This study was restricted to those informal entrepreneurs in the Harare Metropolitan area, and could be extended to other urban centres, rural farming and mining communities in the country to allow generalisation of results.
Conducting a cross section study is a limitation on its own and hence the need to carry out a longitudinal one because the context/environment is highly dynamic and this affects the results of studies done in limited time frames. Further, the research was based on a snap survey which could not establish causal relationships between variables such as formalisation and business growth. It is recommended that a longitudinal study be
undertaken to establish whether formalised businesses perform better than their counterparts in Zimbabwe.
This study has also established that the informal economy is a good source of government revenue and economic growth, but does not explore ways of tapping this revenue. It is recommended that further research be done on how the undeclared revenue could be harnessed to improve government revenue.
REFERENCES
Afrasia Market Report, 2014. Informal Sector: Understanding Transition to Formality..
The FInancial Gazzet, Issue May 22-28, p. C12.
Anderson, J., 1998. The Size, Origins, and Character of Mongolia's Informal Sector During Transition. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 1916.. Washington, DC, The World Bank.
Babbie, E., & Mouton, J., 2003. The Practice of Social Research. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barbour, A. & Llanes, M., 2013. Supporting People to Legitimise their Informal Businesses., London: JRF.
Benjamin, N. Beegle, K. Recanatini, K. & Santini, M., 2014. Informal Economy and the World Bank, Washington DC: World Bank.
Bennett, J. & Estrin, S., 2007. Informality as a Stepping Stone: Entrepreneurial Entry in a Developing Country, IZA Discussion Papers No 2950. Bonn, IZA.
Bigsten, A. Kimuyu, P. & Lundvall, K., 2000. Are Formal and Informal Small Firms Really Different? Evidence from Kenyan Manufacturing., Nairobi: Institute of Policy Analysis & Research.
Bryman, A. & Bell, E., 2003. Business Research Methods. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bryman, A. & Bell, E., 2007. Business Research Methods. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chen, M., 2012. The Informal Economy: Definitions, Theories and Policies, London:
WIEGO.
Chidoko, C., & Makuyana, G., 2012. The Contribution of the Informal Sector to Poverty Alleviation in Zimbabwe. IISTE, Volume 2, p. 9.
Chidoko, C. Makuyana, G. Mutungamiri, P. & Benani, J., 2011. The Impact of the Informal Sector on the Current Zimbabwean Economic Environment. Journal of Economics and Research, 2(6), pp. 26-28.
Commission, E., 2007. Stepping Up the Fight Against Undeclared Work. COM (2007) 628 Final., Brusseles: European Commission.
Darlington, R., 2004. Factor analysis. [Online]
Available at: http://comp9psych.cornell.edu/Darlington/factors.htm [Accessed 6 November 2014].
David, S. Urich, O. Serge, Z. & Majoe, N., (nd). Managing Informality. Local Government Practices and Approaches Towards the Informal Economy- Learning Examples from Five African Countries., Johannesburg: SALED Network.
De Bruijn, E. & Nelson, E., 2005. The Voluntary Formalisation of Enterprises in a Developing Economy: The Case of Tanzania. Journal of International Development, Volume 17, pp. 575-593.
de Vaus, D., 2002. Surveys in Social Research. 5th ed. London: Routledge.
Dewa, T., 2014. Zimbabwe Struggle to Formalise the Informal. [Online]
Available at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/04/zimbabwe-struggle-formalise-informal/
[Accessed 5 August 2014].
Dzhekova, R. & Williams, C., 2014. Tackling the Undeclared Economy in Bulgaria: A Base Line Assessment. Grey Working Paper No 1, Sheffield: Sheffield University Management School.
Edcomb, E. & Thetford, T., 2004. The Informal Economy: Making it in Rural America., Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.
Field, A., 2005. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 2nd ed. London- Thousand Oarks- New Delhi: Sage.
Field, A., 2009. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 3nd ed. London- Thousand Oarks- New Delhi: Sage.
FinScope, 2012. FinScope MSME Survey Zimbabwe, Johannesburg: Finmark Trust.
Fraenkel, J. & Wallen, J., 2000. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. 1st ed. London: Mc Graw Hill.
Gelb, A., Mengistae, T., Ramachaundran, V. & Sha, M., 2009. To Formalise or Not to Formalise? Comparison of Microenterprise Data from Southern and East Africa. CDG Working Paper No 175., Washington DC: Center for Global Development..
Government of Zimbabwe, 2013. Zimbabwe Electoral Commission Constituency Delimitation. Harare: Government Printers.
Habing, B., 2003. Explanatory Factor Analysis. [Online]
Available at: http://www.stat.sc.edu/~habing/courses/350 EFA.pdf [Accessed 6 November 2014].
Hart, K., 1973. Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies, Volume 11, p. 1.
ICLS, 2003. Report of the Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians., Geneva: ILO.
IFC, World Bank., 2005. Doing Business in 2006: Creating Jobs., Washington, DC:
World Bank.
ILO, 2003. Defining Strategies for Improving Working and Employment Conditions in Micro and Small Enterprises and the Informal Economy: Overview of the ILO Learning and Research Agenda., Geneva: ILO.
ILO, 2006. Implementation of Decent Work Country Programmes: Check List of Policy Areas on Social Protection. GB 297/ESP/7. Geneva, ILO.
ILO, 2007. The Informal Economy: Enabling Transition to Formalisation. Geneva, ILO.
ILO, 2009. The Informal Economy in Africa: Prompting Transition to Formality:
Challenges and Strategies. Geneva, ILO.
ILO, 2014. Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy, Report V(1).
International Labour Conference, 103 rd Session., Geneva: ILO.
