Science & Tecbitology Developnent, Vol 17, No.Q3-2014
TONG QUAN H$ T H 6 N G DANH CIA CHUOI CUNG iJNG AN OVERVIEW OF SUPPLY CHAIN EVALUATION SVSTEM
va Vin Thanh
KhoaCdkhL Tmdng Dal hpc Bdch khop DHQG - HCM- wthonhlselShcmut edu v., Ph^m Qu^c Trung
Khoa Qudn ly cdng nghtep. Trudng Dpi hoc Bdch khoa (Bju nh^ ngay 22 fliang 04 nam 2014. ho^ chinh sira chOa ngay 05 thang 07 n,ni 2014)
TOM TAT
Thiet ke. phdn Ilch vd ddnh gid chuSl cung irng ddng val tro quan trpng n-ong qud h-inh hoa.
dpngva hinh Ihdnh ndng lpc cpnh tranh cua doanh nghifp. Nghien cuu vi IhlSt kf vdphdn lich chitii
"•S tng thuong glal quyet cdc vdn xoa,-quanh chl phi vd mtic phttcv,, khdch hdng Cdc chUd cua hai, thupc,tnh h-en,hudng dupc sti dpng trpng cdc mp hlnh ddnh gid ndng I„c chudi cung ting Ben cpnh do. nhieu ntphinh ddnh gid chuoi cung dng vdl cdc chisd lir tdn, chifn lupc dfn vfn hdnh dd lpc nghten cut, va de^dt trpng nhieu Ihdp nien qua. Bai bdo vdi mt,c dich ling hpp mpt s6 md hinh ddnh
nhmg ca, t,en vpn hanh trpng glal dopn cpnh tranh hifn nay. Tii dp. bal bdo Ipo nin tdng If IhJl cho
zT::r "'"" '*" "•'"" "•""''""'"" ^ ** ™- ^^ *i '"^' *
Tkkhda: Ddnh gid ndng lire, chudi cung ung logistics, the dUm cdn bdng, SCOR ROF....
ABSTRACT
far the Imrovemen, ofopeZITn,^ T '"""""'" "" '""'"'"'"" -f"•"""' * ' " ™ ' - " » "
Key tvords: Capacity evaluation supply chain, logistics, balance score cards. SCOR. ROF
I- GiiSI Ihi^u
umg tnm aiam nham CIIC tieu chi cung m g to4n di^n Trang 88
TAP CBi PBAT TRItN KHACN, TAP 17. SO Q3-2fll4 Thong qua tim hilu ca so ly diuy^ va cac
nghien cim da thuc hien tu nhihig nam 1980, bai b ^ gioi diieu mpt s6 mo hinh tieu bilu cho danh gia nang 1 ^ chuoi cung ihig. Ddng tfioi dua ra quy trinh thilt k l he th&ig danh gia toan di?n. voi cac tieu chi danh gia tir chirc nSng ho^t dOTig d ^ qua trinh van hanh.
2. Quao ly cbuSi cnng ^ g 2.1. Khai nifm
Chuoi cung ung la qua trinh tich hop tnmg do nguyen v^i li?u dupc san xuit thanh san pham cuoi cung va giao cho khach hang thong qua h? thong phSn phdi. ban le hoJc ca hai (Beamtm, 1999).
Mflt khai nifm khac vl chudi cung iing dupc phat bieu nhu sau: "Mpt mjmg luoi c4c td chirc c6 moi quan h? vdi nhau thong qua cac lien kit tren (upstream) vi Men kit dudi (downstream) bao gom cac qud trinh vi ho?! d^'ng khac nhau de 1^0 gia trj gia tang cho san phSm hoac djch vii den tay ngudi tieu dimg cudi cung"
(Christopher. 1992).
Dua tren nhimg khai niem v l chudi cung img, Handfieid ra Nichols (1999) da phat bilu:
"Quan iy chuoi cung irng la su tich hpp ciia tit ca cac hoar ddng san xuat mpt san phim. dupc a i dung dl tao ra ipi thi canh trmih bang each tang cuong mdi quan he giiia cac thanh vien trong chudi.
Ben nmh do. quan ly chuoi cung img cdn la mdt he diong chiln lupc kit ndi cac chirc nSng kinh doanh cua doanh nahiep va cac chiln thu|t quan ly dpc cac doanh nghifp nhSm myc dfch cai tiln nSng lyc lau dai ciia doanh nghifp vi toan chuoL (MentZCT. 2001).
Dudi quan dilm lac gia thi quan hi chudi cung ling la mpt t|p hpp giai phap nhflm tac d$ng den hoiit ddng cua tit ca cac thanh vien tham gia chuoi nhtr nha cung cip. nha san xuit, nha kho. cac cdng ty cung cap dich vy, va cac cua hang ban le. ... d | san phim dupc san xuit va phan phdi diing nhu mong mudn ciia khach hang va td chuc.
M ^ chudi cung ihig co ban dupc minh hpa nhu hinh 1.1.
