REFERENCES
1. Vitali, B., Abruzzo, A. and Mastromarino, P., 2017. Management of Disease and Disorders by Prebiotics and Probiotic Therapy: Probiotics in Bacterial Vaginosis.
In The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology (pp. 399-407). Academic Press.
2. Donders, G.G., 2007. Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 21(3), pp. 355-373.
3. Amsel, R., Totten, P.A., Spiegel, C.A., Chen, K.C., Eschenbach, D. and Holmes, K.K., 1983. Nonspecific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. The American journal of medicine, 74(1), pp.14-22.
4. Onderdonk, A.B., Delaney, M.L. and Fichorova, R.N., 2016. The human microbiome during bacterial vaginosis. Clinical microbiology reviews, 29(2), pp.223-238.
5. Kaida, A., Dietrich, J.J., Laher, F., Beksinska, M., Jaggernath, M., Bardsley, M., Smith, P., Cotton, L., Chitneni, P., Closson, K. and Lewis, D.A., 2018. A high burden of asymptomatic genital tract infections undermines the syndromic management approach among adolescents and young adults in South Africa:
implications for HIV prevention efforts. BMC infectious diseases, 18(1), p.499.
6. Muzny, C.A and Schwebke, J.R., 2013. Gardnerella vaginalis: still a prime suspect in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 15(2), pp.130-135.
7. Josey, W.E. and Schwebke, J.R., 2008. The polymicrobial hypothesis of bacterial vaginosis causation: a reassessment. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 19(3), pp. 152-154.
8. Marrazzo, J.M., Thomas, K.K., Fiedler, T.L., Ringwood, K. and Fredricks, D.N., 2010. Risks for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis among women who report sex with women: a cohort study. PloS one, 5(6).
9. Menard, J.P., Mazouni, C., Salem-Cherif, I., Fenollar, F., Raoult, D., Boubli, L., Gamerre, M. and Bretelle, F., 2010. High vaginal concentrations of Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis in women undergoing preterm labor. Obstetrics
& Gynecology, 115(1), pp.134–140.
10. Abbai, N.S., Reddy, T. and Ramjee, G., 2015. Prevalent bacterial vaginosis infection–a risk factor for incident sexually transmitted infections in women in Durban, South Africa. International journal of STD & AIDS, 27(14), pp.1283-1288.
11. Atashili, J., Poole, C., Ndumbe, P.M., Adimora, A.A. and Smith, J.S., 2008.
Bacterial vaginosis and HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of published studies. AIDS (London, England), 22(12), p.1493.
12. Turovskiy, Y., Sutyak Noll, K. and Chikindas, M.L., 2011. The aetiology of bacterial vaginosis. Journal of applied microbiology, 110(5), pp.1105-1128.
13. Morrill, S., Gilbert, N.M. and Lewis, A.L., 2020. Gardnerella vaginalis as a Cause of Bacterial Vaginosis: Appraisal of the Evidence From in vivo Models. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10, p168.
14. Schellenberg, J.J, Patterson, M.H. and Hill, J.E., 2017. Gardnerella vaginalis diversity and ecology in relation to vaginal symptoms. Research in microbiology, 168(9-10), pp.837-844.
15. Srinivasan, S., Hoffman, N.G., Morgan, M.T., Matsen, F.A., Fiedler, T.L., Hall,
R.W., Ross, F.J., McCoy, C.O., Bumgarner, R., Marrazzo, J.M. and Fredricks, D.N., 2012. Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high
resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria. PloS one, 7(6).
16. Patterson, J.L., Stull-Lane, A., Girerd, P.H. and Jefferson, K.K., 2010. Analysis of adherence, biofilm formation and cytotoxicity suggests a greater virulence potential of Gardnerella vaginalis relative to other bacterial-vaginosis-associated anaerobes.
Microbiology, 156(Pt 2), p.392.
17. Castro. J., Jefferson, K.K. and Cerca, N., 2020. Genetic heterogeneity and taxonomic diversity among Gardnerella species. Trends in microbiology, 28(3), pp.202-211.
