V CHfNH SACH CUA CHINH QUYEN PHONG KIEN VIET NAM DOI Vdl NGLfdl HOA
d PHIA BAC THE KY XVI - XVIII
DI/CJNG VAN HUY*
K
hdi ngMa Lam Son t h i n g lgi ndm 1428, Le Lgi da lap nen nhd Lfi, tdi l^p quoc gia Dai Viet d&e lap. Sau mSt thdi ky phdt triln cUe thinh cua vUOng trieu Lfi vdo thdi ky Le stf, vd r l i di vao phdn Ufit Le- Mac, tifi'p dfi'n Id thbi ky d i t nflde hi cMa e i t thanh hai xfl Ddng Trong- Dang Ngoai. Tuy nMen, du thdi ky nao di ntta tM vfiji d l flng xii vdi ngfldi Hoa diu dUge chinh qiryen phong kieh nhd Le rat coi trgng, ly do Idbdi pMa Bae Viet Nam tie'p gidp vdi Trung Quoc. Trong hdng nghin ndm nMeu lan hi chinh quyln phong kie'n phUtfng Blc xdm lugc, nhuhg bie'n dgng d Trung Quo'c nhat la khu vUc phia Nam diu trUc tie'p hay gidn tifi'p anh hfldng tdi ^^et Nam. Cho nen, cung nhfl nMlu cMnh qiQfln phong kie'n Vigt Nam khac, thdi ky nha Le - Mac cung nhdn thflc khd day du ve chinh sach doi vdi ngfldi Hoa di tru vfla ed tinh chat ddl ndi lai vfla ed tinh ehat nhay cam ciia chinh sdch doi ngoai.1. C h i n h s a c h d o i vdfi ngi^cfi H o a thcfi k y Ld stf (1428 -1527), M a c (1527 -1592) Dfldi thdi Lfi sd, Lfi Thai To (Le Ldi) sau dd Id Le Thanh T d i ^ vdi mong muon cung
co' nen ddc lap eMnh tri vdi Trung Qud'c vd ngdn ehan sfl phd hoai tfl bfin trong da g i n g sflc ton tao n i n van hod ddn t&c, dua ra mSt s6' chinh sdch k h l t khe vdi ngUbi Trung Hoa di cU. Dong thdi thflc M$n chinh sdch d i n g hoa ddl vdi ngfldi Hoa.
Ndi dung cMnh sdch nay Id bugc cdc di dfin Trung Qud'c phai theo ngUdi \ ^ e t tifin moi phfltfng dign sinh boat vd tdp tuc. Vdo thdng 12 Le Thai To ndm thfl 4 (1473), Bgi Viet sd ky todn thU- bdn /i^ thUc luc, Q.2 cd chep: "NgUdi Minh bi bupc phdi mang y phuc vd hui toe theo phong tuc cila ngudi phuang Nam vd cho hg d rdi rdc xen ke vdi d&n dia phuang" '^', bdi trong Bai Viet sd ky todn thU cho bie't: "ngiidi Minh niu trd ngiidi td tr&n va bi thuang, nhdng ngiidi diigc vi tdi nuac chl con hai phdn mudi, hien chUa vi niidc ma d lgi ddt ViSt cbn cd mdy chuc vgn." Ma trong sd' bgn ho thdnh p h l n phfle tap, thuan nghich chi^
rd, vfiy nfin trieu Lfi mdi xfl tri quan Iy nhif thfi' d l quan chfi' vd phbng ngfla kieu ddn ngflbi Minh. Cd t h l k h i n g dinh, ddy Id mdt hdnh d&r^ dau tien cua trieu ^ n h nhd Le muon Vifit hod di dan Trung Qud'c md trong lieh sfl chifa tUng cd.