Hlnh 1.1; Chuoi cung img va qudn ly chuoi cung ung
D«8 HO phrnn &d|di\Ti
Dong nbu C3a. Ihon; tin & la dunb Ngudn: Midaha, VK. Maihur. C & Sharma. C nOQ-'j 2.2. C«c thiah ph^n trong chuSl cung ihig
Chuoi cung ung don gian bao gom mpt cdng ly, nha cung cip vi cac khach hang cua cdng t>
do. Nhihig chooi cung ung md rpng chira ba nhdm thanh vien: nha c,ung cip trong giai do^n
cudi d diu chuoi, khach hang cudi cung nhit trong giai dogn cudi ciia chuoi va loan bp cae cong ty cung cip djch vu giao nh^n. tai chinh, tiep Ihi va cdng nghf thdng tin cho nhihig cdng ty k h ^ Irong chuoi cung ung.
T r a n g 8
Stience & TechnoJt^y Development, Vol 17, No.Q3-2flI-(
Hinb 1.2: Chudlcung irng va quan ly chuoi cung img
Ngudn: Michael.
3. oanh gia chuSi cung itng
3.1. Tdng quan vl dinh gia chuSi cung irng Nghien ciru ciia Clark va Scarf" (1960) da d^t nen tang cho cic nghidn ciru ve thilt ke chuoi cung Ong trong dd cac lieu chf danh gia lien quan den chi phf ton kho trong toan chuoi cung ling.
M^t nghien cilu tdng hpp cua Beamon (1998) da chi ra hai nhdm thang do djnh tinh va djnh lupng vdi cac chi sd xoay quanh hai vin de chi phi va djch vy khich hang khi danh gia chuoi cung ung.
Khi mdi irudng trd nen c?nh n^nh. nguon lyc san xuit h?n chl, ylu ciu chuoi cung irng phai linh ho^i trudc sy thay ddi cua mdi tnrdng dl duy tri lgi th^ c?nh tranh. Voudourls (1996) da dSnh gia tinh Irnh ho^it ciia chuoi cung iing thdng qua thdi gian dap img don hang.
Trong xu hudng tofin ciu hda. san phim va ho9i dOng Clia cflng ty da vupt qua bien gidi ciifl mOl quic gia. Khi dd, ddi hdi m$t phuong phap danh gid toan di$n cho doanh nghifp. Md hinh "Thf di^m can bang" (BSC) ciia Kaplan va Nonon dupc gldi thifu nam 1992 da nh3m dap ling nhu ciu trln ciia doanh nghifp.
Sau BSC. nhilu md hinh danh gia khac da dupc gidi thifu nhir, SCOR (|996) cua H^i d6ng Quan Ijl' chuSi cung dng, ROF (1999) ciia Beamon...
T r a n g 90
H(2010)
3.2. Tgi sao ciin ddnh gii chu§i cung ihig Mdt vai nghien cilu da chi ra rSng. nhCtng cai tiln trong chudi cung ilng sf dem l^i m§l Ipi nhugn ding kl trong vifc tilt kifm chi phf, cai thifn chat lupng san phim va djch vy khach hang.
M$t hf thong danh gia chuoi cung img sS cung cip khung chuan dl danh gia nang lyc bfn trong va bin ngoai ciia doanh nghifp.
- Thang do nang Iyc bfn trong, gitip Io?ii bd cac hogt dpng khong tgo ra gia trj. giim biln dpng don d§t hang, cai thifn ddng chay nguyfin vgt lifu va san phim, gia tang hifu qua thdi gian va nguon lyc.
- Thang do nang lyc bfn ngoai t$p trung vko sy hai ldng cua khach hang thdng qua vifc tich h<?p cac hogt dOng va thdng tin dpc cdc thdnh vien ft-ong chuoi.
Cuoi ciing ddnh gid chu3i cung ihig sf gidp doanh nghifp thdy dupc ciu trie chi phi ciia cdc thdnh vifn trong chuSi. Tir dd dl ra cdc co li^i cai tiln vd kifm sodt mtrc djch vy khdch hang nham gia tftng hifu qua.
Khi danh gia nang lyc chuSi cung iing tich hpp sg din d^n cdc kit qua sau:
- Giam 25 -^ 50% tong chi phi tpan chuJi cung ung
- Giam 25 - 60% lupng tin kho
T.AP c a i PH.AT TRIEN KB&CN. TAP 1". SO (J3-2014 - I ang 25 - 80°o tinh chinh xac cua du bao
- Cai thifn 30 - 50''h chu k> thyc hien don hang.
Oua do. iha> rang danh gia chuoi cuns ilna la rat quan trpng dl gia iang hifu qua hoat dpng qua cac ke hoach cai nin phii hpp dupc de \ui1 dua tren cae tieu chi va thdng tin thu dupc trong qua ffinh danh gia.
4. .Mpt sd md hinh danh gia nSng lire chudi cung ihig
Hem mpt thi kS qua. cd nhieu md hinh lilp cgn de danh gia nang lyc chuoi cung Cmg da dupc nghien eiiu va img dyng Mot sd'md hinh dupc sii dyng nhieu ft-orig cac nahien eiru l\
thu>et %a thyc lien ap dyng sg ditoc eidi rhifL sauda\
•1.1.-Mo hinh BSC
The diem can bang (BSC) duoc gidi thieu
\do nam 1992 btri Kaplan va Nonon nhu la m$i cdng ey quan K hifu qua trong eac doanh nghifp, BSC dl nghj eac nha quan K danh gia Id chiic theo gdc dp ben trong vd ben ngodi doanh nghifp Cac chi sd danh gia duoc xa>
dyng [hdng qua thu th^p dS lifu \3 phan lich quan hf giQa bOn the Jifm trong mo hinh Id tai
chinh. khach hang, hoat dpng ndi bd \a hoc hdi. phattrien.
