Hf THONG CHINH TRJ Vi) Vfll T R 6 CUn CHINH PHU TRONG DiCu
CHINHCHINH SI^CH KINH Tl'- XA Hdl CUn CHU) Dl/C SflU KHUNG HO^NG KINH
T I T O A N CRUThs. Trinh Thi Hien
r-XVi^n Nghien cii'u Chdu Au
1. Thuc trang he thong chinh trj va vai tro cua chinh phu CHLB Diic trong vice xay dung chinh sach kinh tc - x3 hpi sau khiing hoang
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Khiing hodng tdi chinh chau Au Id mpt hinh thap cd ba mat: khiing hodng cua ddng EUR, khung hodng trdi phieu chinh phii - ganh ng ciia qudc gia (ng cdng) vd khiing hoang cua ngan bang. Tuy nhien, thyc chat cai loi ben trong vd cdn bdn nhat chinh Id khung hodng ciia chii nghTa tu ban ve the che va mo hinh phdt trien.
Khuynb hudng bien nay d nhieu nude trong khu vyc la cdc ddng trung biiu dang tiep quan chinh sdch ciia cdc ddng xd hpi dan chu, cdc dang ndy dang chiem uu the d nhieu
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nude Chdu Au trudc day vdn do cdc dang xd hpi dan chii chi phdi. Nguyen nhan sau xa ciia sy thay the ndy tir nhirng khd khdn kinh te va xa hpi nay sinh, nhat la tdc dpng cua cupc khung hodng kinh te toan cau bien nay;
chii nghTa thj trudng ty do mdi lam vdo khiing hodng ddi hdi phai cd sy can thiep dieu tiet ciia nhd nude, trong khi he tu tudng thay the chua phii hgp.
Dieu nay the hien ro qua ket qua bau cir Nghj vien Chau Au nhiem ky 2009-2014.
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Cupc bau cir Nghj vien Chau Au lan nay dugc danh gid Id quy md nhat tir trudc tdi nay cua EU. Tuy nhien, cdc cupc tbdm do du luan gan day cho thdy da sd cir tri Chau Au td ra thd a, tay chay vd thieu hieu biet ve cupc bau cir nay. Ty le ngudi di bo phieu thap ky luc.
Ben canh dd, ngudi dan cdc nude chau
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Au cho rdng Nghj vien Chdu Au khdng co tham quyen tryc tiep de gidi quyet cdc tdc dpng ciia cupc khung hoang kinh te ma quan trpng phai la Qudc hdi cua timg qudc gia.
Cdc nude EU van dp dyng luat rieng do Qudc hpi trong nude soan tbdo va thong qua, luat chung ciia Khdi chi cd tinb chung chung...
Ngodi ra, ngudi dan cac nude EU ciing bat man vdi cac chinh sdch cua cdc chinh phii dang dieu hanh dat nude. That nghiep tdng, gia ca leo thang, phiic lgi xa hpi bj cat gidm, tang trudng kinh te syt gidm, ddi song nhan dan hau bet cdc nude gap khd khdn'
Trudc tinh hinh dd, de tao ra mpt chau
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Au trong sang, minh bach, dan chu va co ndng luc ban, dam bao nhimg gid tri dan chu ' Trdn Nguyin Tuyfin. Lien minh Chdu Au trong bdi cdnh khiing hodng kinh ti. Nghien cuu Ch§u Au, s6 5(116)2010,tr.25-26.
aue infuujf, erunn Mtj... 1 1
cua ngudi dan chau Au, ddng thdi cdi thien vj the ciia EU tren trudng qudc te, Hiep udc Lisbon da chinh thiic cd bieu lyc kl tir ngdy 1 thdng 12 ndm 2009. Hiep udc Lisbon da dua ra nhirng cdi cdch vl tbi cbl chinh trj:
* Chu tjch Hdi ddng Lien minh Chau
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Au dugc bau vdi nhiem ky 2,5 ndm thay cho 6 thdng 1 lan. Chu tjch Hpi ddng EU se dieu hdnh cdc cupc hpp thugng dinh vd thay mat EU tren trudng qudc te.
* Hiep udc ciing bau ra mpt vj Chu tjch Chau Au thudng tryc ddng thdi Id Bp trudng A \
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Ngoai giao Chdu Au, vdi sy tham gia phe chuan ciia Qudc hpi Chdu Au.