* TS. Ducmg Vfin Huy, Vien Nghien ci3u D6ng Nam A
Ducmg Vdn Huy - Chinh sdch cua chinh guyen phong ki^n Viit Nam.. 39
Nl'u nhfl d tiidi ky trfldc, ngUdi Hoa di t n i sang Vifit Nam da phan mang tinh c h i t di tni tU nMen, ehinh quyen eung nhU nhan dan hoan nghenh hg vd de hg hod dong vdi xa h&i sd tai vd chung sd'ng mot cdch hoa binh, chinh quyen khdng qud phai lo l i n g gi ve hg. Nhuhg, budc sang thdi 1^ nhd Lfi tinh hinh da thay dli, ngUdi Hoa khdng di trfl sang nudc ta lan ndy cbn mang y ngMa ngMa Mnh te' vd doi ngoai quan trgng, thfim cM cbn dnh hudng d l h ca an ninh quoe gia. Cho nfin, de quan ly nhuhg ngUdi Hoa di trfl, nhd Lfi da dUa van d l nay vdo dinh chfi' hod trong Li triiu hinh ludt: "Cdm ddn Bgi Viit khdng dugc liin lgc mdt thiit vdi ngogi kiiu den mdc nda c6 thi, vd se cd nhUng hinh phgt n&ng nhdt doi vdi nhiing ai tiit 16 bi mat quoc gia.'^^^ Cho nen, ndm 1428, Li Lgi chi dinh V&n BSn, Vgn Ninh (Qudng Ninh), Cdn Hdi, Hgi Thdng, Hdi Triiu (Nghi An), Tfldng Linh (Lgng San), Phd Lanh (Thai NguySn), Tam K^ (Tuyin Quang) vd True Hoa (San T&y) ldm dia bdn cU trii cho ngogi khdch vd nghiSm cdm thi&mg khdch ngiidi Bdc Qudc xudt nh&p npi trdn.^^^
Nhuhg, de nhijfng ngudi Hoa cU tni dugc d cdc khu Vlfc ndy cung phai Man thu m&t nguyen tac chdt ehe da dUtfc dUa ra trong Li triiu hinh ludt: "Phdi chd din khi chinh triing sd (cda dich triidng) bd cdo vi An phd ty (viic chiJX: dia phuang co nhiim vu lap danh sdch vd thu thui) vd bdo ddm vi tinh trgng cua hg roi mdi cho phep ngogi nhdn diigc ngu cii tgi dich triicmg (nai budn bdn giao dich)."^'^^
Ddl vdi ngudi Hoa efl tiii lau ddi, eMnh quyen nhd Le thdi ky ndy cung dp dung mgt chinh sdch chdt che hon v l mdt vdn hod ddl ngUdi Hoa, nhd't Id vi&c chinh
qiO'ln huge hg phai mang y phuc vd bui tde theo phong tue cua ngudi phfltfng Nam vd eho hg d rai rdc xen ke vdi dan dia phfldng.
L l n d i u tifin tiong lieh sfl nhd nUde phong kifi'n Vifit Nam dp dung ehinh sdch ehu trgng dfi'n thay doi Mnh thUe trong cdng dong ngubi phuong B l e di tni d nflde ta. Cd le thbi ky dd, ngUdi Viet ed de cam vdi ngfldi Hoa kilu nfin chinh quyen dp dung mdt ehinh sdch chat che nhfl vdy*^'.
Trdi lai, v l phuong difin kinh tfi', ngUdi Hoa lai dugc t u do hoat d&ng ldnh doanh d nhiihg khu vifc dUtfc phdp cU tru hodc tam trfl, dde bifit Id Vfin Din, PhS' Hifi'n, cdng viec ldm an ciia ngubi Hoa phdt t r i l n khd thinh vugng. Nguyfin Trdi trong Bu dia chi cho biet d Ddng Kinh (Thdng Long) thdi Lfi so da cd "phudng Budng nh&n bdn diip y"(6', tfle la nhflhg phS' ngubi Hoa buSn ban sam ua't. Nhuhg t a t ea nhflhg hoat d&ng kinh tfi' dd diu n l m trong sU kiem sodt eiia chinh quyen nhd Lfi stf.
