XAC L A P C A C \ UNG CHUYEN C A N H SAN XUAT HANG H O A a HUYEN lAPA, T i N H GIA LAI
PH4MTHIQUY Tru&ng Dgi hoc Su Phgm - Dgi hgc Hue
HA VAN HANH Tnrang Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc Hue
Tom tit: Huyen lapa vdi dien tich 86.855,34 ha, chilm 5,6% dien tich cua loan tinh, la noi c6 dilu kien tu nhien kha thuan lgi cho phat trien mot nen nong nghiep toan dien. Tuy nhien, thuc tl khai thic vi sir dung tai nguyen dai d huyen lapa manh miin va thieu quy hoach. De tai niy danh gia va phan hang thich nghi dit dai nham xac lap luan cii khoa hoc phyc vy cho viec quy hogch cac \'img chuyen canh, tir do de xuat giai phap cho cdng tac chuyen doi co cau cay trlng tbeo hudng san xuat hang boa nong san dgt hieu qui cao. De tai sir dung cac phucmg phap: thong ke, khao sat thuc dja, ban dd...
Nghien ciru da de xuat 2 loai huih chuyen canh san xuat hang hda d huyen lapa.
Ttf khoa: viing chuyen canh, san xuat hang boa, huyen lapa
I.M6DAU
Trong bdi cinh nen kinh tl thi trudng, sin xuit ndng nghiep mudn phat trien nhanh va ben viing cin phai quy hogch cic viing san xuit hing hoi tap trung. Cd nhu vay mdi thuan ti?n ffong viec td chiic san xuat, diu mua cbl biln va tieu thy sin phim, ddng thdi cd dieu kien ip dyng khoa hpc 1^ thuat, nang cao ning suit va ha gii thinh de tang kha nang cgnh ffanh ffen thj trudng.
lapa la huy|n cd nhieu tiem nang thuan lgi cho phat trien mpt nen ndng nghiep toan dien. Tuy nhien, cac dieu kien dit dai cua linh thd phin hda phtic tap va qua trinh khai thac khdng hgp ly di lim suy thoii tii nguyen d i t . . Mat khic, hiu het cac vimg chuyen canh sin xuit hing hoi d diy deu hinh thinh mpt cich tu phit, manh mun va thieu quy hoach nen khdng khai thac het tiem nang the manh cua dat dai. Vi vay, nghien ciiu de xac lap cac vTJng chuyen canh sin xuat hang hda la rat cin thiet ffong giai doan hien nay.
2. KHAI Q U A T D A C DIEM TU NHIEN KHU VUC NGHIEN CUU 2.1. \'i tri dia ly va pham vi lanh tho nghien cihi
lapa nim ffong thung lilng sdng Ba, d phia Ddng Nam tinh Gia Lai. Huy?n cd tga do dia ly tir 13''41' din 21^31' vTdd Bic va tir 108°17' din 108^45' kinh do Ddng.
Trung tam huy?n each thanh phd Pleiku 104 km vl phia Ddng Nam va cd Tinh Id 662 di qua nen khi thuan lgi ffong viec ffao ddi hang hda, phat tiiln kinh tl - xi hdi cung nhu an ninh qudc phdng. Trong tuong lai, lapa se ffd thanh mgt trung tam kinh tl quan trgng Tap chi Khoa hpc va Giao due, Tmong Dai hoc Sir pham Hul
ISSN 1859-1612. S6 03(:7|'2013:n-86-93
XAC LAP CAC \'UNG CHUYEN CANH SAN X C A T H.VNG HOA (3 HUYEN LAPA...
ffen tuydn giao thdng nay.
2.2. D^c diem dia chit, dia hinb
lapa nam d viing triing Ayun Pa (Cheo Reo) thupc trim tich Neogen (N), keo dai tir Ayun Pa den Krdng Pa. Cac da d day thudc he ting Ming Yang (T^mg) vdi thanh phin chu yeu la cit ket vi bdt ket. Ngoii ra, tren b l mat cd cac di phun trao rioUt xen da phien set, Bl diy cua he ting nay khoang 100 - 300 m,
Dia hinh triing, thip din tur Bac xudng Nam va tir Tay sang Ddng, dinh cao nhit la 1,260 m. Cd the chia dia hinh lapa thanh 3 kieu: dia hinb niii thap, dia hinh gd ddi va dia hinh ddng bang thung lung giiia niii.
