Nguyen Lan Trung, NguySn NQQC LUU Ly
Xay dirng djnh hirdng giao due ngoai ngQ cho tre mam non
NguyIn Lan Trung', Nguyin Ngqc Luu Ly^
'Email lantfjrg55@ginail com
^Email nguyen.ngDCluiJly@yahoo,fr Tniongflai hoc Mgoai ngQ - Dai iiQC Qjoc gia Ha Ho\
Dubng Phjm VanOftng, CSu Giay, Ha NOi, Viet Nam
TO M TAT: Bai viet budc dau gidi thieu mdi sd co sd II luan ve Tam II hoc, Ngdn ngd hoc vi Giao hoc phap ngoai ngd. Dua tren do, tac gii da xac dmh nhdng dmh hudng va nhdng nguyen tie co ban dd xay dung len mdt dudng hudng giao due ngoai ngd cho tre mam non d Viet Nam. Tie gia cung da de xuat cac giai phap cu thd, mong mudn vda tiep thu duoc cac nguyen li giio due tre mim non mdi tren the gidi vda phu hop vdi dieu kien thuc te va van hda Viet Nam, nham tao nen mot he thdng dong bd, toan dien va da dang cho vide day vi hoc ngoai ngd cho tre em ndi chung va cho cac trudng mam non d Viet Nam ndi neng.
TU KHOA: Giao diJC trai nghiem; tam ttiijc; moi trudng ngon nga; nhu c'au cu ban; khong gian dac thu.
Nhan bai 27/8/2018 Nfian ket qua phan bien va chinh siia 15/9/2018 Duyet dang 25/9/2018
1 . Dat v^n die
Trong suot ciiieu dai phat tnen ciia cong cuoc cai each giao due, viec day va hgc ngoai ngir luon la moi quan tam thuong xuyen cua nganh Giao due nuac nha Tir viec xay dimg mot chien luge ngoai ngu on dinh den viee nang cao khong ngimg chat luong dao tao ngoai ngu, rat nhieu ea hoi va thach thuc xuat hien, khong it thanh qua da dat dugc va eung khong it ban khoan, tran tra dat ra cho sy nghiep nay. Trong do, giao due ngoai ngii cho tre em chiem mpt vi tri dac biet. Rat nhieu mo hinh each day va each hoc, each cho tre lam quen va thuc hanh ngoai ngu tir rat som da tao nen biJc tranh da dang, nhieu man sae ve hieu qua it nhieu bat nga khi tre lam quen va noi ngoai ngU a do tuoi mam non Thuc tien dang dien ra a cac nuac tien tien, ea nhieu nudc dang phat trien va kem phat trien khac tren the gioi da chiing mmh nhung "nguy hiem"
ma chiing ta da neu ra 6 tren la khong c6 nhieu can cu Rat nhieu cong trinh, ma cong trinh thuc nghiem dien ra vdi tre tir 3 tuoi den 11 Uioi a Trudng Song ngir Jeanine Manuel {Cong lioa Phap) do GS. Rachet Cohen tien hanh la mot dien hinh da chiing minh rang tre tiep xiic va ndi ngoai ngii rat sdm (tir 3- 4 tuoi), co rat nhieu Igi the ve cac qua trinh tam H, qua trinh nhan thire, giup cho tre thanh cong hon trong cac mon hoc khac niia. Louise Dabene, Dai hgc Stendhal - Grenoble III nhan manh rang, tre bat dau iam quen sdm vdi ngoai ngii du'oc hudng cae dieu kien tiep thu tu nhien nhu khi tre hge noi tieng me de, ciing vdi dd la eac kha nang ve phat am, ve bat chudc, tiep thu tu nhien khdng mac cam, rut re, tiep thu trong cae hoat dong chai khdng he vap phai kho khan nao (choi, hat, van dgng...). Cac qua trinh tam li nay se giam di dang ki d nhung nam tiep sau. Chiing tdi cho r^ng da den liic chung ta can sdm thdng nhat vdi nhau rang, ben canh tieng me de, tre em co the tigp thu mgt ngdn ngii thii hai trong cac
"tinh hudng hoc tu nhien" ma khdng dat ra bat cii su xung dot nao vai tieng me de, cae qua trinh nhan thiic tam li nay dien ra mgt each tu nhien d tre, vdi nhigu igi thi so voi viec bat dau cham hem mgt ngdn ngii thir hai.