Sd di nhd Lfi so cd eMnh sdch cd phan khat khe va thflc Men d&ng hod manh me dSl vdi nhflhg ngflbi Hoa di tni bdi cung do hdl eanh lieh sfl thbi ky ndy quy dinh. Khi nha Lfi danh duli dUOe qufin Minh (1427), da't nUde duge d&c lap, nhUng vd'n de ddl ngoai vdi nhd Minh nhfl the' ndo de gifl dugc ehu quyln vfla gidnh dugc cung kMfi'n cho ehinh quyln cang coi trgng htfn dSl vdi b& phfin ngUdi Hoa di cu vd dinh cU d trfin lanh tho Dai Viet. Trong quan hfi ngoai giao dd, Dai Viet tuy Id m&t nude ddc lap nhUhg v l danh ngMa vfin Id mdt nUde pMfin thuSc, gifl lfi trieu eong. Rifing ddl vdi vific phong vUtfng, nha Minh v l n eo tri hoan vdi ly do la phai tim cho dflde con chdu nhd Tran de noi ngSi. Cho den nam
40 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 5/2015
1437, vua Minh Anh Tdng mdi sai sfl mang cMfi'u s i c va a h vang sang s i c phong cho Thdi Tdng ldm An Nam qud'e vUdng. Ben canh dd, mde du theo nhU Minh Hoang Luc gM chep, sau kM Dai Viet gidnh dUdc dgc ldp, eon so' ngUdi Minh HUtfng rut ve nUdc Id 86.640 ngfldi, fldc tinh bang m&t phan tfl s l lUdng d lai. Nha Minh Ufin tue thiic ep Dai Viet tifi'p tuc cho phep nhOhg ngfldi Minh cbn lai v l nfldc.
Dudi trilu nha Lfi dugc thanh lap, sU ngM ky doi vdi ngUdi Trung Qud'c thfit Idn manh den ndi chinh quyln phai cho ngUdi Trung QuS'c tach rdi khdi ngUdi Viet trong nhiihg khu cU tni rieng bifit ciia hg. Dieu do ngan ngUa hg cd t h l vao kinh dd mdt edeh qua dfi dang, va cung b i t hg phai an mac gid'ng ngUdi Viet vd cat toe ngdn. O m&t phuong dien khdc, nhOhg thUtfng nhan Trung Qud'c dugc phep so'ng va buon ban d Vdn Don, nhflhg lenh cam xua't duong cua nhd Minh thdi ky nay lai Mem sodt viec vao Viet Nam cua hg.
Ndm 1527, Mac Dang Dung cUdp ngSi nha Le, len la vua, may nam sau Nguyfin Kim va Trinh Kiem tdn con chdu nha Lfi Ifin Iam vua, hinh thanh Nam trieu, hg Mac tid thanh Bac trieu va da hinh thanh cue difin Nara - B l c trieu. Mac du trong thdi gian tfl kM hinh thdnh cue difin Nam - Blc trieu, hg Mac van tifi'p tuc cMnh sdch gid'ng nhu thdi Le stf. Van tie'p tuc cMnh sach each ly, kiem sodt, ddl xfl cd phan biet gifla nhiihg ngUdi ngUdi Hoa cfl tni lau dai vd vdi nhung ngudi kieu cU. Tifi'p tuc dp ehe' van hod va b i t buoc ngUdi Hoa dinh cU lau ddi phai hod nhap ragi mat vdi eU dan ban dia. Dong thbi, khai thdc nhuhg ngu&n Igi tfl hoat dgng kinh te cua ngUdi Hoa de
phue vu eho cong cudc khang cMe'n chdng Nam trilu.
2. Chinh s a c h dd'i vcii ngtfcfi Hoa thM ky Lfi - Trinh (1592 -1786)
Thbi ky Lfi - Trinh, finh hinh trong nUdc vd nhuhg bifi'n dgng d Trung Quic da tae ddng m a n h me len chinh sdch cua chinh quyen Trung Qud'c ddl vdi ngUfifi Hoa. Sau kM nha Trinh ddnh d l nha Mac (1592) va da Mem sodt toan bg vung Bdc Ky va Bac T n m g ky (luc ndy dugc goi lfi Dang Ngoai va chua Nguyfin d khu vUc pMa Nam dugc ggi Id Dang Trong) eung tM hanh chinh sdch ngat nghfeo ddl vcfi kieu dfin Trung Hoa. Tie'p dd, vdo gitta the ky XVII (1647), lgi dung tinh Mnh Trung Qud'e roi ren, n h a Thsuih lat do nha Minh (1644), chua Trinh dUa quan sang hai tinh Quang DSng vd Quang Tdy n h i m thu hoi lai nhflng viing dfi't cua Vifit Nara bi Trung Qud'c chiera vao the' hy XVI. Nhflhg quan Dai \^fit bi t h a t bai. Sau sU kien nay quan he Dai Viet va nhd Thanh trd len cang thang. Chinh quyen Dang Ngoai khong rauS'n cho ngUdi Trung Hoa di cU sinh song l l n lon vdi ngudi Vifit vd viec di Iai ciia ho hi Idem sodt chat che''^'.
