BIBLIOGRAPHY

JI YES

CHAPTER 11: BIBLIOGRAPHY

FRANKLIN AC,FRANKLIN JSC;J&P Transformer Book: A Practical Technology of the Power Transformer, 11thEdition, Butterworth-Heinmann, 1985.

ARTHUR F; Condition-Based Maintenance versus Preventative Maintenance in EDM, Mozambique, 1999.

HEATHCOTE MJ;J&P Transformer Book: A Practical Technology of the Power Transformer,1

i

^hEdition,Newnes,1998.

IEC 156;Insulating Liquids - Determination of the Breakdown Voltage at Power Frequency - Test Methods, 1995.

LAPWORTH JA,JARMAN PN;Application of Polarization Techniques (Recovery Voltage Measurements) for Assessing the Condition of Transformer Winding Insulation,Annual International Conference of Doble Clients,Doble Engineering Co, 1998.

PEREZ E; Experience with Failure Prevention in Power Transformers Using Frequency Response Analysis Technique, Annual International Conference of Doble Clients,Doble Engineering Co,1998.

TIMOTHY J; Power Transformer Condition Assessment and Renewal, Frequency Response Analysis Update,Annual International Conference of Doble Clients,Doble Engineering Co,1997.

TLHATLHET JI NP; Frequency Response Analysis of Transformers - Update, Eskom TSI,South Africa,2000.

JARMAN PN, LAPWORTH JA, WILSON A; Life Assessment of 275 and 400 kV Transmission Transformers, Annual International Conference of Doble Clients, Doble Engineering Co,1997.

BURNS S, GROSS G; Value of Service Reliability, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,Vol. 5,no.3,August 1990.

McLEARN M; Life Cycle Decision Making,EPRI Final Report, TR-110676-V2, Vol.

2, September 1998.

IEC 60137; Insulated Bushings for Alternating Voltages above 1000 V,1995.

BOWDLER GW; Measurements in High Voltage Test Circuits, Pergamon Press, Vol. 5,1973.

FORSTER EO; Critical Assessment of the Electrical Breakdown Process in Dielectric Fluids, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-20, no.5, October 1985.

WARD BH; A Survey of New Techniques in Insulation Monitoring of Power Transformers, IEEE Electrical Insulation Transactions, Vol. 17, no. 3, May/June 2001.

139

APPENDIX A: SPECIFICATION FOR PIEZO-ELECTRIC ACOUSTIC SENSORS

Model

Manufacturer Supply Voltage Dimensions

Operation Temperature Connector Type

Case Material Face Material Frequency Range Seal Type

R15

Physical Acoustics Corporation 12VDC

29x31 mm (diameter x height) -45 °Cto 177°C

BNC

Stainless Steel Ceramic 70 to 300 kHz Epoxy

APPENDIX B: SPECIFICATION FOR CORONA DETECTOR SYSTEM

Model

Manufacturer Scope:

Input Display

Graticle Sensitivity Band Pass

Pulse Calibrator:

Input Output

Pulse Shape

COO 77A3. Hipotronics Inc.

115 Vac/220 V,1 Amp,50/50 Hz.

Straight line flat faced circuit class "C"amplified trace- locked to input frequency.

Illuminated with centimetre divisions. Greater than 5 microvolts/cm.

Position 1:±30 kHz - slot filter in amplifier.

Position 2:±70 kHz - slot filter in amplifier.

Position 3: ICEA - approximately 20 - 200 kHz.

220 Vac,30 mA,50/60 Hz.

1,2,4,10,20,40, 100,250 Pico-coulombs when coupled to a 100 pF coupling capacitor.

200 IJS wide,50 ns rise time variable phasing.

APPENDIX C: DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS - SAMPLE 1

Submission No.: 1001041469 Sampled on: 30-SEP-2001 Logged on: 10·0CT-2001 Reported on: 15·0CT·2001

Oil samples taken from transformers at UNIVERSITY OF NATAL on 30-5EP-Q1

~ample Id 200272942

pescription 20011010·942

Position ELECT LAB

~amplingPoInt BOT DRAIN VALVE

Unit Mako NOT GIVEN

Serial Number NOT GIVEN

PlantVoltage kV NOT GIVEN

~apacityMva NOT GIVEN

IKksNumber 23309

~omponent: Value:

IRESAMPLE DATE N/A

~CTION N/A

~YDROGEN

.