IMF, 2004. Serbia and Montenegro: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. IMF Country Report No04/120., Washington DC: IMF.
Ishengoma, E. & Kappel, R., 2006. Economic Growth and Poverty: Does Formalisation of Informal Enterprises Matter? Presentation paper No 20. Hamburg, GIGA.
Jaeckle, A. & Li, C., 2003. Firms Dynamics and Institutional Participation: A Case Study of Informality of Micro-Enterprises in Peru. Working Paper., Essex: University of Essex.
Katungi, D. Neale, E. & Barbour, A., 2006. People in Low Paid Informal Work: Need Not Greed., New York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Kuwaza, K., 2014. Formalise Informal Sector: Gvt Urged. [Online]
Available at: http://www.indipendent.co.zw/2014/04/11/formalise-informal-sect...
[Accessed 5 August 2014].
Lancaster, G., 2005. Research Methods in Management. Elsevier Butterworth:
Heinnemann.
Llanes, M. & Barbour, A., 2007. Self Employed and Micro-Entrepreneurs: Informal Trading and the Journey Towards Formalisation., London: Community Links.
Maloney, W., 2004. Informality Revisited.. World Development, 32(7).
Mbiriri, R., 2010. Can Zimbabwe Use its Informal Economy as a Means for Sustainable Development in the Current Reconstruction Process?, Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand.
Mitullah, W. V., 2004. A Review of Street Trade in Africa: Working Paper. IDS Nairobi:
University of Nairobi.
Mitullah, W. V., 2003. Street Vending in African Cities: Synthesis of Empirical Findings fron Kenya, Cote Devoire, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Uganda and South Africa., Washington DC: World Bank.
Muwonge, A. Obwona. M. & Nambwaayo, V., 2007. Enhancing Contributions of the Informal Sector to National Development: The Case of Uganda. Paper No 33. Kampala, Economic Policy Research Centre.
Nelson, E. & De Bruijn, E., 2005. The Voluntary Formalisation of Enterprises in a Developing Economy- The Case of Tanzania.. Journal for International Development, 17(1), pp. 575-593.
Njaya, T., 2014. Operations of Street Food Vendors and their Impact on Sustainable Urban Life in High Density Surbabs of Harare in Zimbabwe. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 2(1), pp. 18-31.
OECD, 2002. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy., Paris: OECD.
OECD, 2006. Removing Barriers to Formalisation: Prompting Pro-poor Growth Private Sector Development. Paris, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
Ogunyemi, O. & Adedokun, A.S., 2014. Towards West Africa Regional Economic Entergration. Dakar, UNECA.
Patton, M., 2002. Quantitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 1st ed. Thousand Oarks, CA: Sage.
Rand, J. & Torm, N., 2012. The Benefits of Formalisation: Evidence from Vietnamese Manufacturing SME's.. World Development, 40(5), pp. 983-998.
Robson, C., 2002. Real World Research.. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sandada, M. Pooe, D. & Dhurup, M., 2014. Strategic Planning and its Relationship with Business Performance Among Small and Medium Enterprises in South Africa..
International Business & Economic Journal., 13(3), pp. 1-12.
Saunders, M. Lewis. P. & Thornhill, A., 2007. Research Methods for Business Students.
4th ed. Harlow: F T Prentice Hall.
Saunders, M. Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A., 2009. Research Methods for Business Students.
5th ed. Essex: Prentice Hall.
SCS, 2011. Data Analysis Using the Statistical Package: SPSS, Training Manual..
Johannesburg, Camira Consulting (Pty) Ltd.
Snyder, K., 2004. Routes to the Informal Economy in New York's East Village: Crisis Economics and Identity. Sociological Perspectives, 47(2), pp. 215-240.
Spiegel, S., 2012. Formalisation Policies, Informal Resource Sectors and the De- /recentralisation of Power, Bogor: Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
TNJ Africa, 2012. Taxation and the Informal Sector: Africa Tax Sport Light. Tax Justice Network Africa, 3(2), pp. 1-24.
Tokman, V., 1978. An Exploration into the Nature of Informal- formal Sector Relationships. World Development, 6(9/10), pp. 1065-1075.
Tokman, V., 2007. Modernising the Informal Sector.DESA Working Paper No 42., New York: United Nations.
USAID, 2005. Removing Barriers to Formalisation: The Case of Reform and Emerging Best Practice, Washington: USAID.
Valenzuela, A., 2002. Day Labourers as Entrepreneurs.. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(2), pp. 335-352.
Wegner, T., 2009. Applied Business Statistics. 3rd ed. Western Cape: Juta and Company Ltd.
Williams, C. & Nadin, S., 2012. Tackling the Hidden Enterprise Culture: Government Policies to Support the Formalisation of Informal Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development.. An International Journal, 24(1), pp. 9-10.
Williams, C. & Nadin, S., 2013. Harnessing the Hidden Enterprise Culture. Supporting the Formalisation of Off-the-Books Business Start-Ups.. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development., 20(2), pp. 434-447.
Williams, C. & Renooy, P., 2009. Measures to Combat Undeclared Work in 27 European Union Member States and Norway., Dublin: EFILWC.
Williams, C. Nadin. S. Barbour, A.P & Janes, M., 2012. Enabling Enterprise: Tackling the Barriers to Formalisation, Sheffield: University of Sheffield and Community Links.
Williams, C., 2006. The Hidden Enterprise Culture: Entrepreneurs in the Underground Economy., Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Yin, R., 2003. Case Study Research Design and Methods. 3rd ed. Beverly Hills, C A:
Sage.
Zimbabwe Government, 2011. SEDC Amendment, Harare: Government Printers.
Zimbabwe Government, 2013. Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment No 20, Harare:
Government Printers.
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1