2.3. Dac diem khi hau, thuy van
Ngoai bieu hien chung ciia khi hau Gia Lai la nhiet ddi gid miia (nhiet do cao lugng mua Idn vi phin hoa theo miia), Bieu hien rieng ciia khi hiu tieu vimg Cheo Reo la chiu anh hudng sau sic ciia yeu td do cao va dia hinh. Do dia hinh thung liing long chao thip v i kin gid nen cic yeu td nhiet im va tinh chit ciia khi hiu thung liing cd nhiing net rieng. Nhiet do trung binh nam li 26''C, lugng mua it, chi xip xi 1.200 mm/nim. tuang duang vdi lugng bdc hai nam (1.100 mm/nim) vi dd am tuong ddi thap, trung binh nam la 78% [1].
He thdng sdng ngdi ciia Gia lai ndi chung vk lapa ndi rieng cd die diem la chieu dii ngin, ddc nen tdc do ddng chiy Idn, nhit li vao miia mua lu. Tren lanh thd lapa cd 2 h6 thong sdng chinh la sdng Ba va sdng Ayun. Sdng Ba cd chieu dii khoing 200 km, dien tich luu vuc la 13.500 km", cd ngudn nude ddi dao nen cd tiem ning thiiy dien Idn, ddng thdi la nai cung cip nude chu yen cho san xuat va sinh boat ciia nhan dan. Sdng Ayun cd chieu dai 135 km va dien tich luu vuc la 1.710 km". Hien nay tren sdng niy da xiy dyng hd chira nude Ayun ba, cd the tudi cho khoang 13.000 ha liia.
2.4. Dac diem tho nhudng, sinh vat
Dit dai huyen lapa dugc thanh tgo tren mdt dia hinb phtic tap vdi nhieu logi di me khic nhau da tao ra ldp phu thd nhudng rit da dgng bao gdm han 11 loai dit thuge cic nhdm dit: dat xam, dit dd ving va dit phu sa. Ngoii ra, d linh thd nghien ciiu cd loai dat xdi mdn tra sdi di vdi dien tich tuong ddi Idn,
Vdi cac dgc diem \ e dia hinh, khi hau va thd nhudng nhu tren d i tgo ra d diy mgt thim thyc vat da dang va cd the chia thanh hai kieu tham:
- Thim thuc vit rimg.' Dien tich rimg ty nhien cua toin huyen la 54.023,5 ha, chiem khoing 62,2% dien tich tu nhien, nhung chu yen !i rimg thua nira rung la vdi trir lugng go thap. Tuy nhien, rimg chu yen phin bd tgi nhiing khu vyc cd dp ddc Idn (> 25**) nen CO vai ffd rat quan trpng trong \ iec chdng xdi mdn.
- Tham thuc vat canh tic: Chu yeu la cay trdng hing nim nhu: liia, hoa man \ a cac cay cdng nghiep ngin ngay... dugc ffdng d nhirng vimg tuang ddi bing phang. Cac ciy liu nam bao gdm cay cdng nghiep dai ngay nhu dieu, cao su..., phin bd rai rac thudc dia
PHAM THI QUY - HA VAN HANH
phan ciia cic xi: Kim Tan, Pa Td. Cay an qui nhu cam, chanh, budi, diia, mit, chudi...
dugc ffdng d vimg ddi, tan dung dit ffdng de phat trien kinh te va phii xanh dat ffdng ddi niii ffgc.
Nhan xet chung vl dilu Iden tur nhien, tai nguyen thien nhien, canh quan mdi tnrdng
Thuan Iffi
- Huyen lapa cd dien ticb tu nhien Idn, dia Mnh da dang tao dieu kien phit trien nhieu loai hinh san xuat ndng - lim nghiep..
