GIAI PHAP VIJ0T RAO CAN PHI THUE NHAM THIJC DAY XUAT KHAU THUY SAN
VIET NAM SANG EU
• NGUYEN THI THU THUY
TOM TAT:
Hidp dinh thifdng mai t\i do Vidt Nam - EU (EVFTA) chinh thu'c du'dc ky ket vao ngay 30/6/2019, hiJa hen se mang lai nhieu trien vong ldn cho Thuy san ViSt Nam ehid'm ITnh thi trir5ng EU. Tuy nhien, de tan dung difdc cd hOi quy gia nay, thuy san Vi§t Nam can phai doi phd vdi cac rao can thifdng mai phi thue'. Bai viet nham phan tich hien trang cua mot so'rao can chia yeu difdc EU dp dung vdi thuy san noi chung va vdi thuy san Vi6t Nam noi ridng khi tid'p clin thi tnf&ng nay va de xuat mot so giai phap de ihuy san Viet Nam vu'dt qua nhffng trd ngai rao can phi thue^do EU quy dinh.
Tiif khoa: EU, EVFTA, rao can phi thue', xua't khau thuy san.
1. Dgt va'n dd
Vdi xu hifdng ky ke't cac hidp dinh liJ do thu'dng mai, cac bidn phap phi thue' quan ngay cang du'dc su' dung phd bie'n va linh vi. Mdc do can thie't va ly do s5u xa dan de'n vide bao ho san xu^t noi dia cua tifng nu'dc cung khac nhau, do'i lifdng can bao hg cung khac nhau khie'n cho cac hang rao phi thue' cang trd nen da dang va khat khe.
EU la mot trong nhffng thi tru'dng ldn, quan trong doi vdi xua't khau thuy san Viet Nam trong nhffng nam gan dSy va diJ bao se tid'p luc la thi tnfcfng tiem nang irong nhu'ng nam ldi. Tuy nhidn, thi tru'dng EU co nhffng yeu cau dac thii, quy dinh chat ehe ve cha'l lifdng, ve sinh an loan thife pham. Vdi cac quy dinh nghiem ngat nay, Viel Nam thupc nhdm danh sach eo nguy cd gap kho khan vdi san ph^m thuy san xua'l khau. Nhffng rao can nhff thud'chd'ng ban pha gia, thue chd'ng trd ca'p, cac quy dinh kiem tra hoa chat, khijng
sinh, bao ve nguon ldi lUU, hay chu'dng trinh thanh ira ridng biet dang va se du'dc tang cffdng ap dung, dac biet la khi EVFTA mdi du'dc ky ke't ngay 30/6/2019 va ky vong se cd hidu life trong thdi gian khdng xa. Dieu nay se khie'n eho xuat kha'u thuy san, vd'n la mat hang ma Viet Nam cd ldi the' so sanh se gap phai khdng it khd khan.
2. Khai quat tinh hinh xuat kha'u thuy san cua Viet Nam sang EU
Xuat khau thuy san cua Viet Nam vao thi trffdng EU da cd nhffng bffdc lien vffdt bac irong nhffng nam gan dSy. Nam 2017, ian dau tien EU vffdt qua My de trd thanh thi trifdng xuS't khau thuy san so' mot eua Vidt Nam, vdi tdng kim ngach dat mffc 1.46 ly USD, tang 22,1% so vdi nam 2016.
Nam 2018, do anh hffdng cua thd vang lUU da khien cho long xua't khau thuy san sang EU chi tang nhe ldn 1,47 ty USD. EU rdi xud'ng vi iri thi tru'dng nhap khau thff 2 cua thuy san Vidt Nam (xem Bang 1).