~XYGEN 22209

~ITROGEN 39641

~ETHANE 1

I=ARBON MONOXIDE 4

~ARBONDIOXIDE 367

~THYLENE 0

~THANE 0

~CETYLENE 0

OP OIL TEMP (deg C) NOT GIVEN

10GAS v/v AT N.T.P. 6.28 ^,

14 1

APPENDIX D: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR HYDRAN 2011

-

,i: I

TheHYDRAW201Ticontinuous on-lineintelligent Transmitter is asmall, cylindrical,thermally controlled enclosure thatattachestothe valveof the transformertobemonitored,It.containsthe HYDRAN'sensor with itsmicroprocessorbased electronics.Itisused in conjunction with the HYDRAIV' 201en,HYDRAIV' 201a.⁴^or^the

HYDR~N'201(i·C controllers.Itishousedina NEMA:4Xinstrument enclosure.

- .

CE

HYDRAN' productsmee t theintentof Directi ve 89/336/EECfo r Electromagnetic Compatibility.

EN 50082-1 Immunity:

IEC801·3 RF Radiat ed IEC 801-4 Fast Transient s

In st rumentCompon ents Respondsto Medium Application

Sensor and micro-electronktransmitterin singlecylindricalenclosure H" CO, C,H

" C,H, (Hydrogen, CarbonMonoxide,Acetylene,Ethylene) Electric insulatingoil

Transformermo nitoring: specifically, detection offailure conditionsinoil- filledelectricalequipment; Upgradingorexpansion of existing HYDRAN® 201R installationsorsimilar casesthatrequiretheadvanced capabilities ofthe HYDRAN'20lTi.

SensorPrinciple Measureme nt Meth od Samp ling/BleedingPort Range Accuracy RelativeSensitivity to H, ..toCO .. toC,H, ..toC,H, ResponseTime

Selectivegas permeable membrane andcombustible gasdetector FloodedportwithDynamicOil SamplingSystem

Allenscrew,5/32",fitsglass syringe with Luerstopcock

o.2000ppm (Volume/Volume, H2·Equivalent) ::10%of reading±25ppmforhydrogen

Reading=100%ofconcentration Reading=18%::3% ofconcentration Reading= 8% ± 2%of concentration Reading= 1,5% ::0,5%of concentration 10 minut es (to90% ofstep change)

Hardware Software Functions

Communications ExternalDisplay Intern al Keypad Alarm Contacts Stand ardAnalogOutput Output Option

Microprocessor, watch dog andtime-of-day clock Real-timeoperating systemandmenu-driveninterface

Gas level;hourlyanddailytrends (adjustable); gaslevel,gastrendsandfail alarms;historylogging; periodicsensor test;calibration,configurationand self- test;networking, modem control;remote softwareupgrading

One port,user selectableas RS-232 (DB-9) orisolated supervisory link Back litLCD,2 linesby 16characters

6 keys (Enter,Up,Down,Change,Escape,End)

Gas Hi, Gas Hi-Hi, Fail;SPDT,125VA@250VAC, 60W@220 VDC 0·1mA non-isolatedoutput ,0-2000 ppmscale; 2V max.output Available as4-20mA isolated output,1500 VRMS;10Vmax.output

Extern alEnclosure ElectronicModules EnclosureHea ting/Cooling Enclosure to ValveMounting Operating TemperatureRange

Oil PressureRange Power Req uirements EMI/RFI / ESO Compat ibility Weight

NEMA-4X (IP-66)r diam.x 7 1/8"whitecylindricalaluminium housing CPU andI/Omodules totallyencased;swappableandweather-proof

325Wattsheating plate plus convection'coolingmaintainssensorand electronics withintemperaturerang eof15'Cto 65'C(59'F to149'F)

Brass adaptor with1 1/2"malethreadscrews to customer valve(standard) 1"and2"adaptorsanda 11/Z'FinnedHighTemperature adaptorareoptional Oil at the valve:-50'Cto +90' C (-5B'Fto +194'F);

+105'C (+221'F) with optional finnedhightemperature brass adaptor Ambient : -50'C to +55'C(-58'Fto +131'F)

oto700 kPa (100PSI )gauge pressure;no vacuum allowed 100 /115 /230 VAC,±15%,50/60Hz.350VA maximum Meets IEE EC37.90andIEC255-4,801-2,BOl-4standards Installed: 13lbs (6 kg) Shipping: 16lbs (7.3kg)