2. N p i dung n g h i e n c u u 2.1.Cosdiiiuan 2.1.1. Co so tam li hoc
Trong mgt dudng hudng giao due ngoai ngii ndi chung va giao due ngoai ngii cho tre ndi neng, tam li hgc giii mdt vai tro trong yeu. Tam li hge duac eoi nhu ea sd li luan nen tang, la be dd cho toan bd dudng hudng, vi ban chat eua su hgc la mdt qua trinh tam li. Cd nhieu hgc thuyet tam li khae nhau, trong dd ba hgc thuyet' Tam li hgc hen tudng, tam li hgc hanh vi va tam li hgc hoat dgng cd nhiing anh hudng to Idn nhat den cac dudng hudng giao due ngoai ngu. Neu nhu tam li hgc lien tudng dat trgng tam vao radi hen he true tiep giua su vat, hien tugng va hinh thiic tam li bieu hien, de eao eac yeu td true quan va ban nang thi tam li hgc hanh vi de cao mdi quan he giiia eai xiic tac va phan ling tir xuc tac (S - • R), cdn tam li hgc hoat dgng di sau vao y thiic con ngudi, do la su chu dgng nam bat tri thiic, hieu biet ve the gidi khach quan de tit dd tich cuc cai tao hien thuc theo muc dich ciia con ngudi. Doi vdi dudng hudng giao due ngoai ngii cho tre mkm non, tam li hgc lien tudng va tam Ii hgc hanh vi cd mgt vai tro rat quan trgng. Ben canh do, cac cdng trinh nghien ciru cua nha Tam li hgc ngudi Phap Piaget ve hgc thuyet phat tri^n tri tue, ve cae budc cam nhan va van ddng cila tre, de cao vai tro ciia ca the, cua nang luc ndi sinh, rdi li thuyet cua nha Tam li hgc ngudi Nga Vygosky ve "vimg phat trien tiem can", de cao vai trd ciia gia dinh, ciia edng dong va eiia cac tre khac trong qua trinh tre xay dung nhan thirc cua minh..., da tao dung nhiing ca sd tam li viing chac de tren nen tang do hinh thanh cac giai phap hieu qua nhat cho viec tre lam quen va sir dung ngdn ngii. CJ day, nhimg nguyen li cua tam li hgc Ilia tudi se giiip cho he thdng cac giai phap duac xay dung mdt each phii hop nhat, vdi Ig trinh ngan nhk.
Gan day, cac nha nghien cim vi tam thire hoc cung da gdp phkn lam sang td phkn "con" trong "con ngudi", thay ro hon sire manh ciia tam thirc trong qua trinh kien tao tn thuc, Cac yiu td hirng thii, tu nguyen, mong mudn, khao khat, sin sang.
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NGHIEN COru Li LUAN
m
tham ehi la dam me..., mdt khi dugc kich hoat diing iiic va phii hgp se giiip ngudi hgc {tre em) nhap cugc mgt each tdt nhat va kien tao tri thirc mgt each hieu qua nhat.
2.1.2. Cdsa ngon ngQ hoc
Mdt dudng hudng giao due ngdn ngu phai dirge xay dung tren co sd ciia cac li luan ngdn ngii hgc nhat dinh Thi ki XX dugc biet den vdi ba etigc each mang trong ngdn ngu hgc.
Dd la cac hgc thuyet: Cau tnic luan, tao sinh luan va ngu dung luan. Cau true luan cua Saussure vdi nhirng dinh de
"ngdn ngii la mgt he thdng cac tin hieu", "ngdn ngir la mdt san pham xa hgi" da cd edng xay dung he thdng cae dan vi cua he thong ngdn ngii, tir dd cd cdng cu de mieu ta tudng tan cac ngdn ngii {cac khu vuc ngir am, tir vung, ngii phap, ngii nghia), mieu ta cac cau tnic ngdn ngii ciia mgt ngdn ngir, mang iai tihung dong gdp to Idn cho qua trinh day - hgc mdt ngdn ngii. Tao sinh luan eiia Chomsky vdi phat hien thu vi
"mdt tap hgp hiiu han cac quy tie cho phep san sinh ra mgt tap hgp vd han cac cau ndi", da de eao "nang luc tao lap ngdn nga cua con ngudi", "kha nang sang tao ngdn ngu" ciia con ngudi tren ca sd cae quy tac ngdn ngu da mang den nhiing hen thd mdi eho giao hge phap ngdn ngir. NgCr dung luan ciia Austin vdi khang dinh "ndi la hanh dgng" da xay dung dugc li thuylt vi "hanh dgng ngdn tu", "li thuygt vi hgi thoai", chi ra cac diem mau chdt eiia ehien luge giao tiep bang Idi va da md ra mgt ca hgi mdi eho su phat tnen ciia mgt dudng hudng giao hgc phap mdi trong day va hgc mdt ngdn ngO, dd la "Quan diem hanh ddng". Nhirng phan tich ve co sd ngdn ngQ hge tren day eiing vdi cae ea sd tam li hgc la tien de kJii ehiing ta xay dung dudng hudng giao due ngoai ngir cho tre mam non. Nhirng van de tre mam non nghe va nhac lai cae cau tnic eau tir ngudi Idn, tren ca sd cac cau tnic cau dd, tre
"sang tao" ra nhiing cau cd cau tnic tu'cng tu de ddi thoai hay giao tiep vdi tre khac hoae ed giao, rdi tre diing ngdn ngii de tuang tac vdi ban ddng lira de bieu dat sy dong y, khdng ddng y, hd trg ban, giai quyet xung dot, doi hdi, bieu dat cam xuc, bay td thai do.., dien ra theo nhiing quy luat phat trien tu duy ngdn ngir, theo nhiing sa dd, nhiing quy tac ma ngdn ngii hge da mang lai cho chiing ta, giiip chiing ta hinh thanh he thong giai phap hd trg tre phat tnen ngdn ngu eiia minh.
2.1.3. Co sd giao dgc ngoai ngu
Giao hoc phap ngoai ngir ciing da trai qua nhirng thdi ki phat trien khac nhau vdi nhirng dudng hudng, xu the, trudng phai va quan diem khac nhau, trong do phai ke den 3 cugc cai each Idn trong the ki XX, do ia cae "Phucmg phap nghe nhin" ra ddi nhung nam 50 - 60 the ki trudc, "Dudng hudng chiic nang - giao liep" ke tiep nhiing nam 70 - 80, '"Quan digm hanh ddng" phat trien tir nhung nam 90 - 2000. Mdi phuong phap, dudng hudng, quan diem cd nhirng dac thii rieng ciia nd, nhung su ke thira ciia dong chay da mang lai he thdng cac giai phap giao hgc phap phong phu va da dang, dac biet la nhung dinh hirdng eiia "Quan dicm hanh ddng".
