2001 The DepartlDeDt 0

Rateofcbaoeeoftemperature

March 8-10, 2001 The DepartlDeDt 0

GEOGRAPm

- - - -

::--

European explorers and settlers arrived in what became southwest British Columbia, they utilized this existing trail network as a means of establishing and initially supporting permanent colonial settlements.

Records of the location of the original web of trails utilized by the Tsleil-Waututh should thus be identifiable in the maps and journals of the early colonists. More specifically, the routes of ancient trails should be able to be found in materials prepared by explorers, land and marine surveyors, mine inspectors, and government cartographers active in the period between the mid 1800s and the early 1900s.

Perceptions of Risk When Living Near a Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility Kristine Greenlaw,MA. Candidate, Dept. of Geography, The University ofCalgary

Email: kegreenl@ucalgary.ca Phone: (403) 220-4768

One of the most urgent environmental problems facing modem society today is the disposal of toxic, hazardous waste. However, the technology developed to treat such substances may represent a great concern to those living near a hazardous waste plant. . The present study investigates howthree rural communities construct views of risk with regardsto the SwanHillsSpecial Waste Treatment Facility, near Swan Hills Alberta. "Semi-structured interviews of 55 residents from the towns of Kinuso, Fort Assiniboine, and Barrhead were conductedtoexaminethejudgements peoplemakeaboutrisk within the context of their communities. A comparative analysis methodology is used to determine how risk is defined by residents in each community, and by what means "risk" is constructed. Preliminary results indicate that the smaller, more rural communities of Kinuso and Fort Assiniobine perceive the facility with great concern, whereas the respondents in Bairhead feel little concern, if any at all. These contrasting perceptions of risk are argued to be contextual and influenced by both individual and collective interpretations of beliefsystems. This research aims to provide a better understanding of how people think and respond to the risk of a technological hazard. Such information will facilitate communication of information between lay people, technical experts, and policy makers to resolve the - issue of howto manage hazardous technologies.

Geographic Change in the Gulf Islands British Columbia T.Guthrie, G. Hamblin, M. Porter, C. Wood.

Department of Geography, University of Victoria

TheGulfIslands, which are situated between Vancouver Island and the Mainland have become subject to increasing pressures of development. The Islands Trust is the government body responsible for managing land use planning arrangements and responding to these pressures. This paper reviews the findings of recent research into specific aspects of the general process of change namely: water shortages, forest harvesting, and planning for anagingpopulation.

The conceptual fallacy of ''weathering in cold climates" - the error in the assumption ofzonality.

Kevin Hall, Geography Programme, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way

Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9 '

Cons~derati~n of almost any geomorphology text, including specialist volumes, suggests some degree of zonabty WIth respect to weathering such that there is perceived to be an entity under the rubric

"weathering in cold regions". By implication and, I would argue, general perception, this is considered

"unique" and is considered tohave attributes. that make it so. Classic characteristics would be.a lack of chemical weathering, a dominance of mechanical weathering, with a generally accepted dommance of freeze-thaw weathering. These argumentS then extend intoevaluation of landfonns, the "recognition" of cold-origin sediments, and _p~limatic reconstructions (e.g angular clasts therefore frostweathering therefore cold climate). Thecircularityand self-fulfilling prophecy of suchargumentsseemstoescape us!

The naivety of the assumption really is thatin, such as, Quaternary studies thoseangularc1astsareusedto justify a cold climate, via frost action, only when other criteria (e.g. geographical location) have already shownthattheareawas cold. Essentially, there areno known criteria that canassociate a mechanically weathered, or in many instances, a chemically weathered, productwitha specific climate. Theargument will be made for, and evidence provided in support of, the azonality of weathering in cold regions.

Chemical weatheringoccurs and is nottemperaturelimitedbutrathermoisturelimited. Rock, ratherthan air, temperatures paint a very different "climate" with respect to weathering suchthatmany weathering fonDS areidentical to those in hot deserts. Finally, the perceived angularity ofresultantweathering debris may not be as ubiquitous as we frequently think and thus we "filter" our observations with thein-built assumptions of whatwe "should see". Serious reconsideration of weathering regimes is required, perhaps allthemore so for those of us working in cold environments.

A

crociiiI

Lesson Not

Leamed:

loss of memory in resource-town planning.

Greg Halseth (halseth@unbc.ca) andLana Sullivan (suI.!ival@unbc.ca), Geography Program, University ofNorthem British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N4Z9.

Single industry communities are a comm~npart of the Canadian rural landscape. Inmany cases, these places were developed by a single firm or industry to provide a focal point for local extraction and processing operations, as well as to house theneededworkforee. But whydoso

many

post world war

n

resourcetowns share such similartownsiteplans?And, why havetheyalmostalways facedsimilarforms of economic devastation? This paper examines the planning foundations ofKitimat, BC and compares themtothelaterresourcetownsof Mackenzie and Tumbler Ridge. Thepurpose istoidentify which ofthe early planning tenets have been forgotten and whether this may have some explanatory value in why

"crisis"remains the watchword of so many suchtowns.

Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Urban Amenities:

DoesA~ation Error Matter?

