Nghi§n Cliu Gia d i n h vA G i 6 i
S6 4 2019
Xam hai tmh due tre em trong frirang hpc - Nhm tir Ichung ly thuyet ye moi quan he quyen luc
hat binh ding giiifa thay va tro
Dircyng Minh Thu^n*
Tom tat: Xam hai tinh due tre em (XHTDTE) la mgt van nan bao dong d ca Viet Nam va tren toan the gidi. Theo thong ke cua Bo Cong an, rieng nam 2018, ca nudc da xay ra 1.269 vu XHTDTE voi 1.141 nan nhan, chiem 82% tong so vuxam bai tre em. Dang chuy la s6 lucmg vu XHTDTE xay ra trong khong gian trucmg hpc chi^m ty trong dang ke - 6,2% tong so vu trong giai doan 2015-2018, va ngay cang CO dau hieu gia tang. Nhieu nghien cdu da chiing minh la moi quan he quyen lire bat binh dang giua giao vien va hoc sinh tao dieu kien cho giao vien xam hai tinh due hpc sinh de dang ciing nhu ngan chan nan nhan to cao. Chenh lech ve quyen luc giiia giao vien va hoc sinb lai cang sau sac hem dang sau nhimg canh cong trudng dong Mn, nhu trudng ngi tru. Vi the, vile phan tich moi quan he quyen luc nay la rat can thiet de co them nhiing luan cii vimg chae nham de xuat cac giai phap bieu qua nham ban che tinb trang tren. Trong khuon kh6 bai nghien eiiu, tac gia se phan tich cc che van hanh he thong trudng hpc da tao dieu kien cho viec hmh thanh va phat trien moi quan he quy§n lire bKt can xirng nay, va nhirng tac dpng cua no tdi rui ro xay ra xam bai tmh due hoc dudng cung nhu kha nang len tieng ctia nan nhan.
Tii khoa: Xam hai linh due tre em; Quan he quyen luc; Giao vien;
Hpc dudng.
Ngay nhan bai: 2/5/2019; ngay chinh sda: 17/5/2019; ngay duyfit dang: 12/7/2019.
* Ban Chinh sach - Luat phap. Hoi Lien hiep Phu nil Viet Nam.
60 Nghien cii'u Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 29, so 4, tr. 59-71
I.Oatvande
Trong thdi gian qua, nhiiu vu xam hai tinh due he em (XHTDTE) da bi phat hien va gay ra biic xiic trong du luan. Thu pham co the la nguoi quen, hang xdm, ngudi than, tham chi la giao vien, nhan vien nha tnrdng (Bp Cong an, 2019). Theo th6ng ke, hong giai doan 2015-2018, 6,2% cac vy XHTDTE dugc phat hien tr6n toan qu6c la do giao vien, nhan vien nha hudng gay ra (Bd Cdng an, 2019). Nhiing vu viec nhu vay khong chi tao ra tam ly lo lang ve sy an toan cua he em trong tbdi gian d tnrdng ma con gay nghi ngd, mSt niim tin vao dao diic nghe giao. XHTDTE da de Iai nhieu he luy doi vdi sue khoe the chat va tinh than ddi vdi tre, bao gom sang chan nhat thdi, mang tbai, ket qua bpc tap suy giam, bd hpc, ham cam... (ODI, 2008).
Thyc hang XHTDTE trong trudng hpc ggi y rang khong gian nay co the tir nai an toan doi vdi he trd thanh nai tao dieu kien cbo hanh vi xam hai.
Giao vien vua cd the la ngudi bao ve tre nhung ciing la doi tugng co the thyc hien hanh vi xam hai de dang va Idid phat hien bdi giao vien la ngudi CO tham quyen quan ly, danh gia hpc sinh. Dieu nay dat ra yeu cau ve viec nghien cuu moi quan he quyen lye giiia giao vien va hpc sinh, ciing nhu cac tac ddng cua moi trudng hpc dudng den kha nang tre hi xam hai tinh due, hi hoan viec phat hien va td cao cac banh vi xam hai.