KINH TE
Bang 1. Kim ngqch xudt khdu thuy son cua Viet Nam sang EU nhCrng nam gan day Ban vl: TrlQu USD Ttii tmdng
BLIC
Italia Ha Lan Tay Ban Nha
Phap Bi Anh EU
Nam 2013 207 139 125 119 119 106 143 1 149
Nam 2014 237 137 211 121 142 146 184 1 396
Nam 2015 189 156 167 91 109 111 200 1.156
Nam 2016 176 135 204 85 95 124 205 1209
Nam 2017 183 148 334 61 103 165 283 1.460
Nam 2018 194 117 297 81 107 149 321 1.472
Cii ca'u mat hang thiiy san ve cd ban cua Viet Nam cd tinh bd sung vdi nhu cau lieu dung d thi trffdng EU. Cac mat hang thuy san xua't khau chu yd'u vao thi trffdng EU bao gom torn, ca tra, nhuydn the va ca ngff, trong dd torn la mat hang chie'm ty trpng ldn trong ed cau thuy san xua't khau. EU van la thi trffdng nhap khau lorn ldn nha't cua Viet Nam,
Nguon: Tong cue Hdi quan chie'm 23,6% tdng gia tn xuat khau tom Viet Nam di cac thi trffdng. Nam 2018, xua't khau tdm Viet Nam sang EU dat 838,3 ffieu USD, giam 2,8%. Anh, Ha Lan, Dffc la 3 thi trffdng nhSp khau ldn nhai trong khoi EU. XK sang Anh va Dffc nam 2018 tang tru'dng lan lifdl la 13% va 11%, xua'l khau sang Ha Lan giam 15% so vdi nam 2017 (xem Hinh)
Hinh: Xuat khdu tdm sang EU, 2017-2018
S 120
:S-ioo
80 60 40 20 0
52
1 1
1 1
Tl
n
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 2017 • 2018 —
T8 T9 10 T i l T12 Tang trudng %
Nguon: Vasep (2019) So 12-Thang 7/2019 33
3. Rao can phi thud' do'i vd^i thiiy san xua't kh^u vao EU va mtfc dO dap iJng cua thuy san Vidt Nam
3.7. Mot so rdo cdn phi thue doi vdi thuy sdn cua Viet Nam khi xuat khau vdo EU
- Cac bidn phap han che' dinh lu'dng: Day la cac bidn phap nham trffc tid'p gidi han kho'i Iffdng hoac gia iri hang hda nhap khau vao mot qud'c gia. Do dd, co linh chat bao hg rat cao, bao gdm ea'm nhap khau, han ngach va ca'p phep nhap khau khdng iff ddng.
- Cac bidn phap quan ly v^ gia: Cac bien phap quan ly gia nhap khau hay gia ban lai ihi trffdng EU thdng qua vide quy dinh gia td'i da, gia tinh thud', cac khoan phi va phu thu cd thd cd tac ddng trffc tie'p hay gian lie'p ldi xua'l khau thiiy san cua Vidt Nam vao EU.
- Hang rao ky Ihual va cac bidn phap vd sinh dieh te: Cac bien phap can thie't de bao vd mdi trifdng, sffc khoe con ngffdi va dong thffc vat, ngan ngffa cac hanh ddng xau,... ma EU cho la thich hdp, vdi didu kidn la cae bidn phap do khdng dffdc ap dung theo each thffc tao ra sff phan bidt dd'i xff luy tidn, hay han chd' v6 ly do'i vdi thu'dng mai qud'c te'. Cae quy dinh ve tieu chuan ky thuat phd bie'n nha't du'dc EU sff dung gom: (1) Quy dinh do'i vdi sffc khde va an loan vd sinh thifc pham; (2) Tidu chuan ciia EU ve quan ly chat lffdng; (3) Quy dinh cua EU vd bao ve mdi trifdng va ngudn ldi (ISO 14000. EMAS, lUU. quy dinh cua EU ve trach nhidm xa hoi) (Bang 2).
nay trong vide han chd' nhap thuy san vao thi trffdng EU.
- Cae bidn phap quan ly hanh chinh: Qui dinh ve thanh toan, qui dinh ve dat coc, qui dinh ve kich cd hang hoa, qui dinh ve quang clo, vi tri thong quan.