BSC da khac phuc nhupc diem cua md hinh tru\en thdng !a do ludng dua tren chisd lai chinh \a ngin sach mang tinh ngin han ;a phan anh ket qua qua khii. bang viec bo suna cac thuoc do la dpng lire phai trien cho doanh nghiep rrong mong lai. Lan dau trong hch sii do luong. BSC nhan manh vai trd cua tai san
\d hmh trong viec tao ra gia ni (nhu ihuong hieu, ngudn nhan lyc. van hda). Tu> nhien.
BSC la md hinh danh gia chuc nang nen khong phli hei cac cip dd chiln luoc va qu> trinh hogt dpng cua doanh nghifp. Do do, BSC sf'hifu qua khi ap dung danh aia nang lyc loan difn cho limg doanh nghiep va khd ap dung dl danh gia chudi eung ung iich hop gdm nhifu doanh nghifp
Nghien cuu ung dung ciia Brevser & Speh (2000). da su diing biln the md hmh BSC nhu la mo! chuan eho he ihdng danh gia chuoi cung img Ket qua nghien cihi la ciu ndi giiia quan K chudi cung ung va md hinh danh gia BSC Irons doanh nghiep.
Hinh 4,1J Quan hf giOa quan lv. danh gia ehuoi ci
.Kgiidn Bre^t ,•/- ,-i s^^/, ,2000>
Science & Technolog} Development. Vol 17, No.Q3-20N 4.2. Md hinh SCOR
Phat trifn bdi Hdi ddng chudi cung iing vao nam 1996. md hinh SCOR dua ra cac chi so danh gid nang lyc chudi cung lijig theo cac qua trinh Iir hogch djnh. td chirc ngudn lyc, san .\uat, giao nhgn dfn thu hdi hay cdn gpi dich vy khach hang. Trong dd cac tieu chi danh gid .xoay quanh nam thudc tinh co ban cua chudi cung ling bao gdm: dp tin cgy. dp phan hdi, dp linh hogt. chi phi va hifu qua quan ly tai san trong chuoi cung iing. SCOR dupc sir dyng df danh gia qud trinh hoat dpng ciia chuSi cung trng hon la cac chile nang rifng le Irong timg doanh nghiep.
Md hinh SCOR gom bdn cip dd tir khdi quat dfn chi tilt df danh gia todn difn nang lyc ciiatimg doanh nghifp vd tich hpp trong chuSi cung ung. Tgi cap dp mpt, nSng lyc chuoi cung tmg gan lifn vdi myc tieu vd chiln luoc v^n hdnh Clia doanh nghifp. Cac cip dd hai. ba sf trifn khai chi tiit cdc qua irinh hogt dpng irong doanh nghifp vdi cdc tifu chi ddnh gid dpc cac chile nSng trong timg mat xich cua chufii cung ting, c i p d$ thty tu yfu ciu diln giai chi tiet bang bifu d i ddng chdy cong vifc. va thutmg chuyfin bift hda theo timg cdng ty cy thfi irong chuSi cung ^ g .
SCOR dupc phdi trifn danh rifng cho ddnh gid ChuSi cung ilng. Uu dilm ciia SCOR la ddnh gia Iheo qud trinh nfin md hlnh cd khd nang phu kin todn chuSi cung (mg tir cip chiln iirpc. chiln thugt den vgn hdnh. Trong dd, cdc tifiu chi danh gia d cip dO dudi dupc hinh thanh dya trfin myc tifu chien lupc d cip tren ii^n kl. Do do. md hlnh sfi gidi quyit dupc may Ihuin vl myc tifu vgn hdnh gitia cdc mil xich trong chufii cung img. Bfin cgnh dd. cdc tifiu chf ddnh gid cua SCOR tgp trung do lutmg ndng lyc bfin ngodi doanh nghifp nfn phti hpp cho vifc hinh thanh cdc Iifu chi ddnh gid tich hpp chuSi cung img nhifiu mat xich.
T r a n g 92
Tuy nhifn, vdi md hinh SCOR phlfn ban mdi nhit 10.0 thi dS cd dfn gin 300 tieu chf danh gia. Do dd, khi ap dung SCOR dl danh gia chudi cung ilng sfi din mpt ganh ndjig cho doanh nghifp vf khfa cgnh s6 lifu va thdng kl df danh gia cac tifu chf. M§t khac. doanh nghifp cd thf hifu chinh cdc tieu chl trong SCOR cho phil hpp vdi thyc te Igj doanh nghifp. Tuy nhifn phdn Idn cdc tieu chf SCOK vin la do ludng tuyft ddi (100% djnh Iupng) va cin mdl giao thilc do ludng thdng nhit trong chufli. Cudi ciJng. SCOR la md hinh phii h ^ cho doanh nghifp sdn xuit, trong khi dd cae doanh nghifp djch vy thi BSC vln chtim uu thf hon khi thyc hifn cdc danh gia nSngJyc doanh nghifp vd chuoi cung iing.
Nghifn ciru ciia Horatiu Cirtita.et.al (2012)' ve cdc chi sd danh gia chuoi cung ilng tfch hpp dudi da img dyng md hinh SCOR vdi 27 tifu chi ddnh gia nftng lyc chuSi cung img. Bdng.