2. Quan diem tiep can
2.1. Khai ni€m xam hai tinh due tre em
Nghien ciiu ve XHTDTE la chu de da dugc quan tam til lau do no co nhiing he qua sau rgng va lau dai doi vdi su phat hien ciia he em. Co mpt sd dinh nghia vh XHTDTE:
XHTDTE la mpt loai bao luc doi vdi he em, dugc biiu hien theo nhiing each kbac nhau va cd dac diem dac thu can dugc hieu de cung cdp su bao ve va phong ngira hieu qua cho tre em (Breaking the Silience together 2018)
Uy ban vl Quyen tre em (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2011) dinh nghia xam hai va lam dung tinh due he em bao gIm: (a) Xui giuc hoac ep bupc he tham gia vao bit ky hoat dgng tinh due hk hgp phap hokc cd hai ve mat tam ly; (b) Sir dung tre em trong khai thac thuong mai tinh due; (c) Su dung he em hong audio hoac hinh anh ve XHTDTE; (d) Mai dam tre em, nd le tinh due, bdc lot tinh due hong 111 hanh va du Uch, buon ban (hong va giila cac quoc gia) va ban he em cho muc dich tinh due hoac cudng hon.
Dirong Minh T h u | n 61 Td chiic Y t l T h i gidi (WHO & International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, 2006) dinh nghia XHTDTE la su tham gia cua dda tre vao hanh vi tinh due ma dua tre khdng hieu day du, khong thi dua ra sy ddng y, hoac chua cd su chuan hi ve tam sinh ly, hoac nhiing diiu vi pham phap luSt hoac luan thudng trong xa hdi. Tre em cd tbi bi lam dung bdi ca ngudi ldn va nhung diia tre khac - nhiing ngudi cd tudi hoac trudng thanh hon - ddng vai nhiing ngudi trach nhiem, dang tin tudng hoac quyin luc ddi vdi nan nhan,
Tai Viet Nam, theo Luat Tre em 2016, XHTDTE dugc dinh nghia la
"vi^c dimg vii lye, de dga dimg vii luc, ep budc, loi keo, dii dd tre em tham gia vao cac hanh vi lien quan den tinh due, bao gom hiep dam, cudng dam, giao can, dam d vdi tre em va su dung he em vao muc dich mai dam, khieu dam dudi mpi hinh thuc" (Qudc hpi, 2016).
Trong khuon khd bai nghien ciiu, XHTDTE dugc dinh nghia la bSt ky sy dung cham tinh due nao vdi mpt dua he thdng qua su dung vii lye, de doa hoac lira doi de dam bao sy tham gia ciia dua tre, hoac bat ky dung cham tinh due vdi mgt diia he khong du kha nang de ddng y bdi tuoi tac, khuyet tat hoac chenh lech siic manh.
2.2. Xam hai tinh due tre em trong tru'dng hoc xuat phat tii moi quan he quyen lire bat binh dang
Tir khai niem v l XHTDTE, nghien cuu cua Mathews va Collin Vezina (2019) da d l ra cac dac diem cua xam hai hinh due tre em bao gdm: (i) Xay ra trong mgt mdi quan he quyin lye (ii) Vi the bat binh dang giila ngudi xam hai va nan nhan: tudi tac, the chdt, nhan thuc, tam ly, gidi tinh va van hoa; (iii) Khong co sy ddng thuan; va (iv) Khai thac diem yeu cua nan nhan.