Chung ta bifi't rang, trieu Mae sup S nam 1592, trong the ky 17 vd 18 vUOng trieu Le cM Id danh nghla, mgi quyen binh diu ndm trong tay ho Trinh. Hg Trinh difa ra nMeu quy che doi vdi ngUbi Hoa. Quy chfi' diu tien la "lenh cam ede ngoai kilu sinh song vdi ngudi Viet" vao nam 1650.
Lfinh dd dugc gM trong Li trieu chiiu lenh chinh. NhOhg ngUdi ngoai quo'c dd bao g&m ngudi Bo Ddo Nha, ngudi Ha Lan, ngUifi Nhfit Ban v.v... nhUng doi tugng chu ylu IJt ngudi Trung Qud'c. Theo Ifinh ca'm mdt s^
Duong Vdn Huy - Chinh sdch cua chinh quyen phong kii'n Viel Nam... 41
ngudi Trung Quo'c dl'n Bac Bg b l n g dfldng b i l n va dfi'n Thanh Tri hay xa Khuyfi'n Lfltfhg qua sdng H i n g , buon bdn d nhttng ntfi dd. Nhflhg ngflbi khac den \^fit Nam b l n g dubng bd dflgc quy dinh cho b An Thfldng t r a m g i n Ddng Ngan Mgn nay d pMa Bac Hd Nfii. Tfl ndm 1650, ngfldi ngoai qud'e bi cira sinh song vd md efla Mfiu d kinh thdnh, mac dii trfldc dfiy hg da dfltfc phep d dd. Tuy nMen, pham vi tM hdnh quy ehe ndy v l n cM d g i n kinh thdnh. Sau dd, pham vi tM hanh da dfltfc rad rdng trfin k h i p cdc vung dfi't cua hg Trinh, do so Ifltfng gia tdng cua nhflhg kilu dan Trung Qud'c'*'.
Sd di cMnh quyln phong M^n Viet Nam luc bay gid thUc hifin cMnh sach k h l t khe vdi ngfldi Hoa, mud'n hg nhfip hd tich, thflc hign chinh sdch d i n g hod bdi nhieu nguyen nhan: Thd nhdt, trong nhflhg thdi ky Uch SLf tnfdc dd, nMeu ngUdi Hoa di cfl deh "S^et Nam da p h l n la tfl nguyen vd hg hod imnh vao vdi xa hdi ciia ngfldi Viet, duge ngubi Viet chip thuan. Tuy nMfin, do phai trai qua mfit thdi gian khdng eMfi'n gian kho cho'ng qufin Minh de gidnh Iai dSc lap dfin t&c, vi vdy, ddl vdi ngubi Minh, cMnh quyen ludn cd y thflc de phbng; mat khdc, y thflc chii nghia quo'c gia cua ngUbi Vifit luc ndy cung tr&i day dae bifit manh mfi. Thd hai, thanh p h l n ngUbi Hoa di tni sang Viet Nara thdi ky ndy rat phflc tap, ma da phan Id nhflng ngUdi bfi't radn vdi nha Thanh mud'n phan Thanh phuc Minh vd nhiJng bdng dang cho'ng ddl khae nhU nhflhg p h l n tfl khdng Thanh thuoc hg Trinh d Ddi Loan, hodc may vi vua Minh luu vong, hodc dfl dang eua loan Tam PMfin v.v.., Hg cd t h l gay b i t on cho cMnh quyen ban dia, hode nhd Thanh ed the lgi
dung vific truy quet nhflhg thdnh phan chong ddl nha Thanh ndy ma dua qudn vdo Dai Vifit, nfin cMnh quyln Lfi - Trinh phai ngM ra bifin phap tiiich htfp cho van de di trii cua ngfldi Hoa. Thd ba, tU nam 1661, Trinh Thanh Cong nit khdi dai lue, cMfi'm lay dao Dai Loan Idm cdn efl khang cMe'n chd'ng lai nhd Thanh, trilu dinh nhd Thanh thue Men cMnh sdch "thiSn gidi" (di ddn cung bb bien lui sdu vdo da't Uen) ngMem cam tdu thuyen ra bien. Dfi'n ndm 1685, tUc hai nam sau khi chinh quyen hg Trinh d Ddi Loan bi thu tifiu mdi cho thuong nhfin Trung Hoa ra bien. Trong thdi gian 25 nam dd, bon nan dan va di than nhd Minh tai dfi't Viet da khdng cbn hy vgng nao ve nUdc, nfin phai tim each sinh nhai tai Viet Nam. Mdt khae, trieu (Enh cung mud'n tang cfldng lUe Ifltfng Mnh te' va qufin sfl d l cMfi'm dia vi UU tien trong cudc cMfi'n dfi'u vdi Ddng Trong cua hg Nguyin, nen gifl nhiftig luu ddn trong lanh tho eiia minh. Tfl nhflhg ly' do tren ma chinh sdch dong hoa cua chinh quyen hg Trinh (cung nhU hg Nguyin d Dang Trong) dugc thUc thi mdt each dS ddng*^'.