18. Janulaitiene, M., Gegzna, V., Baranauskiene, L., Bulavaitė, A., Simanavicius, M.
and Pleckaityte, M., 2018. Phenotypic characterization of Gardnerella vaginalis subgroups suggests differences in their virulence potential. PloS one, 13(7).
19. Shipitsyna, E., Krysanova, A., Khayrullina, G., Shalepo, K., Savicheva, A., Guschin, A. and Unemo, M., 2019. Quantitation of all four Gardnerella vaginalis clades detects abnormal vaginal microbiota characteristic of bacterial vaginosis more accurately than putative G. vaginalis sialidase A gene count. Molecular diagnosis & therapy, 23(1), pp.139-147.
20. Vaneechoutte, M., De Beenhouwer, H., Claeys, G., Verschraegen, G.E.R.D.A., De Rouck, A., Paepe, N., Elaichouni, A.B.D.E.S.L.A.M. and Portaels, F., 1993.
Identification of Mycobacterium species by using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31(8), pp.2061-2065.
21. Balashov, S.V., Mordechai, E., Adelson, M.E. and Gygax, S.E., 2014.
Identification, quantification and subtyping of Gardnerella vaginalis in noncultured clinical vaginal samples by quantitative PCR. Journal of medical microbiology, 63(2), pp.162-175.
22. Ingianni, A., Petruzzelli, S., Morandotti, G. and Pompei, R., 1997. Genotypic differentiation of Gardnerella vaginalis by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 18(1), pp.61-66.
23. Pleckaityte, M., Janulaitiene, M., Lasickiene, R. and Zvirbliene, A., 2012. Genetic and biochemical diversity of Gardnerella vaginalis strains isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 65(1), pp.
69–77.
24. Dessai, F., Nyirenda, M., Sebitloane, M. and Abbai, N., 2020. Diagnostic evaluation of the BD Affirm VPIII assay as a point-of-care test for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis and candidiasis. International journal of STD & AIDS, 31(4), pp.303-311.
25. Sobel, J.D., 2017. Vaginitis, vulvitis, cervicitis and cutaneous vulval lesions. In Infectious diseases (pp. 483-491). Elsevier.
26. Dingens, A.S., Fairfortune, T.S., Reed, S. and Mitchell, C., 2016. Bacterial vaginosis and adverse outcomes among full-term infants: a cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 16(1), p.278.
27. Karlowsky, J.A., Lagacé-Wiens, P.R., Simner, P.J., DeCorby, M.R., Adam, H.J., Walkty, A., Hoban, D.J. and Zhanel, G.G., 2011. Antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract pathogens in Canada from 2007 to 2009: CANWARD surveillance study.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 55(7), pp.3169-3175.
28. Lewis, W.G., Robinson, L.S., Perry, J.C., Lewis, A.L., 2013. Degradation, foraging, and depletion of mucus sialoglycans by the vagina-adapted Actinobacterium Gardnerella vaginalis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(17), pp. 12067–79.
29. Myer, L., Denny, L., Telerant, R., de Souza, M., Wright Jr, T.C. and Kuhn, L., 2005.
Bacterial vaginosis and susceptibility to HIV infection in South African women: a nested case-control study. The Journal of infectious diseases, 192(8), pp.1372- 1380.
30. Kenyon, C., Colebunders, R. and Crucitti, T., 2013. The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 209(6), pp.505-523.
31. Bayigga, L., Kateete, D.P., Anderson, D.J., Sekikubo, M. and Nakanjako, D., 2019.
Diversity of vaginal microbiota in sub-Saharan Africa and its effects on HIV transmission and prevention. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 220(2), pp.155-166.
32. Jespers, V., Crucitti, T., Menten, J., Verhelst, R., Mwaura, M., Mandaliya, K., Ndayisaba, G.F., Delany-Moretlwe, S., Verstraelen, H., Hardy, L. and Buvé, A., 2014. Prevalence and correlates of bacterial vaginosis in different sub-populations of women in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional study. PLoS one, 9(10).
