc hd khao sdt khdng dong y vdi cac y kid'n v l tdc ddng ti6u ctfc ciia du lich homestay, nhtf: "Ld'i sdng cua ngtfdi dan thay doi theo chieu hifftig xd'u" va "Lam diay doi ban sac van h6a dia phtfdng " vdi phan tram y kien tiftfng Iihg Id: 64,4% khdng dong y, 26,7%
hodn loan khong dong y vd 35,6% khdng dong y, 44,4% hoan loan khdng dong y.
Trong khi do, tieu chi: Tdc dpng tieu cut d6i thien nhien; Gay 6 nhidm mdi trtfdng I^ 2 tieu chi nhdn dtfde phan tram dong y khd cao ttf ho, iln Itfdt'la: 48,9% va 42,2%.
Kd^t qua kiem dinh gia tri trung binh (B^ng 2) cho tha'y, cac tieu chi 14,16, 17, 18 c6 Sig. < 0,05, ndn bdc bo gia thuye't H^. Dieu ndy cd nghTa la gia tri trung binh cua cdc tieu chi nay khdc vdi gid hi kiem dinh. Cu the, tieu chi 14 va 16 cd gia hi hung blnh 1,87 vd 1,84, eho tiia'y cac hp khao sat khdng dong J* vdi cae nhan dinh n^y. Tieu ehi 17 cd gid tti ttung binh la 2,67, cho tha'y ddnh gid ciia cdc hd v l rn^c dp tdc ddng cua du Ijch homestay
•len van de chia re/mat doan kd't ndi bp d miJc tmng ldp. Tieu chi 18 cd gia tri trung btah 4,22, cho tha'y edc hd hoan loan dong ^ vdi nhdn dinh nay.
HINH 2: DU U C H HOMESTAY GIUP NANG CAO TRIMH DQ CHGYEN M O N vA NHAN THCfC CQNG DONG
(Dm vt: %)
P i i t men du Ijch l i m g u Ung hmli n d i dia pfaim^
G6p phSa bao l6a v4 p h i i huy dl sin VSn W B va dl
TSng cirong iinh doin li^ n< ; ciag aiuf ban du
„ ,
p j ' ^
1^
f"
'JO
s Hoan loan dong y -E)6iigy Binhlhwdng s Khong dong y Ngu6n- Ket qua khao sat cua n h o m nghien ci/u
B A N G 1: K I E M D|NH GlA T R I TRUNG B I N H v l T A C D O N G T I C H C d c C U A DU L|CH HOMESTAY T d i DCll SONG NGdCil D A N T A I VCING D E M V Q G PHONG N H A - K E B A N G
Tac d^Dg tich afc "^,: •;
1. Phdt irien du lich tao them nhieu vi&c lam cho neifdi dan dia phiTcJng 2. Thu nhap cua hp gia d'mh on dmh tir khi Iam du lich
3. Phat trien du lich gdp phan thu hdt dau tif \ko dia phu'dng
4. Ciic san pham nong nghiep dia phiTeJng CO them gid tn gia lang ihong qua phai tnen du lich
5. Du hch gop phan thiic day sSn xuat nong nghiep tai dia phu'dng 6. Du lich cai tiiien giao thong va ke'l cau ha tang dia phu'dng
7. Nang cao nhan thdc cua ngiTBi dan (vi du; bao ve moi tru'dng, bao v§ iai nguyen di san,.)
8. Phat trien du lich Ihuc day nang lU'c cong done trong quan ly tai nguyen 9, Tang cu'dng linh doan ket trong cong done ban dia
10 Du lich nang cao trinh do chuyen m6n cua ngu'di dan dia phu'dng (ngoai ngi?...) 11. Gop phan bao ton va phdi huy di san v5n hoa va di san thien nhien 12. Phat trien du lich lam gia tang Wnh anh dia phu'dng
sat 45 45 45
45
45 45
45
45 45 45 45 45
Gia tri trung
biota 4,38 4,20 4,24
4,16
4,18 4,29
4,33
4,33 4,09 4,58 4,36 4,33
Gifitri dinh
4 4 4
4
4 4
4
4 4 4 4 4
Sig.
0,(H)0 0,070 0,010
0,164
0,118 0,031
0,000
0,000 0.511 0.000 0.000 0,000 Mguon Xu ly so lieu khao :ua n h o m nghien CL/U
Tieu chi 13 vi 15 CO mifc y nghia Sig. la 0,102 va 0,066 > 0,05, VI the chung ta chua du co sd ie Mc bo Alt thuyet Hg. Gia Iri trung binh ciia 2 tieu chi nay lan hrot la 3,71 va 3,56. Nhi/ vay, cac hp khao sat CO sir dong y vdi cac phat bi^u lac dgng tieu cue tren.