Chung ta bifi't rang, qua thbi ky Minh mat Thanh so, mien Giang Nara dai loan, lai cd nMeu di than va n a n dan nhd Minh t r a n sang dat Viet. Vi phia B l c tie'p gidp vdi cdc tinh phia Nam cua Trung Quo'c, nen trieu dinh nha Le dflhg trUdc tinh the' dd khong t h l khong dp dung ragt cMnh saeh can thdn de dSl phd vdi nhflhg cugc di dfin dai quy md, ben tang cUdng quan che' nhttng ngUdi Trung Quoc mdi sang Dai Viet. Vao thang 8 nam Canh Tri thU nhd't (1663), chua Trinh da dUa ra cM du doi vdi ngudi Hoa dUtfc gM trong Bai Viet sd ky todn thu nhu sau: "Linh chl cdc xd thim ty
42 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2015
phai kiim sodt ddn chung trong qudn hat, vd niu cd khdch ngogi qudc sdng trong qudn figt, phdi ph&n logi ddn chdng theo quoc tich, bdo cdo vi triiu dinh vd cfio hg cu ngu riing biit tuy nai fig muon vd giQ nguyin phong tuc va y phuc". Canh Tri nam thfl 4 (1666) cung dfla ra thfira dii du theo nhu Phan Huy Chu trong Lich triiu hiin chiAmg logi chi p h l n Dinh hd cM tich cd gM: "Hg iSnh ngiidd ngogi qudc phdi nhgp tich, bdt y phuc, nha diu phdi y theo qudc tuc vd tdng logi sdp nh&p hg tich tgi cdc xd, thdn, trang, cdng vd sdch md hg dang cU tru."^^°^
Ben canh dd, trong ngM chep cua Bgi Nam thlic luc, vao ngay 16 thdng 7 ndra Vinh Tri thfl 17 (1696), Trinh Can lai cho cdng bo m&t dao lufit quan chfi' ngUdi Trung Quoc edng ngMfim ngat hdn nfla: "Phd liiu phung truyin: Ngiidi Bdc qudc dd nfi&p tich tgi cdc xd thdn nildc to, ngdn ngU, y phuc pfidi tudn theo quoc tuc, khong thi tU
•^ lam dS diing khdc biit vd m&c y phuc ky di. Niu trdi ludt, cho phip quan tr&n thu sd tgi bdt lgi va xd triiang hinh 50 cat Cbn thuang khdch cdc tdu thuyin md ngu tgi cdc xd ta di budn bdn, thudng vdo kinh thanh, niu co ngudi quen chl d&n thi khdng cdm, nhiing niu khong co ngiidi chi ddn ma tii y vdo kinh thanh thi cung cho phep tri nhuludt li hiin AdnA."'^^'
Mat khac, theo mo ta eua Ngd TM Sy, d Ddng Ngodi eudi the 1^ 18 cd 5 de'n 6 van ngUdi Hoa sd'ng rai rdc d nMlu noi, nhung tap trung nhd't thdi bd'y gib la d hai trung tdm budn ban Id Thdng Long va Pho Hifi'n* ^2) j)g bao vg an mnh eho kinh thdnh Thdng Long, nhd Lfi quy dinh cdc thuong nhfin Trung Hoa tfl ngodi b i l n di vao ndi dia tnfdc hfi't phai tgp htfp lai d Pho Hifi'n