33. Torrone, E.A., Morrison, C.S., Chen, P.L., Kwok, C., Francis, S.C., Hayes, R.J., Looker, K.J., McCormack, S., McGrath, N., van de Wijgert, J.H. and Watson-Jones, D., 2018. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women in sub-Saharan Africa: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 HIV prevention studies. PLoS medicine, 15(2), p.e1002511.
34. Johnson, L.F., Dorrington, R.E., Bradshaw, D. and Coetzee, D.J., 2011. The effect of syndromic management interventions on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in South Africa. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 2(1), pp.13-20.
35. Nel, A., Mabude, Z., Smit, J., Kotze, P., Arbuckle, D., Wu, J., van Niekerk, N. and van de Wijgert, J., 2012. HIV incidence remains high in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: evidence from three districts. PLoS One, 7(4).
36. Ramjee, G., Williams, B., Gouws, E., van Dyck, E., De Deken, B. and Karim, S.A., 2005. The impact of incident and prevalent herpes simplex virus-2 infection on the incidence of HIV-1 infection among commercial sex workers in South Africa.
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 39(3), pp.333-339.
37. Frolich, J.A., Abdool Karim, Q., Mashego, M.M., Sturm, A.W. and Abdool Karim, S.S., 2007. Opportunities for treating sexually transmitted infections and reducing HIV risk in rural South Africa. Journal of advanced nursing, 60(4), pp.377-383.
38. Hoque, M.E., 2011. Reported risky sexual practices amongst female undergraduate students in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Journal of Primary Health Care
& Family Medicine, 3(1).
39. Yen, S., Shafer, M.A., Moncada, J., Campbell, C.J., Flinn, S.D. and Boyer, C.B., 2003. Bacterial vaginosis in sexually experienced and non–sexually experienced young women entering the military. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 102(5), pp.927-933.
40. Hutchinson, K.B., Kip, K.E. and Ness, R.B., 2007. Vaginal douching and development of bacterial vaginosis among women with normal and abnormal vaginal microflora. Sexually transmitted diseases, 34(9), pp.671-675.
41. Cherpes, T.L., Hillier, S.L., Meyn, L.A., Busch, J.L. and Krohn, M.A., 2008. A delicate balance: risk factors for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis include sexual activity, absence of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, black race, and
positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology. Sexually transmitted diseases, 35(1), pp.78-83.
42. Verstraelen, H., 2008. Bacterial vaginosis: a sexually enhanced disease.
International journal of STD & AIDS, 19(8), pp.575-576.
43. Fethers, K.A., Fairley, C.K., Morton, A., Hocking, J.S., Hopkins, C., Kennedy, L.J., Fehler, G. and Bradshaw, C.S., 2009. Early sexual experiences and risk factors for bacterial vaginosis. The Journal of infectious diseases, 200(11), pp.1662-1670.
44. Verstraelen, H., Verhelst, R., Vaneechoutte, M. and Temmerman, M., 2010. The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour. BMC infectious diseases, 10(1), p.81.
45. Gardner, H.L. and Dukes, C.D., 1955. Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis: a newly defined specific infection previously classified “nonspecific” vaginitis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 69(5), pp.962-976.
46. Criswell, B.S., Ladwig, C.L., Gardner, H.L. and Dukes, C.D., 1969. Haemophilus vaginalis: vaginitis by inoculation from culture. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 33(2), pp.195-199.
47. Gardner, H.L., 1980. Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis after twenty-five years.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 137(3), pp.385-391.
48. Francis, S.C., Looker, C., Vandepitte, J., Bukenya, J., Mayanja, Y., Nakubulwa, S., Hughes, P., Hayes, R.J., Weiss, H.A. and Grosskurth, H., 2016. Bacterial vaginosis among women at high risk for HIV in Uganda: high rate of recurrent diagnosis despite treatment. Sex Transm Infect, 92(2), pp.142-148.