Quan diem nay nh4n manh d^n muc tieu uu 1'^" J ^ • . mdt ngoai ngu khdng chi la "hoe each biau dat bang ngoai ngir vdi ngudi khae", la "thuc hien thanh cdng cac ki nang bidu dat", ma nhin manh ddn muc tieu "hgc each Wong ^c, ling xir bang ngdn tir {ngoai ngir) vdi ngudi ktiac^, hien cae hanh ddng chung, tap thi bSng ngdn tir", de cao vai trd cua nhom ngudi hoe N6u nhu giao tiip tnrdc day la muc dich cin dat din, giao tigp vira la phuang tien, vira la muc tieu, thi nay giao tiip ehi la phuang tien di phuc vu cho hanh ddng ngdn tu tap thg, khong cd muc dich tu nd. Quan diSm giao hgc phap nay dac biet phu hgp vdi mdt dudng hudng giao due ngoai ngii cho tre mam non. Tre tigp xiic va sir dung mgt ngoai ngu dan gian la cd ca hdi dg lam nhung cai ma tre thieh, dugc ndi vdi ban, vdi cd giao, ngdn ngQ dd gnip chiing lam cai gi do, thda man mong mudn ciia chiing, do la cong eu "d6 lam, dg hanh ddng". Quan digm hanh dgng trong giao hgc phap ngoai ngu da trd thanh co sd li iuaii dang tin cay dg cimg vdi eac ca sd li luan vi tam li hgc va ngdn ngii hgc lam
"be dd" cho viec xay dung mgt dudng hudng giao due ngoai ngii eho tre mam non.
2.2. Xay dung dinh huting giao duo ngoai ngfl cho tre mam non
Trong giao dye ngoai ngii ndi chung va giao due ngoai ngu cho tre em ndi rieng, tren thd gidi da hinh thanh nhieu mo hinh mang nliung dac thii rigng, vdi he thdng cac nguyen li, cac giai phap rieng. Dd la nhung ddng gdp rat quan trgng, gdp phin tao nen biic tranh tong the sinh dgng ve thuc tien day - hoe ngoai ngii bay lau nay.
Dudng hudng giao due ngoai ngii cho tre mam non ma chiing tdi dang xay dung trong thdi gian qua va tiep tuc hoan thien trong thdi gian tdi, di theo quan digm vg mdt md hinh
"giao due trai nghiem", "hgc tap trai nghiem". Day la mgt trigt li va la phuang phap qua dd cac nha giao due co chii dich dat ngudi hgc gin true tigp vdi cac kinh nghiem hoe tap va tap trung vao nhan thijrc phan anh ciia ngudi hgc nham
"nang eao kign thiic, phat trien ki nang va tao ra gia tri"
{AEE, 2015). "Giao due trai nghiem" da duac duoc de cap va phat trign manh tir the ki tnrdc vdi nhung luan digm cua Deway (1915) "Hge thdng qua hanh - teaming by doing", eiia Wolfe va Byrne (1975) "Hoc dya tren kinh nghigm - experience based learning", cua Kolf (1984) "Li thuygt hgc tap trai nghiem - experiential learning theory"... Thuc chat eiia "giao due trai nghiem" la qua trinh hge thdng qua nhiing trai nghiem thuc te, ben trong va ben ngoai khdng gian hpc dudng, cho phep ngudi hgc phan anh vg chinh trai nghiem hgc tap ciia minh Cd the ndi rang, "hgc tap trai nghiem la hgc tap mang gdc nhin kien tao xa hgi..., viec hoe d day cd thg duge xem la gan ket mat thigt vdi mdi trudng xa hdi va dign ra thdng qua su tham gia tich cue ciia ngudi hoc vao cac hoat dgng egng ddng" {Mann, 2010, trich lai Le Thi Giao Chi). "Giao due trai nghigm", ma thuc ehdt ddi vdi trg mkm non la quan digm "chcri ma hgc, hgc ma choi", la quan didm 100 TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Nguygn Lan Trung, NguySn Ngoc Luu Ly
day - hgc xuyen sudt cua chiing tdi trong qua trinh xay dung dudng hudng giao due ngoai ngir cho tre mam non.
2 . 2 . 1 . NhQng dmh hi/iJng cO ban
a Hgc ngoai ngu thong qua chai vd trai nghiem Dinh hudng ea ban dau tien trong dudng hudng cua chung toi lien quan den khai niem "choi" ciia tre, phuang phap long ghep hoat dgng ehoi va kha nang phat trign ngdn ngii {ngoai ngii). Khai niem "chai trong giao due" cd nhirng each dinh nghia vdi nhirng ndi ham it nhigu khac nhau: Bruce (1996) chi coi chai la mdt trong nhiing con dudng quan trgng de tre hgc, Shendan {2011) coi choi la mdt qua trinh, mdt each ling xii, mgt each tiep can nhiem vu, Wolfgan (2004) cho rang ehoi la mgt hoat dgng nham muc dich dat duac su thieh thii... Nhung tuu ehung, cac tac gia kha thdng nhat vdi nhau d quan digm "qua trinh quan trgng han ket qua", dieu quan trgng la "tre ehai nhu the nao", chii khdng phai la "tre hgc gi", "tre lam dugc cai gi", trong qua trinh hoat ddng nay "tre tir phat va tu nguyen tham gia vao qua trinh chai chii khdng tap trung vao san pham cudi ciing". Roger (2011) cho rang ngu san pham cudi quan trgng hem qua trinh tre chai thi nd khong cdn gidng mgt hoat dgng chai thuc thu nu'a (trich lai theo Ngiiygn Nggc Luu Ly). Chai ehinh la qua trinh tu trai nghiem, d do tre tigp xiic, thao tac, kham pha, quan sat, phan anh, tuong tac... vdi su himg thu va tir nguyen rat eao Nhiing hoat dgng nay giiip tre phat trien eae giac quan, hi van ddng, cam xiie, tri tue. Tren binh dien ngdn ngii', eac hoat ddng nay cung la nhung dieu kien tdt giiip tre day nhanh va hoan thien qua trinh ITnh hgi mgt each tu nhien nhat, sir dyng ngdn td do de "hanh ddng" {d day la lam nhiing cai ma tre thich, ndi vdi tre khac va cd giao, thda man mong mudn ciia minh).