d l xfit duyfit vd chd lenh mdi dUde phfip Ifin Kinh dd vd cdc dia phUdng khdc. Vffi ehu truong dd, vd hinh ehung Phd' Hifi'n trd thanh ntfi tap trung ede khdeh thUtfng Trung Hoa, ngUdi ngoai quS'c va Id dilm dfi'n, tram trung ehuyen hang hod gifla cdc dd thi, cang thi Dang Ngoai ciia Viet Nam va m&t s6' quS'c gia khu vflc. Theo Ibi nhfin xet cua WiUiam Dampier vdo ndra 1688 eho bifi't; "Pho Hiin Id mgt thi trdn rdt dang ki vdi khodng 2.000 ngdi nhd. Nhitng dan cu hdu hit Id nhdng ngidri rdt ngheo vd nhdng ngudi linh don tru, cfw du d d&y chdng cd tiidng luy, phdo ddi hay sung thdn cdng ldn. 0 Phd Hiin co mdt con pfi6 thudc vi Hoa thuang. Cach d&y khong l&u hg dinh cU dong due d Ke Chg. Vi sau, s6 liigng ngiidi Hoa t&ng iSn nhanh din nSi dan dia phi&mg gdn nhU bi hg ldn liidt.
Nhd vua nhan thdy diiu nay nen da ra linh bugc hg phdi rdi di, cho phip hg dinh cu d bdt ky d&u trd kinh do."^^^' Nhung, xem ra lfinh cfiim khdng dUtfc nhflng Hoa thflcfng ndy tufin thu mdt cdch day du bod
"Ke Chg la thanh phd budn bdn duy nhdt d trong niidc vd buon bdn lgi Id le sd'ng cda ngudi Hoa. Tuy thi cdng co vai ngUdi bkng long din cii ngu tgi Pfio Hiin roi d d&y tU ngay dy. M&c du da c6 chiiu chi cdm dodn, nhiing nha budn ngiidi Hoa v&n khdng ngdng di din Ke Chg di budn bdn hang hoa nhiing khdng diigc phep sdng d do."'"'
Ddl vdi nhflhg ngudi Hoa ldm nghe khai thdc md, n h a nUdc eung tich eUc quan che ngMem ngat d l trdnh vific hg cd t h l gay md't on dinh cho eae khu vUc md. Cho nfin, vao thdng 12 nam Dinh Dfiu (1777), trilu dinh da ra the lg b a n ehfi' so' ngudi d ede md khai thdc cdc t r i h kM eho r i n g : "Cdc md vang, bgc, dong, thiic d cdc trdn phdn
Duang Vdn Huy - Chinh sdch cda chinh quyen phong kie'n Vi$t Nam... 43
nhiiu mo ngUdi Thanh din khai thdc, phu md tu m5i ngay mdt nhiiu. Triiu dinh e rdng si sinh biin dgng, ben dinh thi IS sd phu mdi md nhiiu nhdt 300 ngiidi, thd din 200 ngudi va it Id 100 ngudi, khdng md ndo diigc dung qud s6 da dinh. Tii ddy sd' phu lam d cdc md mdi c6 hgn c/il."'^^' Nhuhg,
"ldc ndy cdc triidng mo md ra nhiiu, quan gidm diamg md nhiiu ngudi Khdch din lay di thu dugc nhiiu thui, bdy gid m3i md co phu ldm thui din hang hang vgn. Phu md tu hgp nhau thanh tdng dan Id, trong dy phdn nhiiu Id ngiidi Triiu Ch&u va Thiiu Ch&u hung hdng hay ddnh nhau. MSi khi tranh nhau cda tdu Id hg mang khi gidi ddnh nhau, ngiidi ndo chit thi nem xudng khe."^^^^ Sau ndy, nhu clu tifiu dung eua chinh quyln tang Ifin, n h i t la vific due t i l n d l lflu thSng do sfl phat trien manh me ciia kinh te hdng hod va nen thuong mai vdo thdi ky hung thinh, dde bifit la ngoai thUtfng. Cung vdi dd la nhflng euge eMfi'n tranh keo ddi, nhu cau v l Mm Ioai d l chfi' tao vu kM eung tdng len. Vi vdy, chinh quyln Le -Trinh cho phfip ndi long hon so ' lugng thg trong raSi md de tang ndng xufi't khai thde, nhat Id s6' thd md ngUbi Hoa vi
* trong Iinh vUc ndy thi ngudi Hoa la nhflhg ' ngflbi cd nMeu Mnh ngMem htfn ca htfn