49. Nagot, N., Ouedraogo, A., Defer, M.C., Vallo, R., Mayaud, P. and Van de Perre, P., 2007. Association between bacterial vaginosis and Herpes simplex virus type-2
infection: implications for HIV acquisition studies. Sexually transmitted infections, 83(5), pp.365-368.
50. Abbai, N.S., Nyirenda, M., Naidoo, S. and Ramjee, G., 2018. Prevalent herpes simplex virus-2 increases the risk of incident bacterial vaginosis in women from South Africa. AIDS and behavior, pp.1-9.
51. van de Wijgert, J.H., 2017. The vaginal microbiome and sexually transmitted infections are interlinked: consequences for treatment and prevention. PLoS medicine, 14(12).
52. Haggerty, C.L., Hillier, S.L., Bass, D.C., Ness, R.B. and PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) Study Investigators, 2004. Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic bacteria are associated with endometritis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 39(7), pp.990-995.
53. Lamont, R.F., Sobel, J.D., Akins, R.A., Hassan, S.S., Chaiworapongsa, T., Kusanovic, J.P. and Romero, R., 2011. The vaginal microbiome: new information about genital tract flora using molecular based techniques. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 118(5), pp.533-549.
54. Machado, D., Castro, J., Martinez-de-Oliveira, J., Nogueira-Silva, C. and Cerca, N., 2017. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in Portuguese pregnant women and vaginal colonization by Gardnerella vaginalis. PeerJ, 5, p.e3750.
55. Grether, J.K. and Nelson, K.B., 2000. Possible decrease in prevalence of cerebral palsy in premature infants. The journal of Pediatrics, 136(1), p.133.
56. Mann, J.R., Mcdermott, S., Bao, H. and Bersabe, A., 2009. Maternal genitourinary infection and risk of cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 51(4), pp.282-288.
57. Boyle, A.K., Rinaldi, S.F., Norman, J.E. and Stock, S.J., 2017. Preterm birth:
Inflammation, fetal injury and treatment strategies. Journal of reproductive immunology, 119, pp.62-66.
58. Mastromarino, P., Hemalatha, R., Barbonetti, A., Cinque, B., Cifone, M.G., Tammaro, F. and Francavilla, F., 2014. Biological control of vaginosis to improve reproductive health. The Indian journal of medical research, 140(Suppl 1), p.S91.
59. Schwebke, J.R., Hillier, S.L., Sobel, J.D., McGregor, J.A. and Sweet, R.L., 1996.
Validity of the vaginal gram stain for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Obstetrics
& gynecology, 88(4), pp.573-576.
60. Beverly, E.S., Chen, H.Y., Wang, Q.J., Zariffard, M.R., Cohen, M.H. and Spear, G.T., 2005. Utility of Amsel criteria, Nugent score, and quantitative PCR for Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Lactobacillus spp. for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Journal of clinical microbiology, 43(9), pp.4607-4612.
61. Menard, J.P., Fenollar, F., Henry, M., Bretelle, F. and Raoult, D., 2008. Molecular quantification of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae loads to predict bacterial vaginosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 47(1), pp.33-43.
62. Coleman, J.S. and Gaydos, C.A., 2018. Molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis:
an update. Journal of clinical microbiology, 56(9), pp.e00342-18.
63. Workowski, K.A. and Berman, S.M., 2006. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006.
64. Nugent, R.P., Krohn, M.A. and Hillier, S.L., 1991. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. Journal of clinical microbiology, 29(2), pp.297-301.
65. Amegashie, C.P., Gilbert, N.M., Peipert, J.F., Allsworth, J.E., Lewis, W.G. and Lewis, A.L., 2017. Relationship between nugent score and vaginal epithelial exfoliation. PLoS one, 12(5).
66. Leopold, S., 1953. Heretofore undescribed organism isolated from the genitourinary system. United States Armed Forces Medical Journal, 4(2), pp.263-
6.
