T
he discipline of physics and astrono- my in South Africa is clearly healthy, and core to the National System of Innovation. From a slow and sometimes uncertain start 15 years ago, the physics community has learned how to focus on the needs and the expectations of the newdemocratic South Africa, and how to build on the existing S&T infrastructure. The gov- ernment underscored the importance of this infrastructure with its strong and sus- tained investment in new equipment and opportunities such as telescopes, analytical equipment, research chairs, centres of ex- cellence, new national institutes and inter- disciplinary science and technology facili- ties. This has already had a significant effect, most notably in the increase in the number of practising physicists, as reflected by the rapid growth of SAIP membership and the annual conference attendance. The age of this membership has dramatically reduced due to the increase in the number of post- graduate students, and the demographic balance amongst these students is beco- ming more fully representative each year.
The challenge for the future is twofold.
The mission statement of the SAIP is to be the ‘voice of physics in South Africa’, and through its list of initiatives, it finds itself in a continuing learning curve of how to stimulate the subject. The much bigger challenge is the poor state of science and mathematics teaching in many secondary schools, leading to too few entrants at the tertiary level, thus threatening the long- term sustainability of the basic sciences.
The science and mathematics communi- ties are continually addressing this chal- lenge, but a much larger intervention at the national level is needed.
T
he expansion and development of the petrochemical industry in the post-World War II era was no doubt responsible at that stage for chemistry glo- bally attracting some of the largest classes at universities. Chemistry graduates had no difficulty in obtaining employment, often being able to pursue research at larger lo- cal chemical companies. Although South Africa did not have multinational chemi- cal companies like countries in Western Europe or the United States, chemistry in this country was nonetheless considered a subject worth pursuing and one where employment was almost guaranteed. From the mid-1980s, however, in spite of the con- siderable increase in the total number of students attending tertiary institutions in South Africa, chemistry student numbers remained more or less static, and compared with commercial and financial subjects, there was a relative decline in the popularity of the subject. Furthermore, over the period from 1997-1998 to about 2002-2003 there was an almost 50% decrease in student numbers, although the current numbers appear to have returned to those of 1997- 1998. Some of the reasons for this decline were global, with chemistry often being ac-cused of being responsible for many woes of the world, while the 1990s saw a major rationalisation of the chemical and pharma- ceutical industries. However, the number of students in chemical areas graduating from technikons1 remained static over the five- year period mentioned above, with a slight increase since then.
The early 2000s witnessed major changes in the tertiary education landscape in South Africa as a consequence of the gov- ernment’s decision to rationalise most of the universities and technikons (see Chap- ter 1). Notwithstanding these merger proc- esses, which have undoubtedly led to some rationalisation as far as departments (or schools as they are commonly now known) of chemistry are concerned, the country still has 20 tertiary institutions with chem- istry departments, with some schools/de- partments being located on more than one campus.
An important source of employment sev- eral decades ago for those who wished to pursue careers in chemistry research was the National Chemical Research Labora- tory (NCRL) at the Council for Scientific and
1 Technikons were higher education institutions in South Africa that focused on technological training. They are now called universities of technology.
Industrial Research (CSIR) and some of the country’s outstanding research emanated from it. Equally important, the laboratory was a nursery for university academics, and many university professors, most of them now retired, started their careers at the NCRL. Similar to the universities, the CSIR underwent a radical rationalisation process in the late 1980s brought about by financial constraints that forced it to increase its in- come from the private sector and to bring it closer to meeting the developmental and societal needs of the country. This necessi- tated a paradigm shift from a ‘blue skies’ ap- proach to research to one of relevance, and one in which the CSIR needed to play an integrated role in the national science and technology strategy. This structural change resulted in the formation of totally new di- visions, such as Processing and Chemical Manufacturing Technology and Food Sci- ence and Technology within the CSIR and the effective closure of the national labo- ratories such as the NCRL and the National Physics Research Laboratory (NPRL). Clearly this structural change had a major impact on the fundamental research output of this country. However, recent policy shifts re- sulting from the ‘Beyond 60’ 2 vision at the CSIR have been accompanied by a new ap- proach, in which research programmes re- main relevant but have again become more fundamental in nature.
Two other statutory bodies which employ research chemists are Mintek (previously the Council for Mining Technology and
subsequently the National Institute for Metallurgy (NIM)) and the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (Necsa) (previ- ously the Atomic Energy Board (AEB)). The research carried out by Mintek is, not sur- prisingly, very focused and in line with the mandate of the organisation; the research has a more developmental and less fun- damental bias, but all the same some out- standing achievements have been made.
The focus of the research programme at Necsa is biased towards physics and engi- neering, but does include some work on radiochemistry and fluorine and uranium chemistry.
Many industrial organisations in South Af- rica employ chemists but purely in a qual- ity-control capacity. Probably the only exceptions to this have been AECI (previ- ously African Explosives and Chemical In- dustries), Sentrachem and Sasol. Both AECI and Sentrachem have ceased their research operations, however, the former as a conse- quence of major financial constraints and the latter as a consequence of the company being taken over by Dow Chemicals. Sasol has gradually increased its research output, and today is a major employer of research chemists. A more detailed account of its contribution to South African science is provided below.
Until relatively recently, technikons had essentially no, or a very limited, research ethos. The National Research Foundation (NRF) has addressed this situation by in-
2 The Beyond 60 vision aims to strengthen and transform the CSIR’s S&T base so as to refocus on scientific research as the core of the organisation.
troducing special funding programmes to encourage and promote research at these institutions. The programme has met with some success, and there has been a con- siderable improvement in the research outputs at some of the new universities of technology.
The Department of Science and Technol- ogy (DST) has taken on a direct role in pro- moting and shaping South Africa’s research future by providing the funding for the In- novation Programme, for research chairs at universities, and for the establishment of centres of excellence (see Chapter 1).
Chemistry has been one of the main ben- eficiaries of this source of funding.
Chemistry is taught and undoubtedly will continue to be taught, particularly in the earlier undergraduate years, through the traditional sub-disciplines of inorganic, or- ganic and physical and, in many cases, ana- lytical chemistry. Furthermore, although research in chemistry is becoming increas- ingly interdisciplinary, chemists still oper- ate essentially within their sub-disciplines.
As a consequence, the state of South Afri- can chemistry research is reported below by sub-discipline but with industry and the statutory bodies being treated separately. It needs to be emphasised that this overview focuses on highlights and is not intended to be comprehensive.