nhflhg thtf rad ngUdi ban dia. Vl vd'n de nay, Bgi Nam thiic luc ed gM chep v l sU kifin nay nhU sau: "Vi viic khai md td t triidc CO dinh chi. Khodng thdi Vinh Thinh 1 dinh linh cdm, hgn chi sd ngidti ldm a i triidng md nhiiu thi 300 ngudi, vda thi 200 i ngiidi, it thi 100 ngiidi, la cd y di phbng sii i tu hgp nhiiu ngiidi dS sinh ra logn. Bin
khodng gida thdi Cdnh Hiing, triidng md C md ra nhiiu md sd' ngudi Khach ldm thuS i mdi khdng bi hgn chi^^'^\
Htfn nfla, kM ngUdi Hoa nhfip hS tich nUdc ta tM t h l lfi thue ddl vdi ngubi Hoa khdng ed su phdn bifit thdt ro rfit so vdi dfin ban xfl. Nhflhg ngudi Hoa dd cd ten trong s l hd tich thi v l n phai chiu cdc raflc t h u l nhu ngudi ^^et. Trong dd, quan trgng nhfi't Id phai ddng thufi' thdn va sS' tiln khde phai n&p la 7 Ie: ThUdng tifi'n (ll tifi'n Ifin vua), Thudng tan (lfi etfm radi), Tifi't lieu (lfi sam tfi't), Cung tie'n (Ie tie'n Ifin chfla), Ky thdi (li ky ngay chfi't eiia vua chua), Sinh nhat (le ngdy sinh cua cdc vua ehiia). Dfi'n ndm thfl 3 Vinh Khanh thdi chua Trinh Giang (1731), Ddng Ngodi mdi thUc Men lfi t h u l dung (thul thdn) ddl vdi Khdch hg va tap luu. Chinh quyen td ro thai d& an cin ciia minh dli vdi ngUdi Hoa di tni, khong he ed ehinh sdeh ddn dp, nhung cflng rdn de quan ly nham bao dam an ninh quS'c gia. Trdi lai, chinh quyln tao dilu kien boa nhap ve vdn hod, dUtfc phep hoat dgng kinh tfi' trong dieu Mgn cho phep de hg gid'ng nhfl nhiing t h i n ddn Dai Vifit.
*
Not torn lgi, n h a Lfi phan bifit rach roi hai loai ngUbi Hoa khae nhau: M&t la, nhttng ngfldi Hoa cfl tni Idu ddi va on dinh trfin dat nfldc Vifit Nam, nha nUdc cd chinh sach UU ddi htfn, to ra an can ddn tifi'p, thdm cM ed nhflhg trudng hgp trung thanh vdi Viet Nam cbn dUtfc trong dung trong nhflhg linh vUc ddc bifit. Hai Id, ddl vdi nhuhg ngudi Hoa luu tni mdt edeh tam thdi vdi muc dich boat dgng kinh doanh, buSn bdn, nhd nUdc cd bien phap quan ly chat ehe va cM cho phep hg dflde hoat ddng d nhiftig ntfi vung xa bifin gidi, nhuhg thUtfng cang xa trung tdm chinh tri md nhd nfldc da quy dinji- Thbi ky Le stf, Lfi - Trinh d
44 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 5/2015
Ddng Ngodi hay chua Nguyfin d Dang Trong deu cd mdt diera chung trong chinh sach ddl vdi ngflbi Hoa dd la thflc Men chinh sach "fidi nh&p". D&ng thdi, chflng ta oing thay ed tinh chfi't chung cua ndi dung chinh sdch gitta trilu Lfi so vd Lfi Trung Hung. Tdm ly bM Minh n l i bat thdi ky Le so, ve sau ed p h l n mb n h a t kM chinhh quyln nha Thanh len thay the' nha Minh.
Tuy nMfin, sU canh giac cua chinh quyen vdi i^Udi Hoa v l n d mUc d& nhat dinh.