Vdi cac dac diem nhu vay, mpt mdi quan he tinh due giiia giao vien va hpc sinh diu se la XHTDTE, bdi (i) Giao vien d vi thi co quyin luc cao han - giao vien la ngudi chdm dilm, danh gia va quan ly hgc sinh; (ii) Giao vien la ngudi hudng thanh, cd tuli tac, thi chat, nhan thiic va van hoa ban han hoc sinh; (iii) Mdi quan he nay khong dya tren sy ding thuan - Sy ding thuan la thoa thuan giiia hai ben d vi thi ngang nhau hong khi giao vien ludn cd quyin lye cao hon; va (iv) Giao vien cd the khai thac diem ylu cua hpc sinh thdng qua de doa ve diem sd, ky luat dya vao tham quyen cua minh. Td chiic Childwise (Childwise, 2016) neu ra ban chat cua moi quan he nay bao gdm: (i) Giao vien ludn cd quyen lye han; (ii) Giao vien d vi hi cd thdm quyin cao hon; (iii) Mdi quan he phu thugc vac gidi tinh, tuli tac va hai nghiem; (iv) Mdi quan he chiu anh hudng bdi van hoa va tmyln thdng cua trudng hpc. Nghien cdu cua Mugawe va Powell (2006)
62 Nghien ciru Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 29, so 4, tr. 59-71
cho thdy van boa dpc doan va ky luat bSng hinh phat thi chdt d truong hgc da khuyin khich tao ra xam hai tinh due hpc dudng. Nghien ciiu cua Magwa (2014) chi ra tre em dugc day phai tdn trgng va nghe loi giao vien, din tdi ap lye phai dong thuSn khi giao vien ngd y yeu cau tinh due. Mat khac, viec dugc day phai ton hgng giao vien cung khien giao vien de dang thu hut sau dd xam hai hgc sinh.
Co the tbay riing mdi quan hS quyin lye bdt binh ddng giii'a giao vien va hpc sinh da Iam nay sinh cac chenh lech khac, tao dieu kien cho XHTDTE.
Nghien ciiu cua Jones va cac c6ng sy (2008) khang dinh moi quan he quyen Iyc giUa ngudi Idn va he em la mdt ylu t l gay ra XHTDTE va mdi quan he nay dac biet rd rang hong mdi trudng gia dinh va hpc dirdng. Bao cao cua ODI ve xam hai tinh dye hong va xung quanh tnrdng hpc d chau Phi (2008) khang dinh trudng hpc gidng nhu bat ky boi canh xa hpi nao - la mang ludi cua moi quan he quyen Iyc giira giao vien, nhan vien va hpc sinh. Mdi trudng hpc dudng co the la boi canh eho tat ca cac hinh thiic xam hai, bao gdm XHTDTE (Longobardi va cac cpng sy, 2017; Shiferaw va cac egng sy, 2017). Trudng hgc vira dai dien cbo yeu to bao ve nhung dong thdi cd the la yeu to rui ro anh hudng den siic khoe tam than doi vdi hgc sinh. Nghien ciiu cua Walter (2018) phat hien 61% nha giao mat gidy phep tai North Carolina la do vi pham dao diic tinh due. Nghien ctru cua Shakesbaft (2004) khao sat hgc sinh hi Idp 8 din Idp 11 tai 80.000 hudng hpc, phat hien giao vien la ngudi c6 kha nang thyc bien XHTDTE nhiiu nhat, vdi 9,6% cac vu, theo sau la huan luyen vien, tai xl xe buyt va ky luat vien.
Nghien ciiu cua Mitchell (2010) phat hien rang hon 80% cac tnidng hgp XHTDTE tai My dien ra trong cac tinh hudng mgt he em va mpt ngudi ldn. Moi trudng trudng hgc tao dieu kien cho cac tucmg tac 1-1 nhu vay vi du nhu giao vien yeu cau hgc sinh mang sach tdi nha rieng, hgc sinh co bai hgc them vdi giao vien hoac khi giao vien ggi hgc smh vao van phong cua minh. Nghien ciiu cua Magwa (2014) ve tinh hang XHTDTE cua giao vien tai Zimbabwe ggi y la giao vien khdng dugc d ciing bpc sinh hong mdi tnrdng rieng tu vi dieu nay cd Igi cho vice XHTDTE.
Tham quyen cua giao vien bao gdm cham dilm va dua ra nhan xet danh gia ddi vdi hpc sinh, tao dieu kien cho banh vi xam hai (Longobardi va c ' cpng sy, 2017; Moulden va cac cdng sy, 2010). Nghien cuu cua Mould (2010) vl cac trudng hgp XHTDTE tai Canada phat hien hdu hit thu nh sd dung quyen Iyc de thao tiing hon la sue manh thi chit: 84% sij ^j, thdm quyin; 40%) xay dyng m l i quan he than thien; 16% dl nghi giur, d~
nan nhan va 14% tang qua, vi du nhu tien, cho nan nhan. Nehien cin "
Dirong Minh Thuan 63 Celik va c6ng sy (2012) cdn tilt Id thu pham XHTDTE khong gay tdn hai ve the chat cho nan nhan ma thich de doa hoac thudng cho nan nhan bdng diem sd.
