According to Latvia, poverty is a lack of what is necessary for material well-being particularly food, but not excluding housing, land and other necessities of life. However, Jensen is of the view that poverty is a lingering and incapacitating condition that is emerge from “various adverse synergistic risk factors and impacts the mind, body and soul”.91 And further identified six types of poverty, namely situational poverty which is as a result of a sudden predicament or loss and is temporary. Secondly, Generational poverty which arises in families where at least two or more generations have been born in poverty. And such families are not equipped with tools to escape the poverty lifestyle.92 Thirdly, Absolute poverty which includes a shortage of basics: housing, running water and food. People who are faced with absolute poverty focus on day to day survival. The fourth one is relative poverty refers to the economic status of a family whose income is meagre to be on par with the standard of living in society. The fifth one is Urban poverty refers to complex aggregate
89 Ibid note 88.
90 Lahiff (n88).
91 Eric Jensen, Teaching with poverty in mind, ASCD 2009/ http://www.ascd.org/about-ascd.aspx, last accessed 28/08/2020.
92 Scribd digital library, <http://www.scribd.com>last accessed 28/08/2020.
of chronic and acute stressors including crowding, violence, and noise and are dependent on often-inadequate large city services. And lastly, Rural poverty occurs in rural areas where there are more single-guardian households, and families often have less access to services, support for disabilities, and quality education opportunities.93 Poverty is a state in which a person lacks essentials and resources for a minimum standard of living, however land poverty means land derogation. Moreover, poverty due to lack of access to land can be described as lack of capacity to participate effectively in human livelihood. For the purposes of this study poverty shall mean poor living conditions, and inability to satisfy the necessary requirements for life such as food, running and clean water, proper sanitation, education, health care and other social services are inaccessible.
1.8.2 Development
Development as define in the Macmillan dictionary, as a process of developing, advancing or progressing.94 According to Cambridge dictionary, development is the process in which something grows or changes and becomes more advanced However, according to Thomas development is a process of structural societal change.95 Whilst Development and Facilitation Act 67 of 1995 provides that land development means any procedure aimed at changing the use of land for the purpose of using the land mainly for residential, industrial, business, small-scale farming, community or similar purposes.96 for the purposes of this study it shall mean a process of making better human well-being with the employment of a reallocation of resources that involves some refinement and amendment of the environment.
It also addresses basic needs, equity and the redistribution of wealth, and focuses on the quality of life rather than the quantity of economic activity.
1.8.3 Sustainability
Sustainability as defined in the Oxford lexicon dictionary is the ability to be maintained or sustained or supported at a certain rate or level.97 According to Asheim, a socially workable system must accomplish equality and balance in distribution and opportunity, proper and
93 Jensen (n91).
94 Macmillan Dictionary, Educational Limited 2009-2020.
95 Thomas A, The study of development, Paper prepared for DSA Annual Conference, 6 November (2004), Church house, London.
96 Development and Facilitation Act 67 of 1995.
97 Oxford dictionary,2020 lexico. com,< https://www.lexico.com>, last accessed 27/03/21.
sufficient provision of social services including socio-economic rights.98 Asheim indicated that sustainability is a necessary need of our generation to properly administer the resource base such that the normal quality of life that we desire for ourselves can be potentially shared by all future generations, therefore development is workable if it covers a non- decreasing average quality of life.99 However, for the purposes of this study “sustainability”
shall be read in the context of sustainable development on land, therefore sustainable development shall mean, a development that operates up to the needs of the present without sacrificing and hindering the possibility of the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs as defined by the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations.
1.8.4 Land reform
Land reform is the statutory division of agricultural land and its reallocation to landless people.100 According to Collins dictionary land reform is a change in systems of land ownership, especially where it includes giving land to people who adequately use it for farming and take away land from people who own large areas for profit.101 According to White Paper on land policy Land reform is a four-fold redressed programme, aimed at
“redressing the injustices of apartheid, to foster national reconciliation and stability, to underpin economic growth; and to improve household welfare and alleviate poverty.”102 However, for the purposes of this study, it shall mean the altering of laws, procedures, and customs regarding ownership of land in South Africa, as asserted by Batty.103 Furthermore it shall refer to change of land use system to ensure secure tenure security for people living in rural areas.
1.8.5 Redistribution
According to Cambridge dictionary redistribution is an act of sharing something out differently from before, especially in a fairer way.104 Redistribution is an act or instance of distributing a particular object afresh, however, redistribution of land in South African land
98 Jonathan M Harris, Sustainability and sustainable development (2003), International Society for Ecological Economics, Pg1.
99 Geir Asheim, “sustainability” (1994), The World Bank.
100 Oxford dictionary, <www.Oxforddictionary.com>,last accessed 06-04-2020.
101 Collins English dictionary, <https/www.Collinsdictionary.com>, last accessed 06-04-2020.
102 White Paper (n10).
103 Batty Fodei Joseph, Pressures from above, below and both directions: The politics of land in reform in South Africa, Brazil and Zimbabwe, (2005) Western Michigan University, p3.
104 Cambridge Business English Dictionary, <https:// dictionary.Cambridge.org.za>, Last accessed 06-04- 2020.
context mean giving Black people land which was previously dispossessed. However, according to Section 10(1) of the Provision of Certain Land for Settlement Act 28 of 1996, land redistribution is aimed at providing people with land for housing in urban and rural areas as well as land for farming purposes. Moreover, White Paper on Land Policy provides that land redistribution aims to assist the poor, labour tenants, farm workers, women, as well as emergent farmers. Hence for the purposes of this study, it shall mean the distribution of land in a fairer manner to black majority who were dispossessed of their land and forcefully acquired by the white minority.
1.8.6 Restitution
Restitution as defined in the Oxford dictionary as the restoration of a lost object/property or stolen to its owner.105 But for the purposes of this study, restitution shall refer to the return of the right to land or portion of land dispossessed after 19 June 1913 as a result of past laws or practices of racial discrimination as outlined by Restitution of Land Act 22 of 1994.106