- Thd nhudng da dang, thich hgp cho su phat trien nhieu logi cay trdng khic nhau, nhit la cac loai cay luong thyc vi ciy cdng nghiep dai ngay (CNDN), mgt sd vimg cd dieu kien thd nhudng thich hgp cho phat ffien ciy CNNN va cay an qua,
- Die diem khi hiu mang tinh chit nhiet ddi i m gid miia (nhiet do cao, lugng mua Idn va phin hda theo miia,), thuan lgi phit ffien sin xuit ndng nghiep.
- He thdn^ sdng sudi ngin vi ddc, tuang ddi day dgc cd dilu kien diu tu xiy dung cac hd dap nham muc dich phit trien thuy lgi vi thiiy dien.
Khd khan
- La huyen mien niii nen van de giao luu di lgi hit siic khd khan, dac biet la cac xa d vimg sau nhu: Chu Md, la Tul, Pd td, Chu Rang.
- Phin Idn dien tich dit cd dO ddc Idn nen gay khd khan cho qui tiinh canh tic, dong thdi cd nguy co gay xdi Id, lii quet cho nhilu viing, inh hudng xau den san xuat va hgn che viec phit trien md rdng nhdm dat phi ndng nghiep.
- Dien tich dat trdng ddi mii ffgc vin cdn Idn, nlu khdng cd bien phap che phu, cai tao bang cac logi cay lam, ndng nghiep se cdn tiep tuc gay anh hudng xiu den mdi trudng sinh thai ffong tuang lai.
Nhu vay, huyen lapa cd dilu kien ty nhien it thuan lgi cho phit triln cic nginh san xuit va ddi sdng sinh hogt cua nhan dan, viec khai thac cac ngudn tii nguyen thien nhien con gap nhilu khd khan.
3, T H A N H L A P B A N D O DON VI D A T DAI TI LE 1/50.000 6 LANH THO HUYEN lAPA
3.1. Lua chon va phan cip chi tieu lay dung ban dd dun vi d i t dai
Bin do don vj dat dai ( p \ ^ D ) lanh thd nghien cthi dugc thanh lip ffen ca sd 7 chi tieu va dugc phan cip cu the nhu sau:
1. Logi dat: Co 11 loai, bao gdm: Dit phu sa dugc bdi (Pb); Dit phu sa khdng dugc bdi (P); Dit phii sa ngdi suoi (Py); Dit xam ffen phu sa cd (X); Dit xam ffen da macma axit (Xa); Dit xam bgc mau ffen phu sa cd (B); Dit xam bac mau ffen da granit (Ba); Dit dd vang ffen da granit (Fa); Dit nau vang ffen phii sa cd (Fp); Dit miin vang dd ffen d i
XAC LAP CAC VUNG CHUYEN CANH SAN XUAT HANG HOA 6 HUYEN lAPA,.,
macma axit (Ha); Dit xdi mdn ffo sdi di (E).
2. Tdng day- Dugc chia lam 5 cip: Tren 100 cm (Dl); Tir 70 - 100 cm (D2); Tir 50 - 70 cm (D3); Tir 30 - 50 cm (D4); Dudi 30 cm (D5).
3. Dp ddc: Cd 5 cip do ddc: Dudi 3" (SLl); Tir 3 - 8° (SL2); Tir 8 - 15" (SL3); Tir 15 - 25°(SL4);Tren25'*(SL5).
4. Thanh phdn co gi&i; Cd 4 logi, bao gdm: Cit (<10% set vgt Ii - CI); Cat pha (10 - 30% set vit li - C2); Thit nhe (20 - 30% set vit li - C3); Tbjt tiung binh (30 - 40% set vit li - C4).
5. Nhi4t do: Co 3 cip nhiet dd, bao gdm: Tren 26^0 (Tl); Tir 24 - 26°C (T2); Nhd ban 24°C (T3)
6. Kha ndng thoat nu&c: Dugc chia lam 4 cip: Thoat nude tdt (Fl); Thoat nude kha tot (F2); Khd thoat nude (F3); Rit khd thoit nude (F4).