* Ddc biet, Nghj vien EU (EP) dugc tang cudng vai trd Idnh dao, dugc giao nhimg quyen lyc mdi quan trpng ddi vdi Hiln phdp EU, ngan sach EU vd nhiing thod thuan qudc te. Qudc hpi cdc nude thanh vien ciing cd nhiing co hpi Idn hom de tham gia vdo cdng viec cua EU, cd dieu kien de nang cao tinh dan chu vd tang cudng cdc boat dpng lap phdp trong EU.
* Hiep udc Lisbon ciing cd nhimg quy djnh vl quyIn nit khdi cdc nude thdnh vien, tao dilu kien phdt trien mpt EU ndng dpng vd khdng ciing nhdc.
* Hiep udc Lisbon ciing gdp phdn cdi thien ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan chau Au khi ludn hudng tdi va dam bao nhimg gia trj dan
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chii ciia ngudi dan chau Au.
He thing chinh tri cua Dire dugc chia ra lam hai cdp: Cdp Lien bang, dai dien cho qudc gia v l mat doi ngoai va cdp tilu bang cua timg bang mpt. Mdi cdp diu cd ca quan
nhd nude rieng ve hdnh phap, lap phdp vd tu phdp.
Trong hom 50 ndm qua, d Cpng hod Lien bang Diic chi cd 2 dang chu yeu Id Dang Lien minh Dan chii Thien Cbiia gido (CDU) vd Ddng Dan chii Xd hpi (SPD) thay nhau len cdm quyln. C6 the noi day la hai
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ddng Idn nhdt d Dire, giii vj the vd vai tro quan trpng trong ddi sdng va chinh trj ciia dat nude. Chinh phii hien nay la chinh phii lien minh giira Dang Lien minh Dan chii Thien Cbiia gido (CDU) vd Ddng Dan chu Ty do (FDP) dudi sy lanh dao ciia bd Angela Merkel, ngudi phy nir ddu tien trong ljch sir Diic trd thanh Thu tudng.
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He thdng bau cir hien hanh ciia Cpng boa Lien bang Diic Id sy ket hgp giira che dp bau cir
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theo dai dien ty le vdi cdc yeu to ciia he thdng
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bau cir theo da sd trong viec phan chia ghe d Qudc hpi. He thdng hdn hgp nay nham dung hda va phdt huy uu diem cua cdc phuomg phap bau cir.
Qudc hdi Diic hien nay gdm 622 nghj sT, dugc bdu tir nam 2009 vdi 44.005.577 cir tri tham gia tren tdng sd 62.168.489 cir tri.
Qudc hpi Diic ndm 2010 da td chiic tong cpng 69 phien hpp toan the, thdng qua dugc
101 vdn ban luat. chi 70% ngudi dan Dire quan tam den bau cir, nhung quan tam den
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cdng viec ciia Qudc hdi thi diing hdng dau the gidi.
6 Diic, vai trd cua chinh phu rdt dugc coi trpng do sy phat trien cua nude Diic dya
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tren ba try cot: kinh te thj trudng, nhd nude phap quyln, xa hpi dan sy. Ca ba try cot nay
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NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STU&lK nCVIEW W»^1 ffWf.lQ^ 2deu cd y nghTa quan trpng, gdp phan vdo binh thdnh md binh phdt triln xd hpi ciia Dire. Ben canh dd. Dire Id qudc gia vdi nen kinh te thj trudng nhung khdng hoan todn ty do ma cd sy can thiep tuomg doi cua nhd nude.
Cupc khiing hoang kinh te todn cau dd anh hudng sau rpng den tat ca quoc gia tren the gidi, CMLB Diic cung khdng ndm ngodi sy tac dpng dd. Tir khi dien ra cupc khiing hoang den thang 7/2009, chinh phu Dire dd dua ra hai goi kich cau trj gid tuomg doi Idn so \di cac nude khdc trong khu vyc. Thdng 11/2008, chinh phii tuyen bd gdi kich cau thu nhat CO trj gid 32 ty EUR. De tiep tyc gidi
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Ciiu nen kinh te dang suy thoai tram trpng, thdng 1/2009, chinh phu Diic da nhat tri vdi goi kich cau thii bai trj gid 50 ty EUR (67 ty USD). Ngdy 13/2/2009, Ha vien Dire da thdng qua ke hoach kich thich kinh te nay
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nhdm vyc day nen kinh te Idn nhat EU.