Khi tiep xuc mgt ngoai ngir trong cac "tinh hudng tu nhien"
nhir ddi vdi tieng me de, cac qua trinh nay dien ra song song khong anh hudng den nhau. Cac nghien ciiu (Dalgalian 1911, Mallet 1991} da chi ra rang, dugc dat trong cac tinh hudng tu nhien khae nhau, qua trinh "ddi ma" se dien ra mdt each ty nhien, khdng cd sy nham lan nao d tre, ca vg chii the ddi thoai lan chii de giao tiep.
b. Phdt huy tinh chu dong, tich cue, dgc lap ciia tre trong hoc ngoai ngir
Day la dinh hudng cd tinh quyet dinh va thudng bi vi pham bdi thigt che giao dye (cae cd giao, cac nha quan li, cac quy djnh hanh chinh...). Hge tap trai nghiem thdng qua hoat dgng chai ciia txc ddi hdi mdt nhan thiJc va tinh kien tri rat cao tir phia cae yeu td thiet ehe. Cac nghien cim (McTavish 2014, Bmce 2001, Bronson 2000) da chi ra ring, khi chai, tre cd sy lira chgn neng eiia minh, cd each tiep can rieng eiia minh, tre hihig thii vdi dieu do han b^t ki sy can thiep, khuygn khich nao tir ben ngoai. Day la qua trinh ty phat va tu nguyen, "tre chu ddng tien hanh, khdng bi anh hudng ciia ngudi Idn", khi do tre dam minh trong cae y tudng, cam xiic, moi quan he va nhan thiic tdt han ve nhirng gi tre da biet". Tac gia Bronson nhin manh rang "khi tre cd kha nang theo dudi moi quan
tam cua minh, ty dua ra nhimg thu Ihaeh cho chinh minh, lya chgn ra quygt djnh va suy nghi vg viec hgc hdi cua minh thi do ehinh la ca hdi tot nhat de phat trign ngudi hoe ty diiu tiet - self regulated, dg diin tien tdi ngudi hge nr chii khi Idn len" Trong qua trinh ty kham pha nay, tre se ty k6t hgp kham pha vat thg, kham pha khai niem cimg vdi vd ngdn ngir. Tre bi bd, nhd va nhac lai nhiing tir ngu: chiing da nghe dugc ed lign quan den vat the, khai niem trong qua trinh chai, tu ndi bang mdt ngdn ngir kha chuan ve mat ngii am {cku am, ngu dieu) niiung kha don gian, tham chi cd nhidu sai sdt vg mat su dung tir va cii phap. Trai nghiem mang tinh dgc lap, tu ehii khdng cd nghia la tre ludn ludn mdt minh. Ben canh nguyen tae tre cd quyen tu lua chgn ciia rieng minh, tre ty kham pha, tu nguyen tham gia.. ma chiing ta phai ton trgng, tre edn ludn ludn phat trign trong mdi tnrdng cdng ddng, tiep xiic vdi cd giao, vdi cac trg khac va vdi mdi trudng gia dinh, xa hdi ngoai nha trudng. Can va Claxton (2004) da khSng dinh tam quan trgng cua "edng ddng hgc tap" ddi vdi su phat tnen nang lye cua tre Vygosky (1976) vdi li thuygt vg "Viing phat trign tiem can" cQng nhan manh vai trd cua gia dinh, ciia cong ddng va ciia nhiing tre khac Pround {2005) eung da migu ta chi tiet nhirng khoang each khac biet giiia nhiing gi tre ed the lam mgt minh va nhihig gi tre cd thg lam vdi sy giup da cua ngudi cd kinh nghiem hon. Li thuyet "Dan giao"
cua Vygosky ciing cho thay tre se phat trien nhanh chdng han vdi sy hd trg diing luc, kip thdi ciia ngudi Idn, ddng thai tre can mdt "do budng" nhat dinh {ndi theo thuat ngir trong li thuygt "Budng" cua Nguyen Nggc Lim Ly) de tu phat trien hieu qua nhat. Mdt dieu niia ciing can phai luu y la "hgc ty nhign" khong ed nghTa la khdng cd chuang trinh, khdng cd tign do. (5 day cd vai trd ciia thigt che giao due, cd mue tieu, cd phuong phap, ed ndi dung, cd hinh thiic va ed dieu kien ca sd vat chat di kem. Van de quan trong la d chd nhiing yeu td nay phai xuat phat ddi tugng la tre, phu hgp vdi tam li ciia tre va phuc vu tre.
c. Hgc ngoai ngir qua tdp nhiem vd bdt chudc Nhu da ngu d trgn, tre cd kha nang tigp xiic va sir dung ciing mdt luc nhiing ngdn ngir khac nhau. Tre se ty phat chuygn ma va ling xu ngdn ngir phu hgp trong mdt tinh hudng tu nhien nhit dinh Vay "tinh hudng tu nhien" la gi? Dd la cae dnh hudng dap img nhu cau ea ban ciia tre, nhu cau ca ban la nhu clu tra Idi cho chii "thich" ciia tre. Cd the sap xep thanh cac nhdm hoat ddng tre thich:
- Tre thich chai vdi do vat...