Jaced Hewko·, Department ofEarthand Atmospheric Sciences, University ofAlberta, hewko@ualberta.ca

KarcnE. Smoyer, Department ofEarthandAtmospheric Sciences, University ofAlberta, karen.smoyer@uaIberta.ca

John Hodgson, Department ofEarthand Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, john.hodgson@uaIberta.ca

N~bourhood spatial accessibility (NSA) refers to the ease with which residents of a given nCIghbourhood can reach amenities. The widespread availability of Geographic Information Systems (GIS).has _increas~ the _~efulness .of NSA _~~cators to inform urban policy issues, such as amenity p~~on and spmal equity. Spmal accessIbility measurements at the neighbourhood level (or other similarly aggregated units) are susceptible to numerous methodological problems.. Failing to consider such problems may result in inaccurate spatial accessibility measures,-and-hence produce erroneous

"Cold regions are characterized by cold"

-PROCESSES ARE THUS DRIVEN BY COLD

"It is not what you look at

• Hence:Mechanical processes predominate

that matters, its what you

"

• Freeze-thaw predominates

see.

• Chemical weathering is limited.

~~T~

If "cold" regions are really, in terms

Is this premiss correct? of processes, driven by heat

~ ...

-_.-

Then

• Surely cold region processes are driven by • Our frame of reference (and hence concepts

heat not cold? and paradigms) change dramatically

.Without heat, cold "rules" and nothing • Now we must monitor warmth not cold

happens. • We must now consider the impact of heat,

not cold, on landform development.

.We must look at processes very differently and measure accordingly.

North South

"C

-

^"C

^-

· ^..

, " _I ^'\

,

\

^"

f f

·

^{, \.}

^,r

^\

·

^{" I}

^\ \

⁽

· re, 11 ^J

'\ ^l:i"

· \ ^{\ I}

· ..

_." ^Fe

_f-J

I~ ^'-h

J · ·

_." ~ "'"'-_~

I

~^"\

11 ""'-,..

'--->---"

...

:);(D:W._~u:c.~. . .~tZ::III:IO~_

...

^~~_

...

^t~ ."^~. . . 12*IlOl . . . .u:eHD,... ...~ ~... --.la:-

- - - - -

^{n_ ,,_tt. . . .u'"1~}

^-

^'1_

-

^t_

- - - - ^u_.

^,~,_

t_ -

t""'l1~t~t""t~

^-

^~

^{- -} - - - -

'1'_ ,,,,.,.u _ u ...It_,...

-

1~1t"'_

^- - - - - -

, _t~ 1~"~'~1I"..t _

South

"C

-

^"C

-

.. -

^,

.

^"

..

_\

" I ^.,\ ^I " \ \

" ,, \ !^! " _I \

" ^{I !}

:1'

·

\ f

·

^I

· _"

^\\ ^I

·

^{I I}

·

^{·~··t I _.}

^.

^{~, I}

^·

." ^~\ 1\ I'\.^~ I^I

· _...

^-:-..._...:~'- ^{. j .- -'h} ./^.- ." ^{\ T}

,~~

~

c:J ...

^{"'-..,J ~ /}

."~uaoo ....~ ~. . . .1 z a « l " . . . .. - . c l12:C11:e1:a:J1::W . . . .1~

...

- - - - ^{- -} - - - - - - - - - -

^{1~_ ,~...} tza:m . . . ~. . . 1~'" 1~'" 1 2 a l I ) 11'" " ' "

It_

^11.-00I~tt. . . 11.- " . _It'"It_1 ' - '"""""-"",,.,,_,\1_

-

2""

-

2ISlI1

-

:M01

-

1U1

- -

2&01 :t&et

-

mJl,

-

211.'

- -

2nll' :znJl,

-

_ ,

- -

~t 2a01

North

, r - -..

t~*- t~ . . . .a . : t I ) . . . . ~. . . ,~ , ~. . .~

PllI .... MIl Ml ... P t I l : _ . l I I I M l P l l l

lIUIt 26111 ~ 2M1 , . . , MGt 217'" :M., zn.' 111.... ~1 !&et 2M1

.

^'

N ~ _ _ N N * _ N ~ ... _ ~

2&et ~t 2Ut ~t 2Ut UAt m., 217'" 117.' 2l7.' Z*tl MIlt ~

. . . . " .

,

,l\

\ I1

I

I1 \ ^l\

I

..

\

T7

^{J .}

J

" 1'1. 1\

If

^-y

.. "

..

^\

^I

.. ^hJ

^{1'1.. /}

L

f

,~~ u:.. .... u.tO . . . . ta::ClblI_ _ t ~. . . . . u:.:IlIl . . . tzaMl

"C

.

Thus, using rock temperatures rather than air temperatures, a very different weathering environment is

seen.

If temperature is not the limiting factor then:

WATER Is th.t which limits we.therlng So

• "Summers" are significantly longer

• Temperatures are high

• Temperature isnotthelimiting factor

• Water limits freeze-thaw

• Water limits chemical weathering

• Water limits biological weathering

• Water limits wetting and drying

• Water limits salt weathering

Water does

not

limit thermal effects

Thus

If water is the limiting factor rather than temperature

-

^,

Then

• Thermal stresses are possible

• Thermal fatigue is possible

• Thermal shock is possible

• A "cold" environment is no different to a

"hot" one - 'cold' isnotthe factor as we have seen the rocks are 'hot'

·The same suite of weathering processes are cited for hot deserts as for cold - water limits in both, not temperature

• Cold deserts are no different to hot deserts

• Processes are azonal rather than zonal

Rock fracture patterns