67. Catlin, B.W., 1992. Gardnerella vaginalis: characteristics, clinical considerations, and controversies. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 5(3), pp.213-237.
68. Zinnemann, K. and Turner, G.C., 1963. The taxonomic position of “Haemophilus vaginalis”[Corynebacterium vaginale]. The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 85(1), pp.213-219.
69. Deane, C., Smith, C.D., Fykes, T. and Sampson, C.C., 1972. Corynebacterium vaginale. An analysis of 68 isolations. The Medical annals of the District of Columbia, 41(1), p.4.
70. Greenwood, J.R. and Pickett, M.J., 1980. Transfer of Haemophilus vaginalis Gardner and Dukes to a New Genus, Gardnerella: G. vaginalis (Gardner and Dukes) comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 30(1), pp.170-178.
71. Piot, P., Van Dyck, E.D.D.Y., Goodfellow, M. and Falkow, S., 1980. A taxonomic study of Gardnerella vaginalis (Haemophilus vaginalis) Gardner and Dukes 1955.
Microbiology, 119(2), pp.373-396.
72. Chart, H., 2012. Vibrio, mobiluncus, gardnerella and spirillum: Cholera; vaginosis;
rat bite fever. In Medical Microbiology (pp.314-323). Churchill Livingstone.
73. Wong, Y.P., Tan, G.C., Wong, K.K., Anushia, S. and Cheah, F., 2018. Gardnerella vaginalis in perinatology: An overview of the clinicopathological correlation. The Malaysian journal of pathology, 40(3), pp.267-286.
74. Lasa, I. and Penadés, J.R., 2006. Bap: a family of surface proteins involved in biofilm formation. Research in microbiology, 157(2), pp.99-107.
75. Davies, P.J., Cornwell, M.M., Johnson, J.D., Reggianni, A., Myers, M. and Murtaugh, M.P., 1984. Studies on the effects of dansylcadaverine and related compounds on receptor-mediated endocytosis in cultured cells. Diabetes Care, 7(Suppl 1), pp.35-41.
76. Cereija, T.B., Castro, J., Alves, P. and Cerca, N., 2013. Influence of anaerobic conditions on vaginal microbiota recovery from bacterial vaginosis patients. Sex Transm Infect, 89(4), pp.307-307.
77. Bratcher, D.F., 2018. Other Gram-Positive Bacilli. In Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (pp. 786-790). Elsevier.
78. Harwich, M.D., Alves, J.M., Buck, G.A., Strauss, J.F., Patterson, J.L., Oki, A.T., Girerd, P.H. and Jefferson, K.K., 2010. Drawing the line between commensal and pathogenic Gardnerella vaginalis through genome analysis and virulence studies.
BMC genomics, 11(1), p.375.
79. Griffiths, E., 1991. Iron and bacterial virulence—a brief overview. Biology of metals, 4(1), pp.7-13.
80. Jarosik, G.P., Land, C.B., Duhon, P., Chandler, R. and Mercer, T., 1998.
Acquisition of iron by Gardnerella vaginalis. Infection and immunity, 66(10), pp.5041-5047.
81. Rosa, L., Cutone, A., Lepanto, M.S., Paesano, R. and Valenti, P., 2017. Lactoferrin:
a natural glycoprotein involved in iron and inflammatory homeostasis.
International journal of molecular sciences, 18(9), p.1985.
82. LaRocca, T.J., Stivison, E.A., Hod, E.A., Spitalnik, S.L., Cowan, P.J., Randis, T.M.
and Ratner, A.J., 2014. Human-specific bacterial pore-forming toxins induce programmed necrosis in erythrocytes. MBio, 5(5), pp.e01251-14.
83. Yeoman, C.J., Yildirim, S. and Thomas, S.M., 2010. Durkin a. S, Torralba M, Sutton G, et al. Comparative genomics of Gardnerella vaginalis strains reveals substantial differences in metabolic and virulence potential. PLoS One, 5(8), p.e12411.