Nghien ciiu cua Koptiirk & Yuksel (2018) da phat hien mpt s6 dac dilm chung ciia cac nan nhan timg bi XHTDTE bao gom: gia dinh cd thu nhap thdp, cha me nan nhan cd trinh dp hgc vdn thdp va tre em theo hpc d hudng cong lap cd nguy ca phai ddi dien vdi xam hai tinh due cao han so vdi he hpc d trudng tu. Mirc luang thap cua giao vien cd the la nguyen nhan dan tdi hp xam hai tinh due hgc smh nhu mdt hinh thiic bdi thudng cho mice Iuong do (ODI, 2008).
Y tudng rang giao vien la ngudi XHTDTE cung nhu trudng hpc la moi tnidng dh dSn tdi XHTDTE dudng nhu trai vdi niim tin rdng trudng hgc la noi nuoi dudng va bao ve tre, vi the du luan khong san long thua nhan y tudng nay cung nhu nhieu phu huynh hi chdi tin rang giao vien cd the la tdi pham XHTDTE (Ruffin, 2017; Haliian, 2009). Nghien ciiu cua Shakesbaft (2004) ciing chi ra rang nhiing giao vien timg xam bai tinh due thirdng dong vai nha giao tan tuy, xuat sac hoac nhUng ngudi dugc hpc sinh yeu thich va pbu huynh tin tudng nhdt. Diiu nay dan den cdng ddng de dang bo qua cao bupc ddi vdi vi giao vien nay vdi Iy do mdt giao vien xuat sac se khong xam hai tinh due. Vdn d l la khong phai giao vien gioi la ke XHTDTE ma trd thanh giao vien gioi la each dl ke XHTDTE tiip c^n hgc sinh tot ban.
Them vao dd, Koftiirk & Yuksel (2018) cho ring ban than ban giam hi^u CO thi dang t^o ra rao can d l cac vu viec xam hai dugc phai bay khi tir choi tin tudng hoac khong giai quyet nghiem tiic cac cao huge, nham bao vp cac giao vien bi nghi ngd. Nan nhan ciing cd the khdng to giac bdi hg e ngai la khdng ai tin tudng vao Idi noi cua hp.
Cd thi thdy la, dac dilm ciia XHTDTE xay ra hong mdi hudng hgc dudng la ke xam hai d vi thi cd quyin lye cao hon so vdi ngudi bi hai, thudng la giao vien vdi thdm quyen danh gia, xep Ioai, thudng - phat hoc sinh. Diiu nay da tao diiu kien cho cac hanh vi xam hai tinh due xay ra d l dang han thdng qua viec de dga hoac du dd bang phan thudng. Cimg vdi do, nan nhan cua hanh vi xam hai thudng xuat than td gia dinh ngheo, hgc tnrdng cdng, da so la hudng npi hni. Nhiing dac diem nay cang Iam sau sac them mdi quan he quyin lye bdt binh ddng giUa thay va ho. Cac hanh vi XHTDTE hong trudng hgc thudng khd bi phat hien bdi diSn ra hong tinh hulng mgt thdy - mgt tro, hinh tugng giao vien mau myc ma ke xam hai nguy hang cho ban than de dang danh lac hirdng du luan. Ngoai ra, trong
64 Nghien ciru Gia dinh va Gio'i. Quyen 29, so 4, tr. 59-71
trudng hgp t l giac, nan nhan ciing gap kho khSn bdi sy thieu tin tuong chinh phu huynh va ddng thai che day cua ban giam hiSu.