- Tre thich van ddng, chay nhay, ca hat, miia...
- Tre thich quan sat, lya chgn, lip ghep, sap xgp...
- Tre thieh (vg mat ngdn ngij) nhac lai, bat chudc, ndi, ndi mdt minh, nghe kg chuyen..
Mdt trong nhiing dinh hudng ca ban la dam bao cho tre cd dugc tinh dgc lap ty ehu, cho tre ca hdi dg cd lua chgn rieng, each tiep can rieng, khi do tre ty nguyen va thuc hien hoat dgng vdi hung thu cao. Dg cho tre tu trai nghiem, dd la su khac biet co ban giira "tinh hudng day" va "tinh hudng ty
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NGHIEN cufu Li LUAN
nhien" Nhiem vu cua thiet che giao due la tim mgi each de tao ra duac nhiing tinh hudng ty nhien, nhiing tinh hudng ma d dd, theo McTavish, tre dugc chai va kham pha, "tre dugc kich thich, mdi mgc, tre tim hieu va kham pha, tre ehoi vdi nhiing dieu da bigt mdt each tu nguyen". Mdt khi cac tinh hudng ty nhien nay dugc tao dyng, nhiem vu eiia cd giao la quan sat tre dg xem tre dang lam "nhu the nao", de kip thdi hd trg tre, "eiing chai vdi tre" va "dua tre vao trong nhdm choi" mgt each ty nhien nhat, ma khdng danh mat nhiing muc tieu giao due da dugc nghien eiiu va xac dinh trudc dd Tien do hoat ddng cua tre dugc xay dung dya tren 2 ygu td e a ban, dd la "tam li lira tudi" va "khdi lugng tri thiic", lang quen yeu td nao eung se khdng tao dung dugc cac tinh hudng ty nhign, phii hgp vdi sy phat tnen tri tue va cam xuc eiia tre.
Vg mat ngon ngir, cac tinh hudng tu nhien nay dugc gan vdi cac ygu td ngoai ngii da dang, sdi ddng, tinh te, khien tre cam thay hoan toan tu nhien, thoai mai va huge tre phai "chuyen ma" de dap img vdi mdi trudng ngoai ngu phii hgp. Dd la am thanh ngoai ngu (cac bai hat, bai tha, ke ehuyen, Idi cd giao, Idi ban be..), la hinh anh ngoai ngii (cac hinh ve, tranh anh cd kem chu ngoai ngu, truyen tranh ngoai ngii ma be dugc nghe va se tu kg lai bang ngoai ngii.. ), la sy van dgng, bat chude, lua chgn (theo nhiing yeu cau bang ngoai ngir ctia cd giao va tre ndi theo khi thuc hign cac ddng tac nay ..). Ngoai ngir khi do la cdng cu dg dap ling nh&ng nhu can ca ban ciia tre, duac thuc hien trong nhiing tinh hudng ty nhign khdng khac gi may so vdi cac tinh hudng tre sdng cimg tigng me dg.
2.2.2 Se xuat mot so giai phap ap dung cho thuc t i i n Vt^t Nam
a Tao khong gian dgc thu
Tam li hge lira tudi chi ra dae tinh "tryc quan" va "ban nang"
d tre, cd nghTa la dac tinh "lien he true tiep giiia su vat, hign tirgng va hinh thuc tam li thg hign". Digu nay chimg td khdng gian xung quanh tre cd mdt y nghTa rat Idn dgn dinh hirdng nhan thue eua tre. Duae dat trong mdt khdng gian tre da tung lam quen thi tkt ea higu bigt va cam xuc ciia tre gan vdi khdng gian dd se lap tire trd ve trong tre, Ire mau chdng hda nhap,
"dam minh trong khdng gian ay va ling xii vdi nhiing dae frung cua khdng gian ay". Dd la nhixng phan xa ed dieu kign. Vi vay, mudn mdi goi, danh thiic tiem nang, thoi quen hoat ddng eiia tre, chiing ta phai tao lap nhirng klidng gian dae thii, vdi tat ca nhiing ygu td vat chat va tinh than rat dae thii, rlt khac biet vdi cac khdng gian khac. Dugc dat vao trong khdng gian nao, trg se thich nghi vdi khdng gian dd mgt each rat tu nhign. Neu nhu cac trudng trung hgc phd thong, tmng hge eo sd, tham chi la trudng tieu hoc khdng cd gi khac biet !dn vdi nhau, thi cac tm'dng mam non lai cd nhimg dae tnmg nhin tir be ngoai rIt khae biet, tir cac khdi xay dung, dgn mau sac, trang tri, den thidt kg cac khu vyc giao due dae thii, gay an tugng manh den trg. Ta lly mdt vai vi du vg tinh dac thii nay gan vdi muc dich giao dye ngoai ngu (tit thyc tiln eae tnrdng mam non New Zealand ma chiing toi da quan sat):
- Thanh phd eua be: Tuy nhd xmh nhung dly ^^ ^^^^^' Khu VUI choi, khu thg thao, khu giao thdng, khu chg..^ ^, mdi vat the duac thigt kg rIt kheo, dii chd cho son len tren dly rir ngir blng ngoai ngir. Cac chi din. hieu Ignh deu duge vigt bing tidng nudc ngoai. Sy hd trg ciia cd giao cung bang tigng nudc ngoai. Tre dugc hudng din thyc hien cac buac ehai, van ddng bing tidng nudc ngoai, vira choi, vira van ddng, vira thye hien eae hoal dgng kliac nhau, lai vira nhac lai nhiing digu co giao ygu clu: "Bude Ign bac 1, cui dau xuong, ehui qua Id trdn, diing day, budc len bac 2. di qua cau thang blng, ngu nga (d dudi cd tham an toan) diing day trd ve bac 1.. . Be ty ehai, ty ndi, nghe cac ban noi va ndi vdi ban khi cd vin dg, khi tranh nhau, khi ddng y hay khdng ddng y. Tat ca dgu diln ra hgt siic ttr nhien blng tiSng nudc ngoai. Be di xe dap 3 banh trong khu giao thdng, d dudi mat dudng co ke cae miii ten, cae ki hieu giao thdng cd chii di kem, phia tren cd nhung bang chu: chi dudng, tit ca dgu bang ngoai ngft, be phai thuc hien Id trmh theo yeu c l u cua cd giao va nhiing chi din d dudi mat dudng hay tren dudng {thye ra la be khdng dge ma be chup hinh anh chu do va ghi nhd trong dau).