142

APPENDIX E: GAS SENOR READINGS

Applied Voltage = 15 kV Gap Length = 25 mm

TIME HYDRAN PDMAG TEMP

DATE (ppm) (pC) (DegC)

11-Aug-03 13h20 132 1300 23.9 11-Aug-03 14h20 132 1300 23.9 11-Aug-03 15h20 132 1300 24.2 12-Aug -03 10h05 132 1300 23.8 12-Aug-03 11h05 132 1300 23.9 12-Aug-03 12h05 132 1300 24.0 12-Aug-03 13h05 132 1300 24.0 12-Aug -03 14h05 132 1300 24.5 12-Aug-03 15h05 132 1300 24.6 13-Aug-03 10h05 134 1400 21.6 13-Aug-03 11h05 134 1400 22.3 13-Aug-03 12h05 134 1400 22.8 13-Aug-03 13h05 134 1400 23.4 13-Aug-03 14h05 134 1300 23.6 13-Aug-03 15h05 134 1300 23.9 13-Aug-03 16h05 134 1300 24.3 14-Aug-03 10hOO 134 1300 21.3 14-Aug-03 11hOO 135 1300 22.3 14-Aug-03 12hOO 135 1300 22.8 14-Aug-03 13hOO 135 1300 22.8 14-Aug-03 14hOO 135 1300 23.2 14-Aug-03 15hOO 135 1300 23.4 14-Aug-03 16hOO 135 1300 23.6 15-Aug-03 09h45 136 1400 21.3 15-Aug-03 10h45 137 1400 22.3 15-Aug-03 11h45 137 1400 23.1 15-Aug-03 12h45 137 1400 24.2

143

APPENDIX F: DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS - SAMPLE 2

Submission No.: 100129301

District: PINETOWN

Sampled on: 12-AUG-2003 Sampled by: R SINGH Logged on: 01-SEP-2003 Printed on: 01-SEP-2003

Oil samples taken from transformers a' UNIVERSITY OF NATAL on 12-AUG-03

r==

Sample Id 200342449

Description NOT GIVEN

Position NOT GIVEN

l - -

Sampling Point NOT GIVEN

I .

I

IUni t Make NOT GIVEN

Serial Number

I

^{NOT GIVEN}

IPlant Voltage kV 12

- - -- - _~---_va_{l u e}_: f ompo nent:

RESAMPLE DATE N/A _i

~CT I~--- --

_ ___, _N/A _ __

J

HYD'ROGEN-- - - - - -- 64 I

pXYG E~---- - J

18346

I

:NITROGEN

46~30 =

~HANE _{- -}_- _{- -} _-

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CARBON DIOXIDE 2140

I

ETHYLENE 4 !

:ETHANE - --I

I

~CETYLENE 3

'1

[fo pOIL TEMP (deg C) 22

~GAS vlvAT N.T.P. 6.18

_J

APPENDIX G: DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS - SAMPLE 3

Submission No.: 100129303

District: PINETOWN

Sampled on: 15-AUG-2003 Sampled by: R SINGH Logged on: 01-SEP-2003 Printed on: 01-SEP-2003

Oil samples taken from transformersa UNIVERSITY OF NATAL on 15-AUG-03 200342451

L

6.19

----'

~AS v/vAT N.T.P.

~O POIL TEMP (deg C)

b . . . ^- ^- ^I

f o mp o nent : Value: ~

~SAM P LE^DATE ^N/A ^'

ACTIO-N- --- - - N/A

---1

fHYD-R-O-G-EN - - -- -,6:-:"8- - - - 1 r XYGEN - - - -- - - l- - - -1-83-8-5-- - - --1

_.- - - -- - - ---

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I

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METHANE 7 I

~ ARBON

^MONOXIDE ¹¹³ __J^--j

~ARBON DIOXIDE 2177 I

r T HYLENE 5

,ET HANE 4

'A CETYLENE 10

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Description NOT GIVEN

I

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~~itio n NOT GIVEN

I

~a m p li n g Point NOT GIVEN

i

~n itMake NOT GIVEN

=1

f erial Number NOT GIVEN ^,

Plant Voltage kV 12 -!!

Capacity Mva 0.5

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Dalam dokumen Life assessment and life extension of high voltage equipment in transmission substations. (Halaman 158-167)