84. Mitchell, C., Fredricks, D., Agnew, K. and Hitti, J., 2015. Hydrogen-peroxide producing lactobacilli are associated with lower levels of vaginal IL 1β,
independent of bacterial vaginosis. Sexually transmitted diseases, 42(7), p.358.
85. Shipitsyna, E., Roos, A., Datcu, R., Hallén, A., Fredlund, H., Jensen, J.S., Engstrand, L. and Unemo, M., 2013. Composition of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age– sensitive and specific molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is possible?. PLoS one, 8(4).
86. Hickey, R.J. and Forney, L.J., 2014. Gardnerella vaginalis does not always cause bacterial vaginosis. The Journal of infectious diseases, 210(10), pp.1682-1683.
87. Castro, J., Alves, P., Sousa, C., Cereija, T., França, Â., Jefferson, K.K. and Cerca, N., 2015. Using an in-vitro biofilm model to assess the virulence potential of bacterial vaginosis or non-bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis isolates.
Scientific reports, 5, p.11640.
88. Machado, A., Jefferson, K.K. and Cerca, N., 2013. Interactions between Lactobacillus crispatus and bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated bacterial species in
initial attachment and biofilm formation. International journal of molecular sciences, 14(6), pp.12004-12012.
89. Alves, P., Castro, J., Sousa, C., Cereija, T.B. and Cerca, N., 2014. Gardnerella vaginalis outcompetes 29 other bacterial species isolated from patients with bacterial vaginosis, using in an in vitro biofilm formation model. The Journal of infectious diseases, 210(4), pp.593-596.
90. Hardy, L., Cerca, N., Jespers, V., Vaneechoutte, M. and Crucitti, T., 2017. Bacterial biofilms in the vagina. Research in microbiology, 168(9-10), pp.865-874.
91. Swidsinski, A., Mendling, W., Loening-Baucke, V., Ladhoff, A., Swidsinski, S., Hale, L.P. and Lochs, H., 2005. Adherent biofilms in bacterial vaginosis. Obstetrics
& Gynecology, 106(5), pp.1013-1023.
92. Tomusiak, A., Heczko, M. and Bogumiϯ, P., 2011. Antibiotic resistance of Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from cases of bacterial vaginosis. Ginekologia polska, 82(12).
93. Machado, D., Castro, J., Palmeira-de-Oliveira, A., Martinez-de-Oliveira, J. and Cerca, N., 2016. Bacterial vaginosis biofilms: challenges to current therapies and emerging solutions. Frontiers in microbiology, 6, p.1528.
94. Gelber, S.E., Aguilar, J.L., Lewis, K.L. and Ratner, A.J., 2008. Functional and phylogenetic characterization of Vaginolysin, the human-specific cytolysin from Gardnerella vaginalis. Journal of bacteriology, 190(11), pp.3896-3903.
95. Zilnyte, M., Venclovas, Č., Zvirbliene, A., and Pleckaityte, M., 2015. The cytolytic activity of vaginolysin strictly depends on cholesterol and is potentiated by human CD59. Toxins, 7(1), pp.110–128.
96. Briselden, A.M., Moncla, B.J., Stevens, C.E. and Hillier, S.L., 1992. Sialidases (neuraminidases) in bacterial vaginosis and bacterial vaginosis-associated microflora. Journal of clinical microbiology, 30(3), pp.663-666.
97. dos Santos Santiago, G.L., Deschaght, P., El Aila, N., Kiama, T.N., Verstraelen, H., Jefferson, K.K., Temmerman, M. and Vaneechoutte, M., 2011. Gardnerella vaginalis comprises three distinct genotypes of which only two produce sialidase.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 204(5), pp.450-e1.
98. Lewis, A.L. and Lewis, W.G., 2012. Host sialoglycans and bacterial sialidases: a mucosal perspective. Cellular microbiology, 14(8), pp.1174-1182.
99. Cauci, S., Culhane, J.F., Di Santolo, M. and McCollum, K., 2008. Among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis, the hydrolytic enzymes sialidase and prolidase are positively associated with interleukin-1β. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 198(1), pp.132.e1.