Tuy nhien, theo Cyc Thdng ke, mire ng cua Dire nam 2009 chilm tdi 70,3% GDP, nhung van thdp hom so vdi 73% dy kien cua Bd Tdi chinh. Chinh phii Dure udc tinh trong thdi gian tdi sd ng se cdn tdng 85 ty EUR, do nhiing ke hoach chi tieu phiic lgi xd hpi va thiic day phdt trien kinh te.
Tinh trang ng ndn dang gay them khd khdn cho sy phyc hdi tdng trudng cua kinh te
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Diic vdn dd tdng trudng am trong ndm 2009,
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khi hai yeu td vd cimg quan trpng ddi vdi nen kinh te la siic tieu dimg trong nude va dau tu tir cac doanh nghiep hien tai deu giam manh. Trong khi dd, ty le thdt nghiep lai tdng
cao. So li?u cua Cyc Lao ddng Lien bang Diic (BA) cho bilt, so ngudi thdt nghiep d
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Diic trong thdng 1/2010 tiep tyc tdng, vdi 3,617 tri?u ngudi thdt nghi?p, tdng 342.000 ngudi so vdi thdng 12/2009. Ty le thdt ngbipp d Diic bi?n nay Id 8,6% tdng sl ngudi d dp tuoi lao dpng. Ty le that nghiep gia tdng dd day so ngudi nhan tien trg cap that nghi?p loai bai tai Dire len 6,5 trieu ngudi trong cd nude, tdng 2,4% so vdi ciing ky ndm ngodi. Day Id lan ddu tien sd ngudi nhan trg cap that nghiep loai bai tdng cao so vdi mpt ndm trudc vd Id dieu rdt ddng lo ngai ddi vdi ban Idnh dao Dire.
Tinh hinh kinh te xd hdi neu tren da khien uy tin cua chinh phu Diic vd dang Dan chii Ty do (FDP) - dang Idn trong lien minh lanh dao Chinh phu, bj gidm manh. Theo ket qua cupc tbdm dd ciia hang truyen hinh ARD, sd ngudi iing hd dang FDP chi cdn 8,0% so vdi 14,6% tai ky bau cii hdi thdng 9/2009, mpt ty le thap chua timg cd ddi vdi dang nay, lien minh cam quyln CDU/CSU vd FDP chi con nhdn dugc 44% sd cir tri iing hd, trong khi so ngudi img hp phe ddi lap gdm ba ddng SPD, ddng Xanh va Die Linke tang len 52%. Ngudi Diic cho Chinh phii lien minh Den Vang cua Thu tudng Angela Merkel dilm 3,9 (tinh theo thang diem tir 1 den 6). Kit qua tbdm dd ciia Vi$n Emmid ciing cho thay 65% sd ngudi dugc hdi khdng hai long vdi sy lanh dao ciia Chinh phu mdi, trong khi chi cd 27% bay to hai Idng^
http://vneconomy.vn/20100323093028700p0c99/nuoc -duc-dang-ngap-trong-no-nan.htm
76e tko^nytmMt W.T. 13
Ben canh do, viec Tdng thing Horst Koehler, ngudi Dang CDU bdt ngd tir cbiic ngay 31/5/2010 vd iing cir vien Christian Wolff do lien minh cam quyen gidi thieu phai mat ba vdng bd phieu trong Hpi dong Lien bang mdi tning cir (ngdy 30/6) cho thay nhirng bat ddng tdn tai trong lien minh ndy vd tinh binh chinh trudng Diic cdn nhieu phirc tap vd chua dn djnh.
2. Dieu chinh chinh sach ciia chinh phii Dii-c sau khung hoang
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Mac dii Diic dugc danb gid Id qudc gia vugt qua khiing hoang klid tdt, nhung van dang con bj dnh hudng ndng ne cua cupc khiing hodng kinh te todn cau. Vdi mong muon se giiip ngudi dan thyc sy thodt khoi khiing hoang, chinh phu Diic dd dua ra mdt sd dieu chinh ve chinh sdch:
+ Ddn ddn chdm dut cdc chuang trinh kich thich kinh ti khdc phuc khiing hodng dugc ban hdnh tit 2008;
+ Hgn chi chi tieu chinh phii. gidm trg cdp. khuyen khich vd uu tien chi tieu cho gido due vd nghien citu;
Thii tudng Diic Angela Merkel mdi day dd cdng b l kl hoach cdt giam ngdn sdch 80 ty EUR, tuomg duomg khodng 107 ty USD trong 4 ndm. Bd by vpng ke hoach nay se dua tham hyt ngan sdch cua Diic den nam 2013 xudng dudi miic quy djnh cua chau Au.