4.2 trinh bdy cdc thu$c tinh va lieu chi trong, ..'•.
md hinh SCOR md tdc gid da nghifn cim.
Bang 4.2: Cdc thu^c tinh vd tifiu chi cip I trorig.
SCOR TliHpc tilth
Dp tin c|y
CMs4c4papi
Dp phdn hii Df linh hogt
Chi phi chuSi cung irng
Hieu qua quin 1:? tdi sdn
- Nftng lyc giao hftng - Thyc hifn don hftng hodn hda
• Ty If ldp diy dem hdng khi giao
- Th6i gian chd- khi thyc hifn don hdng
• Thdi gian phan hii
• Linh hogt trong san xuit Gid vdn hdng bdn
• Tong chi phf qudn I^ chuSi
• Nftng suit gia tftng gid trf Chlphlbaohftnh -TTidi gisn chu 1^ ddng tiSn
•Ngdy hdng tin kho Vftng quay ^ i sdn Ngudn: Horatiu Cirllla.el.al (2012)
\
T.AP CHi PH.AT TRIE\ KH&CN, TAP 17, SO Q3-2014 4.3. Mo hinh ROF
Thdng qua cac nghifn ciru vf md hinh hoach djnh chudi cung img vd cac he thing danh aia ndng lyc (PMSs) ciia Beamon (1998, 1999) cho thdy hf thdng danh gia nang lyc hifn tgi chua day du bdi vi chi su dung cac chi sd do ludng chi phf la CO ban. Tit do, md hinh ROF dupe d l xuat df do ludng toan dien cac khia canh cua chudi cung img.
Trong ROF thi muc tieu chiln luoc ciia loan chudi cung (mg la chia khda dl xac dinh cac chi sd danh gia xoay ba thudc tinh Id nguin lyc, diu ra vd tinh Iinh hogt. Trong do mdi thudc tinh cd mdt muc tifu danh gia khac nhau nhu bang 4.3.
Bang 4.3: Muc tifu danh gid trong ROF TIIU0C
tlttb Ngudn lyc
Mifc tliu
Ndng cao mirc dd hifu qua
Muc dich
Linh
Nang cao m(rc dp djch vy khdch hftng
Kha nftng phan hdi thay ddi ciia mdi trudng
Ouan ly hifu qua nguin [yc la chia khda din dfn lpi nhu|n San phdm khong thi chip nhan dupc, khach hdng se chuyin sang chudi cung tmg khde Trong mdi Inrdng khdng chftc chin, chuoi cung img phai cd kha nftng ihfch fing vdi sy thay ddi NguSn: Beamon (1999) Hf thing danh gid nftng lyc (PMS) phdi do ludng dupc mdt trong ba thupc tinh vd cin cd il nhdt mpt chi so do ludng rieng cho timg don vj trong chuoi cung img vd cdc chi s i nay phai phii hpp vdi myc tifu chifn lupc cua timg don vj trong chuii cung img.
Cac tieu chf danh gia chuoi cung img trong ROF thi can bang giQa cac chi si nang Iyc bfn trong va ndng Iyc bfn ngodi df tich hpp chudi cung ling. Ding thdi md hinh dd khdi quai tat cd cac hoat dpng tir dau vao din dhiu ra ciia chudi. Dilm manh cua ROF la cd thf dp dung cho chudi cung img san xudt lan djeh vu. Tuy nhifn md hinh chua quan tam dfn cac yfu to vd hinh tao nfn gia Xv\ cho chuoi cung ung Cac tifu chi danh gia ciia md hinh duoc gidi thifu trong bang 4.4
Bang 4.4: Cac tieu chi trong md hinh ROF Thu^c linh ]
Ngudn iyc
Chi so do ludng - Tdng chi phi vgn hanh -Chi phi phan phdi - Chi phi san xuit -Chi phi tin kho - Vong quay tin kho
Daur
Dp linh
- Doanh thu - Lpi nhugn
• Ty le hodn thdnh don hdng - Giao hang dting hgn - Don hang tre/ hit hdng - Thdi gian phan hii khdch hdng
- Thdi gian chd san xult - Sai xdt trong giao hdng Phan anh cua khdch hdng Linh hogt trong sfl lupng Linh hoat trong giao nhgn Linh hoat trong difu phdi - Linh hoat n-ong sdn phim mdi
Ngudn: Beamon (1999) Ba md hinh Iren la nin lang cho cdc nghifn ciiu vf hf thing danh gid chudi cung ilng. Tir dd, cac md hinh bifn thi dupc hinh thdnh dftc tnmg cho tung tnrdng hpp nghifin ciru vd chuoi cung ung nhu md hinh tilp cgn dinh hudng theo muc tifu ciia Otto va Koizab nam 2003, md hinh tilp can qud trinh cua Chan vd Qi nftm
Trang 93
Science & Technology Development, Vol 17, No.OJ-2014 2004, md hinh ba gdc cua Gunasekaran va dong sy nam 2001...