KET LUAN VA MQT SO CIAI PHAP
Du lich homestay tai vung dem VQG Phong Nha • Ke Bang da va dang gop phan thuc day kmh te - xa hoi
Uf and Forecasi Review
59
HINH 3: TAC E)0NG TIEU CCTC CUA DO LICH HOMESTAY Tdi NGCfCil DAN V U N G D E M VQG PHONG NHA - KE BANG (Dm vj-'
«i Hoan loan dong y sDongy n Bmh Ibmmg
= Khong drag y ni Hoan loan khong iJ6ng y
N g u o n : K e t qua k h a o sat c u a n h o m nghien cUu BANG 2: KIEM DINH GlA TRJ TRUNG BINH vfe T A C DpNG TIEU Ctfc C^A DU L|CH HOMESTAY T(3l Ddi SONG MGCTdl DAN
TAI VCING DEM VQG PHONG NHA - KE BANG
H b ^ T^c d$ng ti^u ate JL
13. O nhilm moi tnfffng (nu'dc thai, rac thai, on 4o...)
14. L ^ thay doi ban s^c v ^ hoa dia phifdng 15. Tac dong tieu cu'c den thien nhi^n (vi du: pha v9 canh quan thien nhien...)
16. Loi song ciia cpng dong dan cif ihay doi theo chieu hu'&ig xau: ty le pham toi..
17. Nguy CO chia re/mat doan ket trong cong dong
18. Lam tang chi phi md'e song sdt
45 45 45
45
45 45
Gia trj tmng
binh 3,71 1,87 3^6
1.84
2,67 4 ^ 2
G i ^ t r i ki^m
4 4 4
4
4 4
Sig.
0,102 0.000 0,066
0,000
0,000 0,031 rSguon X a ly so lieu k h a o sat cua n h o m nghien cuXi
dia phu'dng, nSng cao trinh dp chuyen mon v^ nhan thu'c cua cpng d6ng. Tuy nhien, ben canh do, vin con nhiing tSc dpng tieu ctfc cua loai hinh du lich nay doi vdi ngifdi dan viing dem, nhi/: Du Uch homestay lam tang chi phi mi?c sd'ng; Gay nguy cd chia re mat doan ket cpng dong;
Loi song cua ngu'di dan thay doi theo chieu hu'dng xau;
Tac dpng tieu cifc den thien nhien; Lam thay doi van hoa dia phifdng; Lam 6 nhi6m moi tnfdng.
Tren cd sd k^'t qua nghien ciiti, de phat tri^n du lich homestay tai dia ban vung d$m VQG Phong Nha - Ke B^ng mpt each hieu qua va ben viJng, theo nhom t^c gia, can thtic hi$n m6t so giai phap sau:
Gidi phdp vi ddu tt/ cdi thi^n ket cdu hg tdng, thuc ddy phdt trien du lich
- Dau nf xay di/ng ha tang phuc vu hu'dng phat trien san pham va to chiJc khong gian du lich: hdp nha't nha van hoa va cac diem dich vu du Uch cpng dong trong mot khong gian va quan ly theo thiet che dia phifdng. Quy hoach dien lifdi, thong tin Uen lac tai dia phifdng phuc vu cho nhu cau phat trien du lich.
- Hinh thanh c^c cd s6 dich vu thifdng mai, chd d6m, di^m b^n hang lifti niem, nong san dia phu'dng tai cac diS'm du lich.
Gidi phdp ve ndng cao nhgn thiic, trinh A^ vd ky ndng cua ngtM ddn ve phdt trien du lich
' Doi mdi nhan thu'c ve du Uch cua ngifdi dan, dong thdi nSng cao trinh dp chuyen mon, ky nSng du lich de cdng dong c6 th^ phat huy vai tro chu done, tich cifc ciia cdng dong trong phat trien du lich cira dia phu'dng.
- D^y manh cdc hoat ddng truyen thong nham nang cao nhan thu'c cua cdng dong dja phifdng vi phat trien du iich. Ciing vdi dd, can tuyen du'dng, khen thu'dng cho nhu'ng ca nhan/hd gia dinh tieu bieu trong hoat dpng du lich.
Gidi phdp ve cd che chinh sdch - Can CO mpt khung phap 1^ rd rang de cdng dong dia phifdng chia se trach nhiem quan ly va ldi ich thu difdc vdi ben Uen quan.
- Hoan thien chinh sdch ve phdt trien du lich phu hdp vdi dieu kien thu'c tien cua dia phtfdng, tao thuan ldi cho ngifdi dan tham gia phat trien du lich. Trong dd, can ban hanh chinh skch/khung phap ly cong nhan chinh thu'c dd'i vdi quyen sii' dung tai nguyen du lich cua cpng dong.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1- Nguydn Trung Hieu (2017). Phdt trien du lich bin vdng tgi Vudn Qudc gia Phong Nha - Ke Bdng, Luan van thac sy kinh te, Tnfdng Dai hoc Kinh te, Dai hoc Hue
2. Nguyln Cong Thanh (2019). Phdt triin mo hinh du lich cgng ddng tgi .vd Son Trgch. huyen Bd Trgch, tinh Qudng Binh, LuSn van thac sy kinh te, Tnfdng Dai hoc Kinh te, Dai hpc Hue
3. Tran Cdng Dung, Nguyen DiJc Kien, Nguyen Quang Phuc. Le Quang Tnfc, Nguyen Tmng Kien (2019). Hieu qua kinh t e - x a hpi cua md hinh homestay trong phat trien du Ijch coiig dong tai viing dem Vifdn Quoc gia Phong Nha - Ke B^ng, Tgp chi Kinh te'vd Dubdo. 36. 54-58