Co the Ihay EU ap dung rS't da dang cac loai rao can de kiem soat ludng hSng hoa nhap khau, bao vd ngffdi tidu dung npi dia cung nhif bao vd moi irffdng. He thd'ng rao can nay he't sffc phffc tap, cd the lam "nan long" khong it doanh nghiep xua'l khau nffdc ngoai cd mong mud'n chie'm linh thi trffdng EU. Xu hffdng chung trong vide sff dung cac bien phap phi thud' quan cua EU la chuydn tff eac bien phap mang tinh chat han che'dinh lifdng trffc tid'p sang cac bidn phap linh vi hdn nhff chd'ng trd ca'p, tif ve, lieu chuan ky thuat, cac bidn phap han chd' nhap khau gSn vdi ydu cau tuSn thu cac tidu chuIn mdi trffdng v& lao dOng, ydu cau iruy xuat ngudn go'c. Vu viec cd anh hffdng nghiem trpng gSndaynhS't dd'i vdi thuy sanxua'tkhlu vaoEUla vide EU ap dat the vang do'i vdi thuy san xua't khau eua Vidt Nam, la mot trong nhffng nguyen nhan chinh dan de'n kim ngach xua'l khau vao thi trffdng nay bid'n ddng trong nam 2018.
3.2. Mdc do ddp dng cua hdng thuy sdn xud't khdu cua Vift Nam doi vdi cdc rdo cdn phi thue ciia EU
Mac du gap phai khdng it trd ngai, kim ngach xua't khau thuy san cua Viet Nam nhin ehung tang qua cac nam phan nao cho tha'y thuy san Viet
Bang 2. Danh muc chi tieu kiem tra ve chdt iLfdng, an todn thuc phdm vdi Id hdng xud't khau thuy sdn vdo EU
Chi tieu kiem tra
Hoa chat, khang sinh
Enrofloxacin va Ciprofloxacin
£}oi tuang ap dung
Tom nudi, ca tra, ca basa va san pham cfie bien \U tdm nuoi, ca tra, ca basa
Mi^c gidi han toi da cho phep
100^Jg/kg
Tham chieu quy d|nh cua EU
Commission regulation (EC) No 37/2010 dated 22/12/2009
Ghi chu
Dd'i vdi ca: ton du dupc tinh trong phan cO thjt va da
- Cac bien phap bao ve thffdng mai lam thdi:
Thuoc nhdm nay la cac bien phap iff vd, cho'ng trd cap va chd'ng ban pha gia. Xu hffdng gan day cho thay EU sff dung kha thffdng xuyen cac bien phap
Ngudn: Cue Qudn ly chd't lugng nong ldm thiiy sdn (2018)
Nam da khang dinh du'dc uy tin va ihffdng hieu d thi trffdng EU. Chat lu'dng hang thiiy san cua Viet Nam khdng ngffng du'dc nang cao, hoat ddng dau Iff nang cap cd sd ha lang phuc vu nudi trdng.
34 So 12-Thang 7/2019
KINH TE
danh bat thuy san luon dffdc ddi mdi, cdng nghe chd bien thuy san theo tieu chuS'n HACCP ludn du'0c cai tid'n. Cac doanh nghiep tham gia xua'l khau thuy .san ddu cd du tieu chuan ve vd sinh an loan ihffc pham va dffdc EU chS'p nhan. Mot .so doanh nghiep da the hidn dffdc sif nhay ben trong vide ddi phd vdi rao can phi thue'. Chang ban, de dd'i phd vdi truyen thdng bdi nho ve mat hang ca tra nam 2017, cae doanh nghidp xua't khau ca ira nang cao kha nang canh tranh san pham b3ng chat Iffdng, chu y dd'n cac san pham gia tri gia tang eao va lieu chuan ve sinh an toan thffc pham thay vi canh tranh bang gia ca dang giup ca ira Viet Nam la'y lai thien cam tai thi trffdng nay.