100. Schwebke, J.R., Muzny, C.A., and Josey, W.E., 2014. Role of Gardnerella vaginalis in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis: a conceptual model. The Journal of infectious diseases, 210(3), pp.338-343.
101. Lim, D., Trivedi, H. and Nath, K., 1994. Determination of Gardnerella vaginalis genome size by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. DNA Research, 1(3), pp.115-122.
102. Ahmed, A., Earl, J., Retchless, A., Hillier, S.L., Rabe, L.K., Cherpes, T.L., Powell, E., Janto, B., Eutsey, R., Hiller, N.L. and Boissy, R., 2012. Comparative genomic analyses of 17 clinical isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis provide evidence of multiple genetically isolated clades consistent with subspeciation into genovars.
Journal of bacteriology, 194(15), pp.3922-3937.
103. Malki, K., Shapiro, J.W., Price, T.K., Hilt, E.E., Thomas-White, K., Sircar, T.,
Rosenfeld, A.B., Kuffel, G., Zilliox, M.J., Wolfe, A.J. and Putonti, C., 2016.
Genomes of gardnerella strains reveal an abundance of prophages within the bladder microbiome. PLoS one, 11(11).
104. Vaneechoutte, M., Guschin, A., Van Simaey, L., Gansemans, Y., Van Nieuwerburgh, F. and Cools, P., 2019. Emended description of Gardnerella vaginalis and description of Gardnerella leopoldii sp. nov., Gardnerella piotii sp.
nov. and Gardnerella swidsinskii sp. nov., with delineation of 13 genomic species within the genus Gardnerella. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 69(3), pp.679-687.
105. Piot, P., Van Dyck, E., Peeters, M., Hale, J., Totten, P.A. and Holmes, K.K., 1984.
Biotypes of Gardnerella vaginalis. Journal of clinical microbiology, 20(4), pp.677- 679.
106. Nath, K., Choi, D.J. and Devlin, D., 1991. The characterization of Gardnerella vaginalis DNA using non-radioactive DNA probes. Research in microbiology, 142(5), pp.573-583.
107. Nath, K., Devlin, D. and Beddoe, A.M., 1992. Heterogeneity in restriction patterns of Gardnerella vaginalis isolates from individuals with bacterial vaginosis.
Research in microbiology, 143(2), pp.199-209.
108. Wu, S.R., Hillier, S.L. and Nath, K., 1996. Genomic DNA fingerprint analysis of biotype 1 Gardnerella vaginalis from patients with and without bacterial vaginosis.
Journal of clinical microbiology, 34(1), pp.192-195.
109. Brotman, R.M., and Ravel, J., 2008. Ready or not: the molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.
110. McInerney, P., Adams, P. and Hadi, M.Z., 2014. Error rate comparison during polymerase chain reaction by DNA polymerase. Molecular biology international, 2014.
111. Jayaprakash, T.P., Schellenberg, J.J. and Hill, J.E., 2012. Resolution and characterization of distinct cpn60-based subgroups of Gardnerella vaginalis in the vaginal microbiota. PLoS One, 7(8).
112. Schellenberg, J.J., Jayaprakash, T.P., Gamage, N.W., Patterson, M.H., Vaneechoutte, M. and Hill, J.E., 2016. Gardnerella vaginalis subgroups defined by cpn60 sequencing and sialidase activity in isolates from Canada, Belgium and Kenya. PLoS one, 11(1).
113. Janulaitiene, M., Paliulyte, V., Grinceviciene, S., Zakareviciene, J., Vladisauskiene, A., Marcinkute, A. and Pleckaityte, M., 2017. Prevalence and distribution of Gardnerella vaginalis subgroups in women with and without bacterial vaginosis.
BMC infectious diseases, 17(1), p.394.
114. Nazir, R., Rehman, S., Nisa, M. and ali Baba, U., 2019. Exploring bacterial diversity: from cell to sequence. In Freshwater Microbiology (pp. 263-306).