Due da va dang thi hdnh chinh sdch
"cdng viec ngdn ban" (short work) de lam giam mdt each hieu qua ty le thdt nghiep ma chinh phu chi cdn rdt ngan sdch cho viec nay d miic rdt thdp. Mac du kinh tl Diic hien
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phdt trien khdng manh nhung ty le that nghiep ciia Diic chi la 0,5%, tham chf cdn thdp hom cd trudc khiing hodng kinh te. Diic dua ra cdc "goi" cdng viec khdc nhau phii hgp vdi chinh sdch "cong viec ngan ban", sao cho thay vi phdi sa thdi 20% so lugng ngudi lao dpng, chinh phu khuyin khich cac cdng ty, xi nghiep, tap dodn (gpi chung la chii sir dyng lao dpng) cdt gidm 20% thdi gian lam viec ciia hp. Chinh phii se ho trg 60% pbdn luomg dd bj cdt giam (tuomg duomg vdi 12% tdng luong ban dau) ciia ngudi lao ddng, chu sir dyng lao dpng bii 20% (4%), con ve phia ngudi lao dpng se bj mat cbimg 4% luomg so vdi trudc kia nhung thdi gian Idm viec lai dugc gidm 20%.
Ben canh dd, chinh phii Diic ciing dua ra mdt sd thay ddi trong cdc chinh sdch ve bdo hiem y te, chinh sdch xa hpi, cac djch vy xd hdi, quyen vd trdch nhiem ciia phy nir mang thai... dugc thyc hien tir ndm 2010.
+ Gidm thue doanh nghiep nhdm kich thich su ndng dgng kinh te trong nude; dan gidn hod he thong thue; gidm thue cho nhiing nguai co thu nhap thdp vd trung binh;
Sau khung hodng, cdc nude dp dyng rat nhieu bien phdp de khdc phyc khd khdn, khdi
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phyc kinh te trd lai boat ddng binh thudng vd phdt trien, trong dd chinh sdch thue dong vai trd quan trpng. Day la mdt gdi giai phdp quan trpng ma cac nude da dp dyng nhdm hd trg doanh nghiep vugt qua khd khdn sau khung hoang tai chinh tien te vd nhanh chdng hdi phyc. Cy thi chinh phii Du:c:
Gidm thul sudt; Gidm thul doanh thu tir 25%
xudng cdn 15%; Tang thul tieu dung dii vdi
14 NGHIEN CCU C H A U AU EUROPEAN SfUPfga WEVieW H"r(lW1.2012
cac mdt klidng dugc khuyin khich ho$c phdi tiet kiem tieu dimg nhu thuoc Id, rugu, nhien lieu; Ban bdnh "l,u$t tdi ca cdu Ngdn hdng"
trong dd tien hdnh thu thue ngan hang.
+ Cling CO he thong lien kit kinh ti trong EU;
Vdi vai trd la dau tau ciia EU, Due dang dimg trudc quyet djnh sira doi Hien phap ciia minh de chia se quyen lyc vd ciiu nguy cho chau Au trudc cupc khiing hodng ng.
Hien phdp nude Dire ludn dugc tdn trpng tuyet ddi, nhung dieu ndy ciing cdn trd
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kha ndng gidi ciiu ddng tien chung chau Au bdi Berlin se khdng dugc phep chuyen giao mdt sd quyen lyc cho EU. Do dd:
Budc dau tien. Dire mudn sira ddi, bd sung hiep udc ciia EU budc nhimg nude cd ng cdng Idn cua Eurozone phai chju sy gidm sat bat bupe bdi Brussels. Dieu dd cd nghTa Tda dn Tu phdp Chau Au cd the hdnh ddng chdng lai nhiing nude lam dung ngan sach.
Theo ke hoach, mpt cdng td vien se cd trdch nhiem xay dyng Id trinh ngan sdch cho mpt quoc gia vay ng md khong gay anh hudng den luat thue va chinh sdch xd hpi cua quoc gia dd.
Budc thir hai. Dire mudn EU di theo hudng trd thdnh mpt lien minh chinh trj.
Dieu nay ddi hdi phdi chuyen giao nhieu quyen lyc ban cho EU vd cd nghTa Id can sira ddi Hien phap Due. Theo quy djnh tai Dilu 23, sira ddi Hien phdp ddi hdi su nhat
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tri cua it nhat hai phan ba cua Quoc hpi Lien
bang Diic, ciing nhu d Thugng vien ca quan lap phdp cao hom dai dien cho nha nude Diic vd theo Dilu 146 cua Hiln phdp, thong qua trung cdu dan y. Dilu ndy cung dang gay chia rg trong npi bp ciia chinh phii Diic.