Tuy nhidn, trong cdng tac dap ffng vdi cac rao can phi thud' vSn cdn mdt so' ba't caip, ban chd' nhu': Cha'l lu'dng hang thuy san xua'l khS'u vao EU chu'a deu va chffa dn dinh; Cac con gidng mdi chi dam bao mffc dd cd ban, chffa tao ra dffdc cac loai gid'ng sach cd kha nang khang bdnh cao;
Cha't Iffdng thuy san sau thu hoach chffa dffdc kiem soat tan gd'c; Cdn cd tinh trang lam dung hda chS't, khang sinh trong san xua't, khai thac, bao quan thuy san. Nhffng ban chd' trdn bat ngudn tff mot so' nguydn nhan chinh bao gdm:
Nhan thffc ve nguy ed va hSu qua cua rao can phi thud' dd'i vdi xuS't khS'u thuy san v^o thi trffdng EU cua mdt sd' doanh nghiep cdn kha han chd';
Vide kiem soat chat lffdng thuy san, dac biet la cac cdng doan trffdc ehe' bie'n cdn kha han chd';
Cong tac truy xua't ngudn gd'c ddi khi chffa dffdc chu trpng va thid'u he thd'ng; Cdng lac nudi trdng thuy san chffa thffc sff dffdc quy hoach, irien khai tdng the', phu hdp vdi dac diem tffng vung va tffng loai thuy san.
4. Mot s6' khuyd'n nghi giai phap nham dap tfng rao can phi thud' quan dd' day manh xua't khS'u thuy san cua Vidt Nam sang EU dd'n nam 2025
4.1. Doi vdi doanh nghidp che'bien vd xud't khdu thiiy sdn
Thd nhd't. cac doanh nghiep ndn chu dpng tim hieu luat phap, dac bidt la nhffng thay ddi trong nhffng quy dinh ctia EU. Vide khdng cap nhat thdng tin thffdng xuyen se khie'n cac doanh nghidp rdi vao the bi ddng va se gap riii ro cao Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghidp cung phai ed nhffng bien phap tich cdc dd dd'i phd mdi khi xay ra tranh chap thffdng mai. Doanh nghidp nen thdng qua eae hidp
hdi eiia minh, cac cd quan chuydn nghiep de nSm bai thdng tin ve hang rao ky thuat cua thi trifdng, va do do khi lam an lai thi irffdng nay can ed sff tir va'n cua cae dd'i tac sd tai.
Thd hai. doanh nghidp can ehu y nang cao cha'l lifdng san pham ihuy san xua't khau. Thi trffdng EU vin la mdt thi trffdng khd tinh vdi nhffng ddi hdi khat khe ve chat Iffdng san pham nen doanh nghiep can bam sal cac kd't qua nghidn effu thi tru'dng vd thi hid'u ngffdi lieu dung, cac yd'u id' lidn quan dd'n sffc khde con ngffdi, tff dd chao ban san pham an loan cho ngffdi sff dung vdi mau ma, chat lifpng cai tid'n, da tidn ieh, gia eanh tranh.
Thd ba, dap ffng yeu cau vd vd sinh an loan thffc pham ngay tff cd sd san xuat (bao gdm cd sd ha tang va quy trinh san xua'l Iheo tidu chua'n HACCP.
Ngoai ra, eae DN chd' bid'n va xua't khau thuy san can phai hieu rd mdt so' quy dinh chung eiia EU lien quan tdi quy tac vd sinh thffc pham cd ngudn gd'c ddng vat, dif Iffpng eho phep mot so' chS't nhS't dinh vdi san pham thuy san.
Thd tu, nam vffng va hieu rd quy tac xua'l xff cua san pham. Can lffu y rang mat hang thuy san Viet Nam dffdc coi la cd xu§'t xff thuan tuy ne'u nhff cac san pham thuy san dffdc sinh ra va nudi Idn lai cac trang trai thuy san trong nifdc hoac thu dffpc qua qua trinh danh bat trong lanh hai ma Viet Nam cd quyen khai thac ddc quyen. Doanh nghidp c^n phd'i hdp td't vdi nhffng nha nudi trdng, danh bat thuy hai san trong vide tuan thu quy lac xua'l xff hang hda, Doanh nghiep can chii y thu mua nguyen lieu hai san difdc khai thac hpp phap, cd ngudn gd'c, xua'l xff rd rang, khdng ihu mua hai san eiia cac ngff dan vi pham, tff nhffng hoat dpng khai thac khdng cd gia'y phep, khdng cd nhat ky va khdng bao cao theo quy dinh hoac khai thac bang ngff cu hi cam.