3. Phircng phap nghien cu'U
Trong khudn khd bai nghien cuu, tac gia se lam ro cac dac diem cua XHTDTE hong mdi trudng hgc dudng xudt phat bl mdi quan he quyen luc bat binh dang gida thay va tro da dugc de cap d tren thong qua phuong phap phan tich mpt sd tnrdng hgp giao vien xam hai hgc sinh dien hinh da diln ra trong hai nam qua tai Viet Nam. Do ban che trong dieu kien hep c3n thong tin true tiep tir nan nhan, dii lieu ve cac vu viec xam hai dugc tdng hgp thong qua cac tin hic bao chi tu cac td bao dang tin cay nhu Tuoi he, Tien phong, Lao dpng,... de ban che tb6ng tin khong dang tm cay.
4. Mpt so ket qua chinh
Ddn theo Viit Long (2019), hong bai nam 2017-2018, toan qudc da xay ra 2.643 vu XHTDTE vdi 2.690 nan nhan, gdm 515 vu dam 6, 1.259 vu giao cau, 906 vu hiep dam he em. Tdng dai Dien thoai Quoc gia Bao ve Tre em (111) hong nam 2017 da tiep nhan va ho hg 214 ca bi xam hai tinh due va nam 2018 la 250 ca. Trong dd, 59,06% thii pham la ngudi quen, hang xom; 21,12% la ngudi than hong gia dinh va 6,03% la do giao vien, nhan vien nha tnrdng.
Chi rieng trong nam 2018 va 4 thang ddu nam 2019, nhiiu vu XHTDTE trong moi trudng hgc dudng da bi phat giac. Gan day nhat la vu thdy giao xam hai nii sinh Idp 8 dan den mang thai 12 tuan d tnrdng THCS Thugng Ha 2, Lao Cai. Trudc dd, vu thdy hieu trudng d trudng Phi thong Dan tpc ndi tni huyen Thanh San (Phii Thp) xam hai nhieu nam sinh; thdy giao xam hai 7 em hgc sinh d hudng Tieu hpc An Thugng A, Hoai Diic, Ha Npi;
thdy hieu trudng trudng Tieu hgc C xa VTnh Phii Dong, Phudc Long, Bac Lieu xam h^i 7 tre; thdy giao dam d 13 he d trudng Tiiu hpc - THCS Tam Lap (Phii Giao, Binh Duang), giao vien Tdng phy hach Dpi xam hai 3 hoc sinh tai hudng Tiiu hgc Za Ndng (Nam Giang, Quang Nam); v.v.
D l i chiiu vdi cac dac diem cua XHTDTE hong trudng hoc co ngudn goc tu moi quan he quyen lye bdt binh ddng gifta tbay va tro da hinh bay hong Muc 2, cd the thay rang cac vu vice d Viet Nam co nhung dac dilm tuong ty.
Vi thi cao hom cua gido vien da tsio dieu kien cho thu pham thu-c hien h&nh vi xam hai
Cac thd pham trong cdc vu an neu hen diu la giao vien trye tiip day v~
quan Iy cac em. Thay giao tror'? vn Ya.ni hai tai I.ao Cai la mao vien tin h
Dinmg Minh Thuan 65 dong thdi phu hach ban tni tai trudng nai nan nhan theo hpc. Khu ban tni mac du co camera giam sat nhung ciing do thay giao nay phu hach theo dung chuyen mdn tin hgc dan den mac du viec xam hai da xay ra trong thdi gian dai nhung cac giao vien khac khdng phat hien ra (Minh Nggc, 2019).
Thil pham xam hai trong vu d Phu Thg va Bac Lieu tbam cbi cdn la hieu trudng - ngudi cd quyen lye cao nhat tai trudng. Thay giao tai Hoai Due, Ha Ndi khdng chi la chu nhiem cua nan nhan trong trudng ma con md lap day them d nha, tao them dieu kien xam bai tai chinh nha cua thu pham (Diep Thanh & Than Hoang, 2019).
