• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

The diurnal trends of CO2 concentrations in glasshouses showed a relatively strong reliance on solar radiation and higher temperature varying between 25-35oC day and night, while relative humidity (RH) was maintained between 65 to 85%. Higher solar radiance during the midday intensified the assimilation of CO2 leading to declined concentration as little as 418 ppm at a height of 150 cm below mycelium CO2 bags and later showed a gradual increase on sunset as well as the absence of solar radiation. On overcast days with limited solar radiation, CO2

concentration was not reduced intensely due to the combined effect of plant and soil respiration as well as reduced photosynthesis. The effect of irrigation was generally not significant, possibly signifying suitable ventilation within root absorption in CO2 concentrations at height of 150 cm below the mycelium CO2 bags affected by soil management practice. The results obtained in glasshouse conditions and CO2 enhancement from the mycelium bags, however, agree with findings from model predictions stipulated by (Allen et al., 1971; Waggoner, 1969) in which water management practices and carbon sequestration from the soil would not be adequate to be efficiently utilised as natural fertiliser mostly due to the rapid loss of CO2 to the atmosphere resulting from turbulent mixing with other atmospheric gases.

Literature cited

Alle L. H., Jr.; Jensen S. E. and Lemon E. R. (1971). Plant response to carbon dioxide under field conditions: Simulation. Science. Vol. 173: 256-258.

Booth B. B. B.; Harris G. R.; Murphy J. M.; House J. I.; Jones C. D.; Sexton D.; Sitch S.

(2017). Narrowing the range of future climate projections using historical observations in atmospheric CO2. Journal of Climate. Vol. 30(8): 3039–3053.

Conley M. M. ; Kimball B. A.; Brooks T. J.; et al. (2001). CO2 enrichment increases water- use efficiency in sorghum. New Phytologist Vol. 151: 407–412.

Concise Oxford Dictionary, (1999). Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press.

Dahlaman R. C.; Strain B. R.; and Rogers H. H. (1985). Research on the response of vegetation to elevated carbon dioxide, Journal of Environmental Quality (USA), Vol.

14(1).

74 Drake B. G.; Rogers H. H.; and Allen L. H. (Jr). (1985). Methods of exposing plants to

elevated carbon dioxide in Direct effects of increasing carbon dioxide on vegetation, edited by B. R. Strain and J. D. Cure (DOE/ER-0238, United States Dept of Energy, Washington, DC).

Drake B. G.; Gonzalez-Meler M. A.; Long S. P. (1997). More efficient plants: a consequence of rising atmospheric CO2? Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Plant Molecular Biology. Vol. 48: 609-639.

Enoch H. Z. and Kimball B. A. (1986). Carbon Dioxide enrichment of greenhouse crops:

volume I, Status and CO2 source and volume II, Physiology, Yield, and Economics (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA).

Ghannoum O.; Evans J. R. and von Caemmerer S. (2011). Nitrogen and water use efficiency of C4 plants. In: Raghavendra, A.S. & Sage, R.S. (Eds.) C4 Photosynthesis and Related CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Dordrecht the Netherlands, (pp129-146) Ghannoum, O.; von Caemmerer, S. C.

Ghannoum O.; von Caemmerer S.; Ziska L. H. and Conroy J. P. (2000). The growth response of C4 plants to rising atmospheric CO2 partial pressure: a reassessment. Plant, Cell and Environment Vol. 23: 931–942.

Grodzinski B. Plant nutrition and growth regulation by CO2 enrichment. BioScience. 1992;

Vol. 42(7): 517– 527.

https://www.esalq.usp.br/lepse/imgs/conteudo-thumb/LI-84OA-CO2H2O-Gas-Analyzer.pdf.

https://www.licor.com/documents/287pss2fnkcwoOox29gh.pdf-file.

https://grndwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/GroundWork-EquipSpec- CampbellScientific.CR1000.Datalogger. pdf.

https://www.licor.com/enu/products/gas-analysis/LI-610.

https://www.campbellsci.com/ec150.

75 Kimball B. A.; Pinter P. J. Jr.; Wall G. W.; Garcia R. L.; LaMorte R. L.; Jak P. M. C.; Frumau

K. F. A.; and Vugts H. F. (1997). Comparisons of responses of vegetation to elevated carbon dioxide in free air and open top chamber facilities in Advances in Carbon Dioxide Research, edited by L. H. Allen (Jr); M. B. Kirkham; D. M. Olszyk; and C. E. Whitman (Am. Soc. Agron. Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA), (pp 113-130).

Lin E.; Wei Xiong; Hui Ju; Yinlong Xu; Yue Li; Liping Bai and Liyong Xie. (2005). Climate change impacts on crop yield and quality with CO2 fertilization in China. Philosophical Transaction B. The Royal Society Publishing London Book of Biology Science. Vol.360 (1463): 2149–2154.

Maroco J. P.; Edwards G. E.; and Ku M. S. B. (1999). Photosynthetic acclimation of maize to growth under elevated levels of carbon dioxide. Planta Vol. 210: 115-125.

Manson A. D. and Roberts V. G. (2000). Analytical Methods Used by the Soil Fertility Services Section; KZN Agri-Report No. N/A/2001/4; KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal.

Mortensen L. M. (1987) Review: CO2 enrichment in greenhouses. Crop Responses. Scientia Horticulturae. 1987. Vol. 33: 1–25.

Muller C.; Cramer W.; Hare W. L.; Lotze-Campen H. (2011) Climate change risks for African agriculture. P Natl Acad. Sci USA Vol. 108: 4313–4315.

Reicosky D. C. (1989). Diurnal and seasonal trends in carbon dioxide concentrations in maize and soybean canopies as affected by tillage and irrigation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. Vol. 48: 285-303 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands.

Sage R. F. (1994). Acclimation of photosynthesis to increasing atmospheric CO2: the gas exchange perspective. Photosynth Res. Vol. 39: 351-368.

Schulze E. D. and Mooney H. A. (1993). Design, and execution of experiments on CO2

enrichment, ecosystems research report No. 6 (Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium).

Sørensen S. P. L. Biochemistry Zeit. 1909, Vol. 21: 131–199.

76 Tubiello F.; Rosenzweig C.; Goldberg R.; Jagtap S.; Jones J. (2002). Effects of climate change

on US crop production: simulation results using two different GCM scenarios. Part I:

wheat, potato, maize, and citrus. Clim Res. Vol. 20: 259–270.

Uprety D. C.; Garg S. C.; Tiwari M. K. and Mitra A. P. (2000). Crop responses to elevated CO2: Technology and research (India study), Global Environmental Research (Japan), Vol. 3: 155.

Vanaja M.; Maheswari P.; Ratnakumar P. and Ramakrishna Y. S. (2006). Monitoring and controlling of CO2 concentrations in open top chambers for better understanding of plants response to elevated CO2 levels. India Journal of Radio & Space Physics. Vol. 35: 193- 197.

Waggoner P. E. (1969). Environmental manipulation for higher yields. In: J. D. Eastin, F.A.

Haskins, C. Y. Sullivan, and C. H. M. van Bavel {Editors), Physiological Aspects of Crop Yield. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI, (pp. 343-373).

Wall G. W.; Brooks T. J.; Adam R.; et al. (2001). Elevated atmospheric CO2 improved sorghum plant water status by ameliorating the adverse effects of drought. New Phytologist Vol. 152: 231–248.

Windell Hydroponics.co.za, www.hydroponics.co.za.

77