Lien minh Xd hpi Thien Cbiia giao (CSU), hi?n dang chia se quyln lyc trong lien minh Chinh phu Lien bang vdi CDU, cho rdng vipc bien EU thanh mdt lien minh chinh trj vd tang cudng quyen lyc cho Brussels sg 1dm phuang hai tdi cdc nen dan chu tai chau Au. Cdc qudc gia chau Au phai ty cuu lay minh thay vi thoai thdc nghTa vu chdng khung hoang cho mdt ca quan chinh trj tap trung tai Brussels.
Ngugc lai, mdt sd thdnh vien cua Ddng Ddn chu Xa hpi ddi lap (SPD) mudn mpt cupc trung cau dan y dugc td chirc cang sdm cdng tdt cdn Dang Dan chu xa hpi tbi hy
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vpng rdng, cho den cupc bau cir Qudc hpi tiep theo, lien minh trung hiru hien tai cua
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Diic se sa lay trong van de ve cai each EU.
+ Tdng cudng thuc thi Hiep udc Tdng truang vd dn dinh;
+ Chudn bi itngpho vai cdc truomg hgp khiing hodng vi tinh thanh khodn vd khd ndng thanh todn cua nhd nuac trong Lien minh Tien t$ Chdu Au;
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+ Cung CO dong EUR nhdm ciing co site mgnh ciia Lien minh Chdu Au;
+ Sita doi CO gioi hgn Hiep uac Lisbon nhdm tdng cuang qudn l;p kinh ti, trdnh lap lgi khung hodng ngr trong khu vuc;
ave tnoftg. mtitutm 15 + "Thdt lung bugc bung" di trdnh
gdnh ndng ng nan cho cdc thi he sau;
+ Tdng cuang quan he vai nhiing mtdc xudt khdu ndng lugng lan, diin hinh la vai Nga, vita de ddi pho vai thdch thiic an ninh todn cdu. vita de hgp tdc phdt trien kinh te, trong do CO nhu cdu bdo ddm an ninh ndng lugng;
+ Tdng cudng sir dung ndng lugng xanh vd ndng luang tdi tgo (Due dang ddn
y y
ddu trong EU). nhdm gidm bat su phu thuge vdo ndng lugng khodng sdn. Tuy nhien. Due ciing dua ra nhiing dieu chinh chinh sdch ndng lugng sau su co dien hgt nhdn Fukushima.
Chi 3 ngdy sau khi xdy ra sy cd d nhd may dien hat nhan Fukushima cua Nhat Bdn, chinh phu Diic da quyet dinh tam ngimg boat dpng trong 3 thdng ddi vdi 7 nhd may dien hat nhan dugc xay dyng tir trudc nam 1980.
Ngoai 7 nha may nay ra, cdn cd mdt nhd may da dugc ngimg phdt dien de kiem tra miic dp an todn tir trudc sy cd hat nhan d Nhat Ban
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vd mpt nhd mdy khdc ciing sap den thdi gian kiem tra djnh ky. Nhu vay, tdng cpng cd 9 nha mdy dien hat nhan vdi lugng cung cap chiem 7-10% dien ndng cua Diic se ngimg boat ddng. Khdng nhiing vay, Chinh phii cua bd Angele Merkel cdn dua ra nhimg tieu
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chuan rat nghiem ngdt ddi vdi boat ddng cua nhd mdy hat nhan va tuyen bd tat ca nhimg nhd may khdng dat tieu chuan nay deu se phai ngimg boat dpng vTnh vien.
Nhu vay, Diic la nude di tien phong trong viec thay ddi chinh sdch ndng lugng
tren the gidi. Mdc du vl khia canh tdi chinh that sy dd Id mpt ddn ndng ne dii vdi cdc cdng ty khai thdc nhd mdy dipn hat nhan khi hp da mdt khodng 500 trieu EUR vi viec ddng cira 7 Id phdn iing cii cdch day hom 3 thdng. Lgi nhuan hdng ndm se giam 6,4 ty EUR khi tdt cd cdc nhd may dong cira vTnb vien. Dy kiln lgi nhuan se gidm 30% vao ndm 2012. Hang ndm, chinh phu Diic se mdt khodng 2,3 ty EUR (thul danh vdo nhien lieu hat nhan) va ciing mdt them 300 trieu EUR lien quan den ngudn ddng gdp cua cdc nhd san xudt di?n ddnh cho quy phdt triln ndng lugng tdi tao.