Thu doan thuong dung la de doa hoac du do bang phan thudng Trong vu hieu trudng xam hai nhieu nam sinb d Pbu Thg, cac nam sinb chia se ban than bupc phai nghe ldi vi thay de doa phat: "Thdy bdt quan he tinh due, khong ldm thi de dga bdt phdi ldm. Khdng ldm cho thdy thi bi phgt, dga ddnh", va khong dam td cao vi sg hi dudi bpc: "Ve nhd khdng dugc ndi cho ai, neu khdng thdy se dudi hoc nen khdng ddm ndi" (Quang Tbi, 2018). Trong vy xam hai tai Binh Duong, thay giao tieng Anh hong liic xam bai da lay dien thoai quay clip. Day ciing chinb la ly do khien cac em hgc sinh khdng dam td cao vi sg tbay dua len mang xa bpi (Thu Hien, 2018).
Trong vu xam hai nil sinh Idp 8 d Lao Cai, thay giao da tang cho nan nhan mdt chiec dien thoai thong minh, nham muc dich lien lac moi khi cd nhu cdu quan be tinh due. Vu d Phii Thp, sau khi xam bai, thay hieu hudng se thudng cho keo va tiln tu 20.000-30.000 dong (Ngan Anb, 2018). Tbay giao dam 6 hgc sinh d Hoai Diic, Ha Npi thi thudng cbo cac em hpc sinh vong deo tay, sach vd hoac ddng bo cii sau moi Ian xam bai (Pham Dy, 2018).
Nhu vay, tbay vi ep bugc bdng vd Iyc nbu cac kieu budi xam hai khac, XHTDTE do thdy gay ra vdi tro thudng dya vao tbii doan dc doa va du dd thong qua su dung tbam quyin ciia giao vien. Ca che hpc dudng hien nay d Viet Nam dat qua nhiiu quyin lye vao tay giao vien ma khong he cd co chi giam sat ngugc Iai, da tao dieu kien cbo cac hanh vi lam quyen dien ra pho bien, bao gom xam hai tinh due hpc sinh.
Cac vu xam hai thudng dien ra trong khong gian kin, trong tinh huong CO mot thay mpt trd
Toan bg cac nan nhan trong cac vy xam bai tinh due hgc dudng ke tren diu td cao timg bj giao vien gpi vao phdng lam viec va thyc hien hanb vi xam hai. Tinh hudng trong phong kin chi co mot thdy va mot tro tao dieu
66 Nghien cu'U Gia dinh va Gio'i. Quyen 29, sd 4, tr. 59-71
kien de thu pham thyc hiSn hanh vi xam hai dl dang va kho bj phat men.
Giao vi6n trong vu tai Lao Cai khai vao khoang thang 4 nam 2018, thay nan nhan d hong phong tin hgc mot minh nen da xam hai (Ngpc Trang &
Dieu Binh, 2019). Thay giao trong vu d Hoai Diic, Ha Npi da thyc hien hanh vi xam hai hong tinh hulng nan nhan tdi nha thii pham hpc thfim, khi di ciing nan nhan tir tang mdt len phong hpc d tdng ba, thu pham da gpi nan nhan vao phong ngu d tdng hai va thyc hi6n hanh vi xam hai (Diep Thanh
& Than Hoang, 2019). Trong vu xam hai tai Phti Thg, cac nan nhan chia se lien tuc bi thdy hiSu trudng gpi vao phong lam vice dl noi chuyen, hau het deu ggi vao gid ty hpc. Va mac du cd giao vien dua cac em Ien phong hieu tnrdng nhung "dua len xong cd di luon chir khdng a lai day" (Chau Anh, 2018).
Ban chat van de d day la vdi tu each la giao vien - ke xam hai co the de dang dua nan nhan vao khdng gian kin ma khdng bi nghi ngd hay nhan dugc sy tir choi, canh giac cua nan nhan do giao vien la ngudi quan Iy, day bao hpc sinh. Trong vu thay hieu tnrdng xam hai nam sinh d Phu Thp, thay pho hieu trudng khi dugc phdng van da nhan xet: "Viec thdy hieu truang nh& thdy cd trong tru&ng ggi hgc sinh len phdng ldm viec de day bag la chuyen het sire binh thudng" (Quang The, 2018). Quan diem nay la khong phu hgp va can phai thay ddi, vi tai nhieu qudc gia nhu My, Anh,... cac tinh hudng mpt giao vien - mdt hpc sinh hong khdng gian kin diu hi coi la vi pham quy tac ling xu hong mdi quan he giiia giao vien - hpc sinh va se bi ky luat.