- Cdng trudng eiia be: Cd khu cat, khu gd, khu lap ghep, khu nuac, khu vudn eay... 6 do ed day dii cac vat lieu, cac vat dung Ciing nhu d khu "Thanh phd cua be", cac dia diem, cac vat lieu, cac dung cu va cae chi dan deu bang ngoai ngO.
Didu khac biet d day la be dugc phat huy cao nhat tinh sang tao ty phat ciia minh. Be duge dao, xiic cat xay dyng theo nhirng hinh hai ma be tudng tugng va dugc khuyen khich ndi de mieu ta nhiing hoat ddng cua minh: "Xuc mgt xeng eat nay, dd vao xe ciit kit nay, bay gid keo xe nhe, dd mat rdi, dgn nai rdi, dap cat thdi..." bang ngoai ngu, nhu da dirge nghe cd giao ndi mgt ian, mdt vai lan. Be thuc su dam chim trong "cdng viec", thich thu sang tao "san pham" eiia minh va thuc hien nhung bigu dat, giao tigp bang ngoai ngii mgt each het siic tu nhien. O khu gd, khu lap ghep, ban nang thich lya chgn, thich lap ghep giiip be sang tao ra nhirng hinh khdi rat ki qua! nhung that sang tao. Cd giao cd nhigu ea hdi de giup be thuc hanh ngoai ngii. (3 khu nudc, dugc thigt kg tren mgl san gd nit nudc, vdi ldng chdng xd, ehau, Ig, binh, voi nudc cac loai..., cac be dang hi hue lay nude dd vao bg ca {ca do chai), tudi eho vudn hoa, hay don gian la dd tir Ig sang binh, sang ehau hay tam eho biip be Nghe cac be ndi ehuyen vdi blip bg khdng khac gi mdt ba me giau kinh nghigm dang t i m eho eon
- Gde vui ke chuyen' Day eung la mdt khdng gian dac thii ma cae be rat thich. Tren tham mem, xung quanh tudng dugc trang tri cac ddng chu du mau sae, tren ke sach rIt nhigu ttanh anh, truyen tranh chir to va ea eac eon thii bone Be duoc nghe ed ke chuyen theo truyen tranh, duoc cd giai thich eac nhan vat, ca tinh, dac digm timg nhan vat va rdi be ra mdt gdc, lay eon thii bong ma be thieh va eung gia timg trang sach khi kg lai ehuyen cho thii bong, khdng quen kem nhung eau menh lenh rat ngudi Idn: "Em nghe nao", "Nhin van tranh nayi", "Cd hidu khdng?", "Nhac lai di!", y nim c '
102 TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUC Vier NAM
Nguygn Lan Trung, Nguyen Ngoc Luu Ly
ciia be. Rdi cac be dugc ygu eau ve lai nhiing gi be thich ve cau chuyen, nhimg hinh ve ngay ngd, nhung tir day be gidi thieu "tac pham" ciia minh cho ca nhdm, ca ldp. Gde vui kg chuyen khdng chi ed tranh anh va truyen tranh, cdn cd ca am thanh. Cac be dugc hudng dan an vao cac mit, phia trgn cd hinh anh, cd chir tgn eua can chuyen ke. Cac be dugc ty do an vao nhiing cau chuyen ma be thich, tua di ma lai (tu ddng an) dg nghe den khi nao be ke lai dugc eau ehuyen dd bang ngoai ngii. Thyc te chi ra day la khu cae be rat thich thii. Trong khi khu "Thanh phd eua be" tao lap cho be eac higu biet mdi, khu "Cdng trudng ciia be" giiip be kha nang hoat ddng, hanh dgng sang tao thi khu "Gdc vui ke chuygn" khoi ggi duge tinh cam, cam xuc cua be nhieu nhat, be ygu, be ghet, be hdn, be doi vdi eae nhan vat, vdi ndi dung cua truyen va ciing la noi he thuc hanh ngoai ngir dugc nhieu nhat,
b. Xdy dung moi trudng ngon ngir dap img cdc nhu cdu co bdn ciia tre
Nhu ttgn chiing ta da noi, tre se "chuyen ma" het siic tir nhien trong eae tinh hudng vdi tre la ty nhien, dd la cae tinh huong dap ling vdi cae nhu can ca ban cua tre. Vi vay, cac hoat dgng ngdn ngii (ngoai ngii) ciing phai gan kdt chat che vdi nhiing nhu cau nay, dap ling duac ehii "thieh" d tre. Tre can CO ngdn ngii de chai tdt hon, phong phii hon, tre can ngdn ngii de "hanh ddng" thda man mong mudn cua minh, tre can ngon ngir dg bigt each chai, de ygu cau, de khoe "thanh qua"
ciia minh. Tan dung nhChig nhu cau ay ciia trg, thigt chg giao due cung phai tao dung dugc mdi trudng phii hgp dg dap ling cao nhat nhiing nhu eau ay. Ta lay mdt vai vi du vg vige tao dimg mdi tmdng ngdn ngii dap ling nhu can ca ban eua tre.