Tuy vay, sU gia tdng sd' lUtfng m&t edeh manh me cua ngUdi Hoa d Viet Nam ed the de doa dfi'n trfit tif xa hgi nen chinh quyen hg Trinh d Ddng Ngoai da dUa ho vao quy chfi' mdt each chat ehfi hdn sau nam 1717. Nhflhg quy che' dd khong duge duy tri mfit each ngMem ngdt d cdc thuong cang. He qua cua chinh sach la tao ra m&t thuong cang Phd' Hifi'n nhfin nhip vdi s l lUtfng ngUdi Hoa dfi'n dinh eU vd budn bdn ddng due. Hoa thUtfng xdy dUhg d PhS' Hifi'n pho buon bdn ciia minh.
NhOhg Hoa thuong d day khfing chi la elu ndi gitta thi trUdng khu vUc phia B l c Viet Nam thdi ky nay vdi thi tnfdng Trung Qud'c, ma hg cbn dong thuyen ttt ddy de'n nhieu qud'c gia, khac trong khu vUc de buon bdn nhU N h a t Ban, eae nUdc Ddng Nam A, gop p h l n tao nfin sU hUhg thinh eho n i n thUtfng raai, nha't Id thUtfng mai Dang Ngoai thdi ky Le - Trinh./.
CHU THICH 1. Dai Viet sfl ky toan thu, T.2, Nxb KHXH,
HN, 1998, tr. 47
2. Le Trieu hinh ludt (ludt hinh trilu Lfi)/
Nguyin Quie Thing phifin dm, dieh nghia;
Nguyfin Vdn Tdi Meu dinh.- H.: Vdn hfia thong tin, 1998.
3. Nguyin Trai, Du dia chl, NXb KHXH, HN, 1976, tr. 244.
4. Le Trilu hinh ludt (ludt Mnh trieu Ley Nguyfin Quic Thing phien am, dich nghia;
Nguyin Vdn Tdi Meu dinh.- H.: Vdn hoa thdng tin, 1998.
5. Fujiwara RiicMo, Chinh sdch ddi udi dan Trung hoa di cU cda cdc triiu dgi ViH Nam, Viet Nam khao cl tap san, s l 8, 1974, Sdi Gdn, ti. 150.
6. Nguyin Trai, Du dia chi, Nxb KHXH, 1976, tr.217.
7. Xem them T r i n Khdnh, Chinh sdch cua nha nitdc phong kiin ViSt Nam do'i vdi d&n Trung Hoa di cU, NgMfin cflu Ddng Nam A, s l 6, 2000, ti.69.
8. Xem RIICHIRO FUJIWARA, Quy chi ngudi Hoa dudi chi dd hg Trinh vd PhS Hiin, Phd' Hie'n, ky ye'u hdi thdo khoa hoc, 1994, tr.98.
9. Xem them: T r i n Kinh Hod, Mdy diiu nh&n xet vi Minh Huang oca vd cdc co tich tgi Hdi An, Vifit Nam khdo cl tfip san, Sai Gbn
1960, ti.7 - 8,
10. Phan Huy Chu, Lich trieu hiin chmng logi chi, T.2, Nxb KHXH, 1992, ti.224.
11. Dai Nam thUc luc, T.2, Nxb Sfl hoc, ffi Noi, 1962, tr.373.
12. Ngd Ngo - Phong tap, theo Phan Huy Le, Tinh /linh khai mo diidi triiu Nguyen, NCLS, s l 52, thang 7-1963, tr.56.
13. WiUiam Dampier, Mdt chuyin du hdnh din Ddng Ngodi n&m 1688, Nxb The Gifii, Ha Noi 2006, tr.35- 36.
14. WiUiam Dampier, Mdtcliuyin du Mnh din Bdng Ngodi nam 1688, Nxb The Gidi, Ha N6i 2006, tr.36. '
15. Dai Nam thuc luc, T.2, Nxb Sfl hoc, Hfi NSi, 1962, tr.401.
16. Phan Huy Chu, Lich tniu /liin chuang loai chl, T.2, Nxb KHXH, 1992, tr.263.
17. Dai Nam thtfc luc, T.2, Nxb Sit hoc Ha Noi, 1962, tr.262. ' '