Nan nhan xuat than t u gia £ n h ngheo, hoc cac trudng cong, dac biet la noi trii
Nan nhan hong cac vy XHTDTE d Lao Cai va Phu Thg diu c6 dac diem la xuat than tir gia dinh ngheo, hpc hong cac trudng npi tni - trudng hgp d Lao Cai mac du la ban tni nhung hpc sinh d lai ca tudn, cuii tudn mdi vl nha nen cd tinh chat nhu ndi tni (Minh Ngpc, 2019). Mgi sinh hoat tic hpc tap, vui chai giai tri deu hi bo hep hong khuon vien nha tmdns Diiu kien gia dinh va moi trudng phia sau canh cdng dong kin cang lam sau sdc hon mdi quan he quyen luc bat binh ddng giila giao vien va hoc sinh ciing nhu sy co lap cua hgc sinh, tao dieu kien cho banh vi xam hai Tai vu d Phii Thp, bdi hoan canh gia dinh khd khan, viec theo hoc tai trudng ndi tni la lya chpn duy nhat neu khong muon bd hpc, cans khiln nan nhan lo sg ldi de dpa duoi hgc cua thay hieu trudng va khong dam phan khang.
Dmmg Minh Thuan 67 Trong cac trudng hop con lai, nan nhSn dSu hgc tai trudng c6ng lap.
Dieu nay khdng cd nghia la viec xam hai khong the xay ra d tnidng tu ma do tai trudng cdng, hpc sinh dugc day phai hian thu Idi ciia giao vien ban la tu do phat bieu y kien ca nhan.
Hinh tvttfag giao vien tot cua thii pham XHTDTE
Tat ca cac giao vien la thu pham XHTDTE dugc nghien cuu hong bai diu dugc danh gia la giao vien tdt, tham chi dugc khen thudng. Thay giao hong vu xam hai tai Lao Cai dugc danh gia la ludn hoan thanh tot nhiem vy va vua dat danh hieu giao vien day gioi cap huyen trudc thdi diem bi td giac (P.D, 2019). Thdy giao xam hai hpc sinh tai Binh Duong dugc nhan xet la CO chuyen mon rdt tdt, tham chi cdn nhan dugc mgt so bdng khen, myen duang, dugc cong nhan la giao vien day gioi trong thdi gian xay ra vu xam hai. 'Ndi chung, thdy T. the hien ra ben ngodi Id ngu&i rdt tdt"
thdy hieu trudng tai trudng xay ra vu xam hai cho biet (Lien Phuong, 2018). Trong vu tai Phu Thp, thdy hieu trudng timg phat biiu tbam luan hong buli bpc ngoai khoa v l phdng chdng XHTDTE nam 2018 va "ludn dugc mgi ngu&i kinh Irgng, Id ngu&i qudn ly nghiem nghi, irng xu diing muc, diiu hdnh vd qudn ly nhd tru&ng mdu muc, vd chua bag gi& de lai diiu tiengxdu" (Tung Duy, 2018).
Niem tin cua phu huynh va dpng thai cua ban giam hieu
Trong nhiiu trudng hgp, cac vy vice xam hai chi bi phat giac khi nan nhan cd nhiing bieu hien tam sinb ly bdt thudng, luc do cac bac phy huynh mdi giat mmh bdi trudc do chira bing nghT la viec xam hai co the xay ra hong mdi trudng hpc dudng vdi thu pham la giao vien - ngudi cd trach nhiem day d6 va bao ve hpc sinh. Pbu huynh cua nam sinh la nan nhan hong vu xam hai d Phu Tho chia se: "Con hgc xa nhd khdng chdm sdc duac ddnh giri cho thdy cd, ddu nga chinh thdy hieu tnrdng lai nhu vay"
(Quang Thi, 2018). Trong vy xam hai d Bac Lieu, bd nan nhan cho biet:
"Ngay khi con gdi ldi ki lai ldi vdn bdn lin bdn nghi vi ve ngodi dgo mgo ciia thdy [hieu tru&ng]. Nhiiu ngu&i trgng vung ndy cUng khong tin, mdi khi cd dogn clip chung minh " (An Hgi, 2016).