- Nhu cau choi vdi dd choi Day la loai hoat dgng thudng thay nhat d tre. Ta khdng khdi ngae nhieu khi thay tre mai me hang gid bgn ddng ndi, mdu, xoong, chao, bat, thia.. va cac nguyen lieu {bang nhya), cac loai thit ca, hoa qua, hoac mdt dong trang phuc vdi may con blip be: Tre thay ra, thay vao, sap xep diing ngdi, giudng nam, ddi khi vat dau, be chan tay biip be rdi lap lai. Tre lien tuc ndi chuyen vdi do vat, vdi blip be. Khi dd nhiing cau hdi bang ngoai ngu cua eac ed giao la rat quan trgng, mdt mat kich thich tre cd nhung hudng choi mdi, mat khac kheu goi nhung eau tra Idi ciia tre, cd khi cd di dau rdi ma tre van tiep tuc tu tra Idi mgt minh. Mdt sd nha xual ban da thigt ke cac bg do choi di kem vdi mgt ngon ngii (ngoai ngir) trong do cd hudng dan ca cac cau chi dan cho CO giao
- Nhu cau van ddng, chay nhay, ca miia hat: 6 loai hoat dgng nay, cac yeu to ngdn ngir rat ro net, dd la cac cau ndi di kem cac bin tap van dgng va ca Idp phai ddng loat thyc hien, do la nhirng bai hat, bai tha ma tre hgc thudc long rat nhanh Xu hudng eiia Ire la theo nhau, bit chudc nhau, vi vay, tre thu'dng ndi dugc nhiing gi ma ban ddng lira minh ndi dugc, tre tu bat ehudc, chinh sua va rat mong mudn ve nha dugc
"bieu diln" cho bd me xem, ddi dugc dig hien. Cac bai hat kem vdi bai van ddng, cac bai hat cho tre em blng ngoai ngu' hien dang cd sin trgn thi tnrdng, trong cac phuang phap day
ngoai ngQ- va tren mang.
- Nhu clu quan sat lya chgn, sip xgp, lip ghep: Day la mgl
"hiing thii dae biet" cua tre. Mgi diia tte dgu danh phin Idn thai gian cua minh de quan sat, tir quan sat nay tre cd nhiing hanh ddng lua chgn, lya ehgn tren nhiing tigu chi ciia chiing ve man sac, ve hinh dang... Dya vao nhu clu nay, thigt chg giao dye cd the tao mdi trudng thuan loi dl tre thye hign cac thao tac da dang. Dua ra eho tre nhiing hinh khdi cd nhiing net tuong ddng, net khac biet, eae kich cd khac nhau, vat heu khae nhau, cd mau sac khac nhau, dua ra cho tte cac hinh khdi cd the duac thao rdi ra {mgt kidu ttd lap ghep lego dan gian). Tgn eae dd vat ay cimg cac dac tinh tten ciia chiing duac ghi blng ngoai ngii cimg vdi eae phan gidi thieu ygu clu ciia ed giao giiip tre "ghep" dugc vd ngdn ngir va dd vat, khai niem mdt each ty nhien va trong khi thao tac, tre se lap lai cac hi vyng ciing nhu nhiing cau bieu dat dan gian cila minh.
- Ve mat thuan ttiy ngdn ngir: Tre ed sd thich la thich nhic lai, thich bat chudc ngudi Idn, thich tu ndi va bit ngudi khac phai nghe minh ndi, bit ngudi Idn phai tra Idi cku hdi eiia minh, tre thieh nghe kg chuyen, ke di ke lai mgt chuyen, rdi tre kg lai cho thii bong eiia minh. Cac hoat ddng nay true tigp phat trign kha nang ngdn ngii, kha nang bieu dat cua tte. Day la mdi tnrdng can rat dugc chii trgng diu tu, kign tri diu tu.