7. Vi tri: Cd 4 cip la: Rit thuan loi (PI); Thuin lai (P2); It timin lgi (P3); Khdng thuan lgi (P4).
3.2. Kit qua thanh iSp ban dd don vi dit dai ti le 1/50.000
Viec xay dung ban do dan vj dat dai dugc thuc hien bing each chdng xIp cac bin dd dan tinh dudi sy ffg giiip cua GIS. Ngoai 4 tinh chit cua cac DVDD la: loai dit, ting day, do ddc va thanh phin ca gidi dugc liy tir ban do dit, cac tinh chat cdn lgi dugc ndi suy va tinh toan de xic dinh [3], Kit qua nghien ciiu da xic dinh dugc 79 DVDD (xem hinhl).
4. D A N H G L \ V A P H A N HANG MLfC DO THICH NGHI D A T DAI CHO CAC LOAI HINH s i r DUNG D A T CHU YEU
4.1. Phmmg phap dinh gii va phSn hang thich nghi dit dai
D I danh gia miic dg thich nghi ciia cac DVDD ddi vdi cic loai hinh sii dung dit, phuang phap dinh gia diiih lugng bang each ap dyng bii toin trung binh nhan theo cdng thiic cua D. L. Armand (1975, [4]) da dugc six'dung;
Mo=fya^2-^3-—"^n Trong do:
Mo: Gia ffi tnmg binh nhin;
ai, a2,...an: Sd diem ciia n chi tieu;
n: So lugng chi tieu dimg danh gii.
PHAM THI QLT - HA V A N HANH
Hinh l.Sadd dan vi dat dai huyen lapa
De tao dieu kien thuan loi cho cdng viec danh gia va phan hang, chimg tdi dua ra thang diem danh gia cho cac chi tieu nhu sau:
Rit thich nghi (Sl): 3 dilm.
Thich nghi (S2): 2 diem it thich nghi (S3): 1 dilm Khdng thich nghi (N): 0 diem.
Mdi DVDD ffen dia bin nghien ciru sg cd 7 chi tieu danh gii tuang ling vdi 7 gia ffi diem. Diem dinh gia l i dilm trung binh nhan cua cac gia ffi dilm do. Nhiing DVDD nao cd ylu td gidi ban ma cay ffdng khong vugt qua se cd diem bang 0 (N = 0) nen gii ffi trung binh nhan Mo = 0 va dan vi nay se khdng dua vao dk. dinh gia [2].
4.2. Ket qua danh gia va phan hang mirc dp thich nghi dit dai
Ap dung cdng thiic tinh khoang each diu dl phan hang miic do thich nghi cua tiing DVDD ddi vdi cic loai hinh sir dung dit. Kit qua:
S = ^ = 0 , 6 6 3 O day, di6m tai da Sm,x"= 3, diSm t6i thilu S„„= 1.
XAC LAP CAC VtJNG CHUYEN CANH SAN XUAT HANG HOA 6 HUYEN lAPA...
Khoang cich diem ffong mdt hang li 0,66 va dugc xac dinh la:
Diem trung binh nhin bing 0: Khdng thich nghi (N).
Dilm trung binh nhan tir 1,00 - 1,66: It tiiich nghi (S3).
Diem tnmg binh nhan tir 1,67 - 2,33: Thich nghi (S2).
Dilm tiding binh nhan tir 2,34 - 3,00: Rit thich nghi (Sl).
Ket qui phan hgng mirc do thich nghi ciia cic loai hinh sir dung dit ffinh bay d bang 1.