5. Tifu chi danh gia trong mo hinh Quan ly chuoi cung umg la qua ninh tich hpp cac hogt ddng logistics chirc nSng tai timg doanh nghifp rieng le nhu luu trii, van chuyin, ddng gdi.., thanh mpl chuoi xuyfn suit loan hf Ihdng. Theo dd, qudn Iy chudi cung (ing lifn quan din cac hoat dpng ben trong lan ben ngodi doanh nghiep hudng dfn giam chi phi ting thf dya trfn kha ndng cpng tac vd phdi hpp gi&a cac doanh nghifp. Trong khi, cac hoat ddng logistics chii ylu van hdnh bfn trong doanh nghifp hudng din gidm cdc chi phi lifn quan.
Hay ndi each khac, logistics Id clu noi cac mil xich trong chudi cung img. Hoat dpng logistics Igi cdc mat xich hifu qud sg nftng cao nSng lyc chuii cung iing, (Coyle & Banli, 2003). Do dd, khi ddnh gid nftng lyc chuoi cung img cin phdi ddnh gid cdc hogt dpng logistics chtrc nSng.
Dudi anh hudng ctia tu duy va Iy thuyfit hf thing, cac hogt ddng logistics bftt dau tir cdc chfic nang rifing If din tdp trung Iheo qud Irinh vft dinh cao Id quan \-} chufii cung iing. Do dd, qua trinh hlnh thftnh cac tieu chi ddnh gid chuoi cung (mg phai xuit phat tir quan dilm nhifm vy/hogt ddng logistics din quan difm qud trinh vd cuii Cling Id quan difm ti'ch hpp,
5.1. Chi s6 do ludng t§p trung vdo nhifm v^i/hogt dpng logistics
Cdc nghifn ciiu trong nhiing nam 1980 va diu 1990 diu tap tnmg vao do ludng cdc nhifm vy rifing If trong hogt dong logisiics nhu qudn ly kho bfti, van chuyfn, bao gdi, qudn 1^ tin kho, qudn IJ nhu ciu...
Hai nghifin cfiu ciia A T. Kearney (1984, I99I) vd cua Mentzer &Konrad (1991), da cung d p diy du cdc chi s i danh gia nftng lyc hogt dpng logistics tgi cdc doanh nghifp. Tuy r^ifn, dudi quan difm chugi cung fing. cdc chi s i trong nghifn cuu nfn dupc tham khdo cho Traog 94
vifc hlnh thdnh cac chi so diinh gift tfch hpp^
lifn kit cdc mat xich.
5.2. Chi so do ludng t|p tmng vfto qui trinh ho^t d$ng logistics
Keebler et al. (1999) dft chi ra bin thu^c tJnh diing df do ludng qua trinh hogt dpng logistics Id: thdi gian, chdt lupng, chi phi vd cac thu§c tfnh h i trp khac. Trong dd cac chi sd danh gia timg thudc tinh dupc trinh bdy trong bang 5.1.
Nghifn cilu da nfu ra mii quan hf giiia chl s i hoat dpng vd chi s i qud trinh trong la trong hdng trftm chi sd do ludng hogt dpng logistics Ihi CO it hem mudi chi s i do lutmg qud trtnh dupc xem la quan trpng d l danh gift vd cdi tien ndng lyc ciia cac doanh nghifp hogt d§ng trong ITnh vyc logistics. Tir dd, cdc nhd nghifin cfiu df nghj cdc tifu chi ddnh gift nfn dupc x&yi dung tip trung theo timg thupc tlnh, qud trinh trong hogt dpng. Dl tgo hf thing ddnh gia hifu qua vdi cdc tifu chi phil hpp vl s i lupng va chll Iupng khi ddnh gid.
BangS.1: Cftcchisidoludngnftnglycqud ' trinh hogt dpng logistic • 1 Thupc tinh
Thdi gian
ChdtIupng
Clii s6 do Iirdng -Giao hftng diing han - Thdi gian chu kji dftt hdng - Thdi gian phdn hdi thflng tin - Thdi gian chu k^ hogch djnh/ , dybfto
- Biln dflng thdi gian chu k^
hoach dinh
- Sy hdi Idng cda khdch hdng - Chinh xdc ciia qud Irlnh - Thyc hifn don hdng hodn hdo -Chfnh xdc Clia dy bdo - Chfnh xdc ctia hogch djnh - Tuan flid ljch trinh dft thdng bdo
TAP c e i PHAT TBitN KHACN, TAP 17, SO Q3-2(H4
; - V n ^ q i i ^ ^ kho thanh p h ^ ' - Vwig quay tiln m ^ Chi phi - ™ P f " d ! c h v u I -Tdng chi f^i giao hang
- Chi phi du thua cdng suit
• - Chi phi thifu hut cdng suit Thuoc tinh
h i tro
- Su san CO cira thraig tin - Thdi giMi thay dii don hang -Cue tilu s i Iupng don hang Ngudn: Keebler & al. {1999) S J . Cbi sd do liromg tap tmng vao tich bfrp ebooi cnsg ung
Baih gja hogt d ^ g logistics kit h ^ doc theo cac chirc nftng trong mpt dcanh nghiep gpi la danh gift theo hudi^ tap trung vdo qua uinh host d ^ t i ^ tdi danh gia doc theo cac td chiic, mat xfch ^ dat ra yeu ciu cin phai tich hpp cac dtm vi tham gia vfto hoat dmig cua mpt coi^ ty gpi Chung chudi cung ung. Chi sd danh gift t ^ trung chuoi cung (ing ban chli Ift su t b ^ g nhit cac chi s6 danh gia qua hinh logistics trong c& doanh nghifp dpc chudi rang tag. DSy | i budc phat trifn cao nhit ciia c ^ chi sd ddnh gift nftng iuc.