Cd giao, ke ca cae phu huynh thudng nhieu viec, thudng ban biu va cd nhiing quan tam khae ngn thudng it danh thdi gian dg trao ddi bang ngoai ngii vdi tre, ke chuyen bang ngoai ngu' vdi tre va dac bigt la tra Idi tre mdt each qua loa, tham ehi cam tre hoi nhigu. Day la nhu eau eo ban cua tre, la cai tre thieh, la yen td giiip tre phat trien nhanh ngdn ngii dang tiep xuc va Sli dung
c. Kich hoal tdm thicc cita tre
Dg giiip tre tigp xiic va sir dung ngdn ngu mdt each hieu qua chiing ta phai tao ra dugc nhung khdng gian dac thii va phai xay dung duge mdi tnrdng ngdn ngii dap ling nhu eau ea ban ciia tre. Nhung mdt khi tao dung duac eac yeu td ay thi yeu td then chdt quygt dinh thanh edng trong mdt dudng hudng giao dye ngoai ngii ndi chung va tre mam non ndi rieng la phai kich hoat duac eac yeu td thudc pham tru tam thiic. Nhung cau hdi dat ra, lam the nao dg tre ty nguyen, lam thg nao dg thuc dly va nudi dudng sd thich vdn cd ciia tte, lam thg nao giiip tre hiing thii, "dim chim vao ttong ddng chay", vao trong qua trinh choi cua minh... la nhiing cau hdi Idn cin tim Idi giai dap. Nghien ciiu chi ra rang, mgt ngay it nhit tre choi 4 tigng, d trudng mam non 80% thdi gian danh cho Ire choi. Nhung cai ehai ciia tre cd dugc hieu qua den miic nao trong viec phat trign tri tue, phat trign ngdn ngii ciia tre thi cdn can nhidu dau tu nghign cuu hon nira, dac biet la cac nghign ciru tir thyc tien. Chiing tdi cho rang, ddi khi ehiing ta da qua ehu y dgn eac muc tigu giao due, den viec tre hgc dugc cai gi ma phan nao quen di tre la mgt "thyc thg smh vat phat trign cao", vdi nhiiTig yeu td di truygn, td chat va ban nang cao d p , cd thg phat trign mdt each dgc lap tuang ddi va cin phai dugc phat trign dgc lap ttiong ddi de phat huy het
S6'09, Ihang 09/2018 103
NGHlgNCOrULILUAN
nhirng pham chat, nhirng dac tinh ciia con ngudi
3. Ket luan
Giao due ngoai ngii trong gan mdt the ki qua da trai qua rat nhigu bign ddng, dudi tae dgng ciia tam li hoc, giao due hgc, ngdn ngir va eac nganh khoa hgc ke can. Nhirng thanh tyu thu duge ttong cae nganh khoa hoe nay cho phep tao ra nhiing thay ddi can ban va toan dien trong phuong phap day - hgc ngoai ngii. Bdi canh ngay hdm nay ddi hdi chiing ta phai cimg nhau nd luc gay dyng, hinh thanh, phat trien va hoan thien mdt cdng nghe giao dye ngoai ngir khoa hgc, phii
hgp vdi thdi dai va con ngudi Viet Nam. Dudng huong giao due ngoai ngii eho tre mam non ma mdt nhdm cac g'^. ^ Tnrdng Dai hoc Ngoai ngu - Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Noi nghi^en eini va thyc hien trong nhung nam vira qua ciing khong nam ngoai khuynli hudng tren. Thdng qua bai viet nay, chung toi budc diu gidi thieu mdt sd nguygn tic ca ban euaduang hudng dang nghign ciiu, hi vgng trong thdi gian ngan nhat ehung ta ed dugc mgt dudng hudng giao dye ngoai ngu cho tte mim non Viet Nam phii hgp vdi ddi hdi ngay eang cao cua phu huynh hgc smh, eiia ngudi ngudi day va ngudi hgc, trong bdi eanh dit nudc phat trign va hda nhap hien nay.
Tii lieu tham khao
[1] Piaget, J, (2006), Tuyen tdp tam li hgc J Piaget, NXB Giao due, Ha Ngi.
|2] Vygosky, L.S. (1997), Tuyen tdp tdm 11 hoc, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi.
[3] Smss\iTe,F, (1970), CoursdehnguisUque generate, Pans.Payot.
[4] Chomsky, N., (1969). Structures syntaxiques, Paris, Le Seuil.
|5] Austin, J.L, (1970), Quand dire cestfaire, Paris, Le Seuii.
[6] McTavish, A, (2014), Playing and explorin^n the early year, Apraclice guide to how babies and young children learn. Essential Resources Educational Publishers.
[7] Brace, T, (1996), Early childhood education. London, Hodder Education
[8] Wolfgang, C H, (2004), Child guidance through play, teaching positive social behaviors (ages 2-7). Florida State University, Pearson Education
[9] Roger, S. (2011). Presentation at "How children learn" conference.
[10] Sheridan, M D, (2011), Play in early childhood, from birth to six years. Routiedge.
[11] Bronson, M.B, (2000). Self-regulation in early childhood, nature and nurture.
[12] Can, M - Claxton. G, {2004), A framework for teaching learning, the dynamics of disposition. Early years international journal of research and devetopmemt.
IDENTIFYING ORIENTATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION FOR PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN
Nguyen Lan T r u n g \ Nguyen Ngoc Luu Ly^
'Email [email protected]
^Email ngjyei ngocluuly@yahoo Ir Univeisly ol Langiages and International Studies VNU, Hanoi
Pham Van Dong, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vielnam
ABSTRACT: The paper first presents a brief introduction of Psychology, Linguistics and Foreign Language Pedagogy before identifying fundamental onentations and principles in foreign language education for preschool children in Vietnam. Specific measures are also proposed on the basis of modem pnnciples of early childhood education m the world which are appropriate to the particular cultural and socio-economic circumstances in Vietnam so as to build up a synchronous, comprehensive and diverse system of foreign language education for preschool children in general and early childhood educational facilities in Vietnam in particular
KEYWORDS: Experiential education; cnnsciousness; linguistic environment; basic needs;
specific space.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