Bang 1. Tdng hgp diin lich cdc hang ddi vai timg toai hinh su dung Loai binh
s u d u n g Cay s i n cao san Cay mi'a Cay dieu
H Rat thich nghi
( S l ) DT: 1.167,7 ha G6m 3 D V B D DT: 2.878,4 ha G6m 7 D V D D DT: 0 ha G6m 0 DVDD
Thfch nghi (S2) DT: 17.255,8 ha G6m 22 D V D D DT: 21.190,1 ha G6m 35 DVDD DT: 13.782,2 ha G 6 m l 9 D V D D
"S It thich nghi
(S3) DT: 1.557,6 ha G6m 2 DVDD DT: 2.818,3 ha Gom 6 DVDD DT: 4.143,8 ha Com 5 DVDD
KhSng thich nghi (N) DT: 65.511,1 ha Gom 52 DVDD DT: 58.605,6 ha G6m 28 DVDD DT: 67.566,7ha G6m 55 BVDD Bang 1 cho thay, dien tich dit dai khdng thich nghi cho cic cay chuyen canh l i rit Idn.
Dilu do chiing td lanh thd nghien ciiu cd dilu kien khi hau, dit dai va dia hinh... khdng thuin lgi lim cho xac lap vung chuyen canh. Vi vay can phai diu tu cai tao va cd giii phip ddng bg ffong qui trinh thyc hien quy hoach.
5. D A N H G L 4 H I E U QUA KINH TE VA DE X U A T M O T SO VUNG CHUYEN CANH 5.1. Dinh gii hieu qua kinh te
Qua ket qua didu ffa hieu qua san xuat ciia cac loai cay ffdng chu yeu d mOt sd hp gia dinh ffen dia ban lanh thd nghien cuu cho thay cic DVDD cd miic dp thich nghi khic nhau thi gia ffi gia tang, hieu suit ddng vdn ciing nhu gia tri ngay cdng lao dgng ciing khic nhau (xem bing 2).
Bang 2. Hiiu qud kinh te cua cdc loai cdy trdng chu yeu ndm 2012 Loai
cay trong
chu yeu
Gia ffi SX thu duoc (GO)/
Iha/nam (lOOOd)
Chi phi tnmg gian
(icy
Iha/nSm (lOOOd) Hang r San
Mia
40.500 81000
15.650 25.500
Gia tri gia lang (VA)/
Iha/nam (lOOOd)
Chi phi cong LD (CL)/
Iha/nam (cong)
Gia tn ngay cong
LD (VC) (lOOOd)
Hieu suat dong von
(HS) It thich nghi ( S l )
(%)
24.350 55.500
134 235
181,7 236,2
155,6 217,6 H a n s thicb nghi (S2)
San Mia Dieu
36.000 64.000 25.000
17000 27.000 13.000
19.000 37.000 12.000
140 244 125
135,7 151,6 96,0
111,8 137,1 92,3 (Ghi chu. Kit qua tinh Iheo gid In dieu Ira trung binh cda 30 hd)
PHAM THI QL"Y - HA \ AN H.ANH
Bang 2 cho thiy, xet ve gii tri ngay cdng, hieu suit ddng vdn va gia tii gia ting cua ciy dieu deu thip ban so vdi ciy sin cao sin va cay mia. Mat khac, dien tich thicb nghi (82) cho cay dieu it ban sin va mia, die biet la khdng cd dien tich nao dugc danh gia la rat thich nghi (Sl) cho cay dieu. Dd l i ly do vi sao ngudi dan ffong huyen chuyen ddi din dien tich ffdng dieu trudc day sang trdng sin cao san va mia.
5.2. De xuit phat trien cac \ijng chuyen canh san xuit hang hoa
De dim bio tinh khoa hgc vi khach quan cho viec de xuit cac vimg chuyen canh sin xuit hing hda d lanh tho huyen lapa, chung tdi cin cii \'ao cac yeu to: bien trang sir dung dat; ket qui dinh gia va phan hang miic do thich nghi, hieu qua kinh te - xa hgi va tic dung ddi vdi mdi trudng cua cac loai ciy chuyen canh. Ket qua de xuit dugc tom tit qua bang 3 vahinh 2:
Bang 3. De xuat phdt trien cdc cdy chuyen canh theo dan v/ ddi dai Difn ticb va so liraiig DVBB
Nhdm 1: Dien tich: 16.068,8 ha, g6m31 DVDD.