Nghi&i ciiu cua Bhagwat & Sharma (2007) (^ dua ra mot bd tieu dii danh gia chudi cung (tag tinmg dii hoan chinh tgp trung vao bin (pian dilm ciia md hinh BSC: {!) quan dilm tai ch&ih, (2) q i ^ dilm khdch hang, (3) quan dilm quy trinh npi bp vft (4) quan dilm hpc hdi vft pbftt triln. B ^ quan dilm dll hien loan dien cftc chi so nftng luc ben trong va ben ngofti cua chuoi cung ttag. Bang 5.2 trinh bay tdm tit cac (*i so tnmg md hinh danh gift cita nghioi ciru.
B£n cgnh do s e e (Siqjply Chain Council - Hdi ding chudi cung (mg) - mpt t i chiic phi Ipi n h i ^ dianh I ^ vfto nSm 1996 da thuc hien nhilu i^ifin cita Iai cic dtwnh nghifp vl danh gift dniSi cui^ *tag vdi muc tieu giup doanh nghiSp (hig dyng vft cai tiln hoat ddng kinh doarii A t e g q u a v$n hftnh d m i i cimg ung.
s e c da doa ra md hinh SCOR rai hon hai tram chi s i ddnh gia nang luc cAudi cung ung tidl hpp vdi boa ckp dp diyc hifn tu chi tilt d&i phuc t ^ . tu ^ quat din cu thf ap dung d w lung dranh n g h i ^ . Cac dii so sfi dupc sans Ipc dua tr&i muc tifu chiln lupc cua chuoi cung ung, ^ tnmg nganh nghe vft qua ftinh boat dpng lai ^ n g doanh n ^ i f p khi ap duna.
Bang 5 ^ : Cac chi s i do hrong tap trung vao
<*udi cung irng tfch hpp Chi so dank gid
- Vdng quay tin kho - Bifn drnig ngan sach - Chi phi van hftnh m i i gid - Chi phi quan iy didng tin - Ty le tii chij cung d p djch vu
Djchv klrach hang
' Sd lan khach hang quay lai Doanh dm nhan tit khach hftng - Eta dang cua san jrfiftm & djch vy - Giao hang diing hgn - Muc dp linh hoat vdi nhu ciu khach hang
- Do tin c ^ trong giao hftng - D ^ ut^ don hang khin - Ke hoach jAtaa phdi hifu qua - Chi phi quan ly thdng tin khftch hang
- Chit Iupng tai lieu hudng din - GiM hang khdng san phim ldi - Chit lugng ddng gdi san phim
Qira trinh ndibd
Tbdi gian dm ky chuoi cung ung
; - Thoi gian giao hang so vdi chuin , ciia nganh
I - Nha cung cap giao hang khong ' san[rfiim ldi
- Ky thuftt (hr bao chinh xac - Tbdi gian (±u ky phfti triln san phim
- Tbdi gjan chu 1^ dit hang - Hieu qua k l hoach san xult t&io die
- T i n g dli phi t ^ kho
T n u i g 9 5
Scieoce & Tecbnologj Development, Vol 17, No.Q3-2014
Kha nang hpc hdi
&phdt trifn
- Chi phi tdn kho nguyen vat lieu &.
dau vao
- Chi phi tdn kho trong van chuyfn - Chl phi tdn kho thanh pham -Chi phi ldng phi - Ty If don hdng tra lai - Hifu sudi chu kv dat hftng - Tan sual giao hang - Su dung bang bifu, s i lieu - Ddp ung vdi van dl k^ Ihuat - Sdng kiln gidm chi phi - Sfl lupng nha cung cap du phong - KJ Ihuat dy bao chinh xftc - Chu ky phat trifn san phim - Da dgng sdn pham & dich vy Nguon: Bhagwat & Sharma (2007) 5.4. Chi so do Iirdng binh thinh qua Ihyc t l ftp d^ng tgi cde doanb nghifp
Trong mdt cu$c khdo sat vd nghifn cuu cftc Ilnh huing vfi ddnh gift hogt dpng logistics h-ong chudi cung ihig ciia Keebler et at (1999),
Mdt thing kf ve muc dp sur dung cua cftc chi s i "
do ludng tgi 355 doanh n ^ i f p dupc tdm dtt]
trong bang 5, J,
Qua thflng kf kft qua nghien ciru, tdc gift nhgn djnh mpt so van de tin tgi trong hf thing chi sd danh gift nang lyc hogt ddng logistics ndi rieng va chuoi cung ung ndi chung nhu sau:
- Chi si chl phi nen dupc tiep tuc su dyng trong cdc hf thing dftnh gia nftng Iuc.
- Cac chi sd cln dupc tich hpp qua nhilu dii tupng trong chufli hon lft danh gift cua khftch hftng cudi ciing.
- cac chi sd xoay quanh thudc tinh djch vy khdch hdng, qudn ly don hang vft cdc ITnh vyc logistics khde.