Thd ndm, chui'n bi cac dieu kidn vffdt qua cac bidn phap chd'ng ban pha gia, chd'ng trd ea'p va cac bien phap tff vd thu'dng mai. Ngoai nhffng ydu cau ve SPS, TBT, ROO, Uii tnfdng EU vin cd kha nang tie'p tuc ap dung eac bidn phap phdng vd thffdng mai nhff chd'ng ban pha gia va chd'ng trd ea'p.
Thd sdu, nd Iffc tan dung EVFTA. EVFTA dff kie'n sau khi ed hieu Iffc se giam thieu cac hang rao Ihffdng mai bat hdp ly, tang tinh edng khai, minh bach, cd the dff bao khi trien khai cac bien phap phdng vd thffdng mai, kiem dieh ddng thffc vat, cung nhff rao ky thuat. Vi vay, cac doanh
So 12-Thang 7/2019 35
nghiep ed the tan dung nhffng cam ke't nay de tranh hoac giam thieu nguy cddd'i mat vdi cac rao can thffdng mai phi ihue' ma EU dang va se ap dung vdi thtiy san nhdp khau ndi ehung vd thiiy san tff Viet Nam ndi ndng.
4.2. Dd'i vdi nha nUdc vd cdc cdquan hdu quan Mot Id. Chinh phu can cd chinh sdch khuye'n khich hd trp cae doanh nghiep trong vide dp dung va xay du'ng eac he thd'ng tieu chuan cha'l Iffdng qud'c te'thdng qua cac bidn phap hd trd tffva'n, dao tao; Ban hanh ehinh sach khuyd'n khfch cac cP sd nghien cffu, dao tao gan kd'l vdi cac doanh nghidp, trang trai va cd sd sdn xud'l de dffa nhanh tid'n bo ky thudt va edng nghe mdi vao san xua't, Cd chinh sdch ifu tidn dd'i vdi dao tao ngudn nhdn life hoat ddng nghe cd trdn bidn Gan kd'l giffa phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc vdi bd' tri dan cff va xay dffng lang ca ven bien; Cd chinh sach hidu qua tang cffdng nang life cho cdc trung tdm khuyd'n ngff; Tang cifdng phd bid'n nhffng kid'n ihffc va ihdng tin khoa hoc ve danh bat va nudi trdng thiiy san trdn eae phffdng tidn truyen thdng dai ehiing; Tang cffdng hd trd cdc doanh nghidp thuy san ve vd'n, ffng dung khoa hoc cdng nghd, phat trien thi irffdng va xuc lid'n Ihffdng mai,.,
Hai Id, BO Cdng Thffdng can giiip doanh nghidp hieu ldi ich ciia chffng nhan xua't xff va tie'p ttic tao didu kien cho doanh nghidp chffng minh ngudn gd'c xud'l xff, cung nhff Iff chffng nhan xua'l xff hang hda.
Doanh nghidp nhd cung cd thd tham gia tff chffng nhan xud't xff hang hda va khdng cd ddi hdi nao mang tinh chd't dat dieu kien ma doanh nghidp khdng the ddp ffng difdc. Vide ndy giup doanh nghidp cd the lam quen vdi mdt phifdng thffc mdi, dem lai ldi ich trffc lie'p eho doanh nghiep.
Ba Id, cdc cd quan qudn ly can tang cifdng da'y manh cac kenh ihdng tin, phd bie'n. hffdng ddn.
nang cao nhan thffc cho doanh nghidp MJ'i^ ^h^"
thuy san vd rao can thu'dng mai phi thue ciia EU va cdc nu'dc thanh vien. Doanh nghidp Viei phdn ldn Id quy md nhd, khd han ehe trong vide hieu va ffng xff vdi cac rao can nhif vay, ndn vide hd trd doanh nghiep he't sffc quan trpng va can thid't, giup doanh nghiep ehuin bi cae dieu kidn san sang dd'i phd, la ye'u id' quyd't dinh ban dau giiip doanh nghidp vifdt qua eac rao can phi thud' quan.