Nhdm 2: Dien tich; 10.423.5 ha.
pom 22 DVDD.
Nhdm 3: Dien ticb: 59.385,8 ha.
gom 26 DVDD.
Chvc nang Khai thac kinh te Khai thac kinh te Bao ton tu nhien va khai thac kinh te
Hirong sir dyng Chuyen canh cay mia Chuyen canh cay sis cao san
- Trong ning.
- Khoanb nuoi, bao ve va phyc hSi tu nhien.
Hinh 2.Sad6 quy hoach cac loai cdy chuyen canh a huyen lapa 6. KET LUAN
Qua ket qua nghien clhi co th6 nit ra mot s6 ket luan sau:
Su tuong tac giOa hoan lini gio rniia dja phucmg den cac bac dia hinh khac nhau cung
XAC LAP CAC VUNG CHUYEN CANH SAN X U A T H A N G HOA 0 HL'YEN lAPA..
vdi nen mau chit phiic tap va su tac ddng cua con ngudi di hinh thinh nen d huyen lapa 79 DVDD vdi cac die diem sinh thii rieng biet.
Dien tich dat dai dugc danh gia thich hgp cho ciy mia va san cao sin l i rat Idn, ffong khi dien tich thich nghi (S2) cho cay diSu rat it, die biet la khdng cd dien tich nao dugc dinh gia Ii rit thich nghi (Sl) cho ciy didu.
Xet v^ gia ffi ngay cdng, hieu suit ddng vdn va gii ffi gia tang ciia ciy di^u d8u thip ban so vdi ciy sin cao sin v i cay mia. Vi viy ngudi dan ffong huyen dang chuyan ddi din nhirng dien tich ffdng dieu trudc day sang ffdng sin cao sin va mia.
Tren ca sd phin hang thich nghi dit dai, danh gii hieu qua kinh xk vk phan tich hien trang sii dyng dit, cho thiy cd 2 loai cay ffdng l i mia va sin cao sin cd the phat tri6n thanh viing chuyen canh sin xuit hang hda, vira dua lai hieu qui kinh tk cao, vira dim bio cho su phat trien bin viing.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
[1] Cue Thong ke tinh Gia Lai (2013). Nien gidm thing ke linh Gia Lai nam 2012, Pleiku.
[2] Ha Van Hanh (2011). Ddnh gid mirc do thich nghi vd hieu qud kinh ti cda mdt sd logi hinh sir dung ddi chu yiu phuc vu cho vifc xdc lap cdc viing chuyen canh son xudl hdng hod & khu vuc gd ddi linh Qudng Binh, Bao cao tong k^t dk tai cip Bp, Ma s6 B2009DHH 01.75, Hui
[3] VienQH& Thiet ke nong nghiep (1993)., Ddnh gid ddi vi sir phdt trien, Tai heu dich va in an luu hanh npi bp, Ha Npi.
[4] FAO (1976). A framework for land evaluation. Soil Bulletin N''32, Rome.
Title: SUGGESTION ON PLANNING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALISED COMMODITY PRODUCTION REGIONS IN THE lAPA DISTRICT, GIA LAI PROVINCE Abstract: With the area of about 86.855,34 hectares which account for over 5,6% of the total provincial area, lapa District is endowed with favorable natural conditions for comprehensive agricultural development. However, the land resources in the territory is still be exploited and used in a fragmentary and unplanned way. On the basis of the assessment and classificaUon of adaptive land in order to establish the scientific foundation for the planning of specialized cultivation areas, so that we can find the solutions for the work of structural transformation crop towards production-oriented agricultural goods with high efficiency. This topic used statistical, field surveys and maps methods. Researching has suggested two types of specialized commodity production in lapa distnct.
Keywords: specialized regions, commodity production, lapa district PHAM THI QUY
Hpc vien Cao hpc, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Hul PGS. TS. HA VAN HANH
Trudng Dai hpc IChoa hoc - Dai hoc Hue