Tu dfl, yfiu ciu hf thing tifiu chf ddnh gift phai do ludng ddy du mang ludi chuSi cung ling cln do bao gim tit ca cftc thftnh vifn tham gia vdo chudi.
g 5.3: Cdc chi sd do ludng qua dupc ftp dung nhieu nhit tgi 355 doanh nghifp ChisS thirimg sir dyng nhSt
- Chi phf vgn chuyfin bfin ngodi nhd mdy
- Tlnh chfnh xac mfic tin kho - Ty If lip ddy don hdng - Vdng quay tin kho thdnh phdm - Giao hang dung thdi hgn - Tuftn difi cam ket vdi khdch hdng
CliisS quan trpng nhdt cho ch^c ndng logistics - Giao hdng diing han
- Ty If lip diy don hftng
• Tudn thli cam kit vdi khach hdng
• Chi phi van chuyen ben ngodi
• Tinh chhih xdc mfic tin kho 66%
61%
57%
53%
51%
CM s6 it sir difng - Chi phi cho cdc djch vy khdch hdng
- Don vj xu ly trfn mdt don vi thdi gian
- Don hftng xii ly trfn don vj t/gian - Hifu qua lao dpng vd cdng suit
Chu ky didi gian ddng tiln Thdi gian phdn hoi hu hdng
37%
37%
36%
36%
32%
30%
Phdn trdm ngirdi boi ddp cdc chi sS kbdng sudyng phd bi^n
Chi so quantrong nhdl & m&c dp cdng ly logistics
• Giao hdng dung han - Ty If lap day hdng vdn chuyfn - Tuftn thti cam kit khftch hdng - Tfnh chlnh xftc mtrc ton kho - Chi phi vdn chuyen bfn ngofti
61%
56%
55%
38%
33%
Chi s6 duirc 5«- dyng bdi kbdcb hang vi nhd cung cap dS do lu&ng Hdng ifrc Trang 96
T^P c e i PHAT TRItN KH&CN, TAP 17, SO Q3-2014
- Giao hftng dung thdi gian cam kit - Ddiig hang cdn Iftp ddy khi vdn chuyfn
- Don hdng trf trong mot ky giao hang
- Thdi gian chu k:^' chufli cung iing Hda don chinh xac khi giao djch
- Giao hang dfing thdi hgn
• Ty If lip diy don hang - Hda don lifn quan chinh xdc
• Thdi gian chu kJ- don hang
• Ddng hang chd lap diy
64%
59%
56%
45%
42%
Nguon- Keebler el at (1999) Tdm lgi, cac tifu chi trong he thing danh gid
chufli cung fing dupc hinh thdnh dua trfn dgc trung cua md hlnh su dung khi xay dung nhu md hlnh BSC, SCOR... Ciing cd thi thflng qua cftc cuflc khdo sat, thing kf dl tim ra cac tifu chf do ludng tdp trung, dupc sir dyng nhilu nhat trong thyc l l vd phd hpp cho hfi thing cin xay dyng. Qud trinh hlnh thanh tifu chi phdi di tfi nhifm vy chfic nftng din qud trinh hoat ddng vft cudi cung la tich hpp. Trong dd, hoat ddng logistic ma nfn tang cua quan 1^ va van hanh chufli cung fing. Hf thing danh gift nftng lyc chuoi cung Ilng phai dam bdo phii diy tit ca cdc mat xfch, cdc cip chifn luac, chiln thugt trong timg doanh nghifp vd Iifin ket nhifu doanh nghifp trong chuSi lai vdi nhau.
6. Thilt kl h | thing dftnh gift chuSi cung irng Holmbeg (1997) dd gidi thifu "Md hinh phdt triln hf Along danh gid chuoi cung iing" dl xay dyng hf thing ddnh gia chuii cung fing lien t i chfic. Day la md hlnh duy nhdt dupc trinh bay mOt each rd rang trong cac tai Iifu lifn quan danh gift chudi cung ung.
cac budc dl xay dyng hf thflng dftnh gia theo d l nghj cua Holmbeg nhu sau:
- xac djnh chi sfl do ludng tgi tung mirc dd ciia chudi cung fing.
- Xdc djnh quan hf nhan qud gi&a cdc chi si do ludng chuoi cung ting.
- Mii quan hf cua chi s i diu ra cho mfli mil xich trong chuoi cung ung vdi cdc chi s i do ludng todn chuii da xdc dinh.
- Xac djnh chi s i ddnh gift hoat dflng/qud trinh ciia t i chirc va hen he tdi cdc chi s i ddu
- Dinh nghTa cac giao thtic do ludng.
Mo hhih cua Holmbeg gifti quyit cho nhiing chudi cung fing trong bdi cdnh d^c bift.
Phuong phap nhln manh vifc tich hpp dpc qud trinh danh gid. Tuy nhien, phuong phdp khdng gidi quyit cdc mdu thuan ve muc tieu chien lupc giQa cac thdnh vifn trong chufli.
Keebler et at (1999) da gidi diifu mpt qud trinh dupc gpi Id "Phuong thirc tilp cgn thyc hifn ddnh gid cftc hoat ddng hdu cdn".
Cdc budc trong qua trinh deu c6 mii quan he chat chg vdi myc tieu vd chien lupc cua t i chfic. Dfi xdy dyng he thing tifu chf ddnh gift flieo Keebler cin qua bdy budc nhu sau:
- Thing kf cdc chi s i dang dupc su dyng trong hf thing/doanh nghiep/chuSi cung (ing.
- Xdc djnh cdc chi sfl danh gid liem nftng md he thdng cd the su dyng.