Bdn Id, can tie'p luc quy hoach cdc vung san pha'm theo lpi the' so sanh. Ong phd vdi xu hffdng bao hd mau dich va vffdt qua rao can ve hang rao ky thuat cac doanh nghiep xud't Idiau thiiy sdn can phat Erien nhffng san pha'm ma Vidt Nam cd ldi thd', cd tinh chd't bd sung vdi san phdm ciia EU.
Mdi vung deu cd 1 san pham cd gia tri kinh Ed'cao, khd'i lu'dng khdng ldn nhffng do chinh Id ldi ihd' trong lieu dung ndi dia va xud'l khd'u.
5. Ke't lu^n
Trong thdi gian ldi, khi EVFTA chinh thffe cd hidu life, thuy sdn Viel Nam se cd ldi ve thud'quan, nhu^g se la dd'i tu'dng de cac thj Irffdng tang cffdng dp dung cdc bien phap phi thud' quan. Nhffng rdo can nhff thud' chd'ng ban pha gia, thud' chd'ng trd ca'p, cae quy dinh kidm tra hda chd't, khang smh, bdo vd ngudn lpi hay chffdng trinh thanh tra rieng bidt dang va se nhieu kha nang dffdc lang cffdng ap dung. Do do, cdc doanh nghiep xud'l khau thuy san can phai chuan hi ky Iffdng, nd Iffc nang cao cha't lifdng san pham, nang cad nang \\ic canh tranh theo hffdng ben vffng, trach nhiem, dac bidt la tuan thii cac quy dinh ciia phdp luat. Ben canh sff nd Iffc Iff thdn eua cac doanh nghidp, vai trd eiia Nha nffdc va Hidp hdi ra'l quan trpng trong vide hd trd, khuye'n khich, tao dieu kidn td't nhd't cho eae doanh nghidp tuan thu cac nguyen lac, ddi hdi cua thi Erifdng, cung nhff cae cam kd't trong EVFTA •
Bdi viet ndy la mot phdn ket qud nghien cdu cua di tdi cap ctf sd md sd' T2008-PC-109 do Triicfng Bai hoc Bdch khoa Hd N^i cdp kinh phi.
TAI U E U THAM KHAO:
1. Cue Qudn If chdt luang ndng ldm sdn vd thuy sdn (2018), Cdng vdn 79/QLCL-CLl, http://www.nafiqad.gov.vn/nguoidung/vanhanuserviewdetaii/tabid/245/id/3067/language/vi-VN/Defauli.uspx
2. Dd Ddc Binh. Bui Huy Nhuang (2009). Ddp dng rdo cdn phi thue quan de ddy mgnh xud't khdu ben . ^ /„,„ , thuy sdn Viet Nam, Sdch chuyen khdo. Nhd Xudt bdn Chinh tri Qudc gia.
KINH IE
«. Korep f20;9A Bag cdo xuat khdu thiiy sdn Viit Nam 2018.
Ngay nh^n bai: 7/6/2019
Ngay phan bifn danh gia va sia chiJa: 17/6/2019 Ngay chap nh^n dang bai: 27/6/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
TS, NGUYEN THI THU THUY
Vi«n Kinh 16' va Quan ly - TrifSng D«i hpc Bach khoa Ha NOi
SOLUTIONS TO HELP VIETNAMESE SEAFOOD OVERCOME NON-TARIFF BARRIERS OF THE EU TO PROMOTE SEAFOOD
EXPORTS TO THE EU MARKET
• Ph.D NGUYEN THI THU THUY School of Ecohomics and Management Hanoi University of Science and Technology ABSTRACT:
The EU - Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) was officially signed on June 30, 2019, promising to bring great prospects for Vietnamese seafood to dominate the EU market. However, in order to take advantage of this valuable opportunity, Viemamese seafood needs to handle non- tariff barriers of the EU market This article is to analyze some major non-tariff barriers of the EU for imported seafood in general and for Vietnamese seafood in particular. This article also proposes some solutions to help Vietnamese seafood overcome non-tariff barriers of the EU.
Keywords: EU, EVFTA, non-tariff barriers, .seafood export.
So 12-Thdng 7/2019 37