Academic Press.
115. Bharagava, R.N., Purchase, D., Saxena, G. and Mulla, S.I., 2019. Applications of metagenomics in microbial bioremediation of pollutants: from genomics to environmental cleanup. In Microbial diversity in the genomic era (pp. 459-477).
Academic Press.
116. Rastogi, G. and Sani, R.K., 2011. Molecular techniques to assess microbial community structure, function, and dynamics in the environment. In Microbes and microbial technology (pp. 29-57). Springer, New York, NY.
117. Aroutcheva, A.A., Simoes, J.A., Behbakht, K. and Faro, S., 2001. Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from patients with bacterial vaginosis and from patients with healthy vaginal ecosystems. Clinical infectious diseases, 33(7), pp.1022-1027.
118. Sanger F, 1956. Currents in Biochemical Research. New York-London, 424.
119. Schellenberg, J.J., Links, M.G., Hill, J.E., Dumonceaux, T.J., Kimani, J., Jaoko, W., Wachihi, C., Mungai, J.N., Peters, G.A., Tyler, S. and Graham, M., 2011. Molecular definition of vaginal microbiota in East African commercial sex workers. Appl Environ Microbiol., 77(12), pp.4066-4074.
120. Shimaoka, M., Yo, Y., Doh, K., Kotani, Y., Suzuki, A., Tsuji, I., Mandai, M. and Matsumura, N., 2019. Association between preterm delivery and bacterial vaginosis with or without treatment. Scientific reports, 9(1), pp.1-8.
121. Verhelst, R., Verstraelen, H., Claeys, G., Verschraegen, G., Delanghe, J., Van Simaey, L., De Ganck, C., Temmerman, M. and Vaneechoutte, M., 2004. Cloning of 16S rRNA genes amplified from normal and disturbed vaginal microflora suggests a strong association between Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. BMC microbiology, 4(1), p.16.
122. Vaneechoutte, M., Rossau, R., De Vos, P., Gillis, M., Janssens, D., Paepe, N., De Rouck, A., Fiers, T., Claeys, G. and Kersters, K., 1992. Rapid identification of bacteria of the Comamonadaceae with amplified ribosomal DNA-restriction analysis (ARDRA). FEMS Microbiology Letters, 93(3), pp.227-233.
123. Naidoo, S., Wand, H., Abbai, N.S. and Ramjee, G., 2014. High prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted infections among women living in KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa. AIDS Research and Therapy, 11(1), p31.
124. Abbai, N, S., Wand, H. and Ramjee, G., 2013. Sexually transmitted infections in women participating in a biomedical intervention trial in Durban: Prevalence, coinfections, and risk factors. Journal of sexually transmitted diseases, 2013.
125. Kenyon, C. and Badri, M., 2009. The role of concurrent sexual relationships in the spread of sexually transmitted infections in young South Africans. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, 10(1).
126. Fethers, K.A., Fairley, C.K., Hocking, J.S., Gurrin, L.C. and Bradshaw, C.S., 2008.
Sexual risk factors and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 47(11), pp.1426–1435.
127. Low, N., Chersich, M.F., Schmidlin, K., Egger, M., Francis, S.C., Van de Wijgert, J.H., Hayes, R.J., Baeten, J.M., Brown, J., Delaney-Moretlwe, S. and Kaul, R., 2011. Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and HIV infection in women:
individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS medicine, 8(2).
128. Bradshaw, C.S., Morton, A.N., Hocking, J., Garland, S.M., Morris, M.B., Moss, L.M., Horvath, L.B., Kuzevska, I. and Fairley, C.K., 2006. High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence. The Journal of infectious diseases, 193(11), pp.1478–1486.
129. Huang, B., Fettweis, J.M., Brooks, J.P., Jefferson, K.K. and Buck, G.A., 2014. The changing landscape of the vaginal microbome. Clinics in laboratory medicine, 34(4), pp.747-761.