- Dftnh gift, do ludng muc dfl uu tifin chi sd.
- Xay dyng giao thfic do ludng cftc chi s i mdi.
- Thyc hifin do ludng dftnh gid cdc giao thfic - Hifu chinh vft ddnh gift lai.
- Ddo tgo va dua hf thing vdo ftp dyng.
Bay budc trfn bao gim cdc qua frinh tir hogch djnh, din danh gia va fliyc flii hf Ihflng, Trang 97
Scieoie & Technalogy Developnent, Vol 17, NO.Q3-2014 nhung d mirc dp khai nifm cao. Qua ftinh thyc hifin khdng tgp trung vao vifc do ludng Ifch hgp trong chuii cung irng.
Mpt phuong phap thilt kl he fliing tieu chf danh gia chuii cung ting cd kha nftng tich hpp cac thdnh vifn trong chuSi vft dftp irng myc tifu chifn lupc van hdnh chudicung img dupc tdc gid dl xuat qua ba giai doan nhu sau:
- Xdy dyng he Uiing lifu chi ddnh gid theo md hinh thu b|c dya trfn cftc nghifn ciiu 1^
thuyet vft kJ fliuat djnh Iinh Delphi. Sy thing nhat giita cdc thdnh vifn trong chufli cung fing ve he thing ddnh gid Id dieu quan ft'png trong, giai dogn ndy. Cdc tifiu chl xfty dyng cln phfti dya Irfn quan dilm va chiln lupc v ^ hanh efia timg doanh nghifp trong chuoi. Trong giai dogn nay, cin xftc djnh va fliing nhit cac giao flific do luflng cua timg tifu chf trong hf fliing khi xfty dyng.
- Ddnh gift trpng si ciia cdc tifiu chf vd fliudc flnh Ifn nSng lyc ciia chuoi cung ung thdng qua phuong phdp ddnh gift da fliudc tfnh lifn kit md - CFMAE. Vdi cftc (ing dyng cua logic md trong phuong phdp s5 gifip logi bd nhthig ylu t i chfi quan d giai do^n mflt
- Ddnh gift tfnh khd flii (ftp dyng dupc) cua hf thing tifiu chi vfia xfty dyng qua cdc frudng hpp ftp dyng fliyc t l doanh nghifp.
Cftc budc xfty dyng hf fliing tifu chi dftnh gift nftng lyc chuSi cung fing de xuit dya trfn ting hpp cdc nghifin cfiu ve fliiet kl vd ddnh gid hf fliing. Phuang phap cd khd ndng tich hpp tit ca cdc flidnh vifn fliam gia vfto chuii cung fing thflng qua cdng cy bang khfto sdt dl thu fli^ si lifu. Tfi dd xdy dyng mo hlnh ddnh gid chuii cung fing chju sy dnh hudng cua lit ca cdc mat xfch frong chu5i vft v|n hdnh tiieo quan
Traog 98
difm chung cua ngftnh ho$c san phim i xem xft.
Cd nhifiu phucmg phdp dfi thilt k l hf flij ddnh gid nftng chuii cung fing, tuy nhifin ttii phuong phdp hoftn chinh cin phai tfch hpp chpn Ipc tit nhifu nghifn cihj, nhifu mo hinh I dupc dp dyng. Chuoi cung ung vfia Ift m§t qi dilm cd flif dftc frung cho timg doanh n^ifp tham gia vao chudi, vira la quan dilm tfch b^, giita cac thdnh vifn. Do dd, hf fliing cin phdi^
cd tifiu chf ddnh gia bfn frong cua mSi doatdt "i nghifp vd tifu chi danh gift bfn ngodi dl \M \ nii cdc doanh nghidp Igi vdi nhau. J
4
Ba phucmg phdp dinh bdy frfin dftp Ung c? | bdn cdc d$c tinh cua chuoi cung iing Id i ^ ^ hdnh dya trfn quan dilm chia sf, hpp tftc gifta j cdc thdnh vifn frong chudi. Mii phuong pjidp J diu cd uu vd nhupc rifing. Do dd, trong titiffi J frirdng hpp cy thf sS chpn phuong phdp thi^tJsli- vd cdc budc thyc hifn phfi hpp vdi myc tl^l vftn hanh chuSi cung fing efia doanh nghifp.
7. Kit lu^n
Bdi bdo da gidi tiiifu dupc cdc khii n i ^ cdng cy, phuong phdp vft cftc tifu chf dftnh gifi' chuii cung fing tifu bilu dupc nghifin c^l trong I:^ thuylt vii thyc tiln ciia nhilu tdc gii- trong flldi gian qua. Trong dd ddng gdp nii ^ t Id nhlJng phftn tich so sdnh giBa cdc md birth dftnh gift vft khung tilp c ^ efia cftc phuimg phdp xfty dyng hf fliing dftnh gift sg gifip eha ngudi dpc cd nhihig lya chpn dflng din khJ sb dyng kit qud nghien cfiu vfto fliyc liln hoJc nghifn cihi triln khai cho cftc chuii cung &ig cy thi. Cuii cfing, dfi cdc 1^ thuylt vd mfl hinh ddnh gid chuoi cung fing dupc ting hpp c6 ^ nghTa thyc flIn, nfin cin cd mOt nghifn cfiu 'v^
xfty dyng hf thing ddnh gid cho m$t chuSi cung ling cy thi.
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