Nude Dire chap nhan trd gid rdt ddt cho viec tir bd dien hat nhan bdi ngodi viec phai mat di mpt ngudn thu cho ngan sdch, hp phdi ddnh mpt khodn dau tu rat Idn cho ndng lugng tdi tao. Tai Diic hien nay gid KWh dd cao vd tir nay din nam 2020 se tdng 20% din 30%. Cdc cdng ty se chiu 3/4 cua phdn tdng them nay, udc tinh tren 33 ty EUR.
Quylt djnh tir bd dien hat nhan ciia Dire, mdt cudng qudc cd ngdnh cdng nghiep diing hdng tbii ba thi gidi, la ddu bieu cua
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mpt sy chuyen bien quan trpng, co tinh quyet dinh, trong ITnh vyc ndng lugng thi gidi^
Tuy nhien, quyet dinh nay cua chinh phu Diic rat dugc ngudi dan img hp.
+ Xem xet thay ddi Lugt Nhap cu di uu tien bdo v$ vd su dung luc lugng lao dgng trong nuac. Chinh phu Diic cho rdng chinh sdch xa hpi da van hda da thdt bai va chu truomg se thdt chat quy dinh nhap cu. Tuy ' Tii li§u tham khao dac biet. Vi vi0c Due tit bo dien hgt nhdn, thiinamngiy 7/7/2011, tri 2.
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NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDiis REVIEW N"1 (T 36).2012nliien, Diic se can nhdc cho ph6p lao dpng cd tay nghe cao dugc nhap cu de bii ddp thieu hyt nhan cong trong nude;
+ Xem .XL'I thay doi Lugt Nhgp cu de uu tiC'ii hao vc vci su: dimg luc lugng lao dgng trong nuac.
^ Tit 01 3 2011, ho Ludt NghTa vu qudn sit (Luat nay cd hieu lyc tir 1957), chi nhan nhirng ngudi tinb nguyen, trir trudng bgp cdn thiet mdi tuyen quan, nhdm myc dich gidm so quan tir 240 nghin hipn nay xuong 170 ngbin, va chuyen tdt cd thanh quan nhan chuyen nghiep
Nhw vay, cho den nay chinh phu Dire luon sdn sdng sir dyng siic manh ciia Chinh phii de bd trg nen kinh te. Vdi nhimg chinh sdch manh tay trong viec cdt gidm cac khodn chi tieu thira, nhiing thay ddi dugc dua ra vdi thj trudng viec lam, nhirng no lyc cdi thien
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he thong gido due, he thdng thue vd chuomg trinh giam tham but ngan sdch bien tai bao gdm dieu khodn gidm 60% chi tieu vd 40%
tdng tbue^...ldm cho tham byt ngan sdch
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trong trung ban ciia Diic thap ban. Ty 1? that nghiep d miic ly tudng 6,1%, thap hom so vdi
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khi khung hodng tdi chinh bdt dau vdo ndm 2007 Dilu nay cho thdy, Diic hieu ro vai trd cua Chinh phii trong nen kinh te thi trudng.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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1. Nguyen An Hd. Mgt so dieu chinh chinh sdch sau khung hodng cua Lien minh
* http://sctyenbai.gov.vn/content/news/chlb-duc-dieu- chinh-mot-so-chinh-sach-lien-bang
^ http://cafef.vn/20110611115436944CA32/kinh-te- duc-vuot-troi-so-voi-my.chn
Chdu Au. T^p chi Nghien cum Chau Au, so 8/2010.
2. Dinh Cdng Tudn. Mot s6 vdn de ly lugn vd th{tc tien vi xd hgi ddn su a Lien minh Chdu Au. Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi. Ha Npi, 2010.
3. Djnh Cdng Tuan. Lien minh Chdu Au hai thdp nien ddu thi ky XXI, Nxb Khoa hpc XahOi,Hd Ndi, 2011.
4. Tran Nguyen Tuyen. Lien minh Chdu Au trong boi cdnh khimg hodng kinh
r A /
Ic. Tap chi Nghien cuu Chau Au, sd 5(116) 2010.
5. Trdn Nguyen Tuyen. Tinh hinh cgng hoa Lien bang Dire vd quan he hgp tdc hai nuac Viet Nam - Ditc hien nay. Tap chi Nghien curu Chdu Au, sd 2/2011.
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0
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