Dang chu y la ddi tugng d l nan nhan chia se hong cac vu^xam hai nay diu la ngudi than thay vi cac giao vien khac trong hudng. Dieu nay co the Iy giai la do trai nghiem bi xam hai da khiln nan nhan mat niem tin vao nhan each cua giao vien ndi chung, lo ngai vice cac giao vien khac co the la ding Ida trong vu viec. Tren thuc tl, vu viec d Pbii Thp cho tbay nhieu kha nang cac giao vien hong trudng da tiip tay cho hieu trudng thyc hien banh vi xam hai nhiiu ldn - Idi tudng trinh ciia cac nan nhan c6 nhae den viec
68 Nghien CLPU Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 29, sd 4, tr. 59-71
hieu trudng yen cau thay, cd giao hong trudng din hpc sinh Ien phong thay. Trao doi cua ban giam hieu va lanh dao nha tnrdng vdi bao chi cung the hien thai dp mudn che day, khong muon giai quyet dut klioat vu viec khi deu khang djnh khong biet vu viec. Phd hieu trudng cua tnrdng noi ong
"bat ngd vdi thong tin bao chi neu": "Tdi cUng chua dugc biet co em nao lien quan den vdn de ndy, dugc cho Id ngn nhdn den gap chung toi • Chu tich cong doan nha trudng khang dinh: "Tdi khdng nhgn dugc thong tin ndo cua hgc sinh, thdy cdphdn dnh vi vdn de ndy".
5. K§t luan va khuyen nghj
Qua phan tich mpt s6 vu XHTDTE do giao vien gay ra dien hinh tai Viet Nam trong giai doan 2016-2019, co thi khdng dinh cac dac diem cua hanb vi XHTDTE xuat phat tu moi quan he quyen luc bat bmh dang giira giao vien va bpc smh la ke xam bai d vi the co tbam quyen va quyen luc cao ban, tao dieu kien cho viec de doa, du do hpc sinh ciing nhu dua bpc sinh vao tinh huong mdt tbay - mgt tro. Ke xam bai thudng xay dung hinh anh giao vien tot de che day hanh vi va tao dung niem tin tir hpc sinh va cdng dong; dong thdi nham den cac hgc sinb co hoan canh kho khan. Cac dac diem nay giup cbo hanh vi xam hai dugc thuc hien de dang hem va khien nd kho bi phat hien. Moi trudng hpc dudng khep kin, dac biet hong trudng npi tru; viec phu huynh giao toan quyen coi soc con em minh cho giao vien ma khong co cac ca che giam sat chat che viec thyc hien quyen va nghia vu ciia giao vien; van de xam hai tinh due hpc duong chua dugc quan tam dung mile vdi viec chua c6 nhiing quy tac ilng xu ve moi quan he giiia giao vien va hpc sinh la nhirng tac nhan nuoi dudng mam ming cua nan xam bai tinh due bpc dudng va khien tinh trang nay dai ddng hong nhieu nam qua.
Nghien cuu nay ggi y rang viec xay dyng bd quy tac iing xii phii hgp giiia giao vien va hgc sinh, bao gdm cac quy dinh nhu giao vien khong d cimg hgc sinh hong tinh huong mdt thay - mgt ho trong khong gian kin- nang cao nhan thiic cbo bgc sinh va giao vien ve cac dac dilm cua XHTDTE dl hgc sinh co tbi ty phat hien, ty bao ve va khuyin khich hoc sinh diing cam td giac cac banh vi khong pbu hgp xay ra xung quanh la cdn thiet de ban che sy bat binh dang qua muc hong moi quan he quyin luc giila giao vien va bgc sinh - gdc re cua tinh trang XHTDTE trono moi trudng hpc dudng. •
Duffng Minh Thuan 69 Tai Mu trich dSn
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