Chapter 2: Literature review
2.2 Cytokinins in plant tissue culture
2.2.3 Cytokinin structure-activity relationships
20
These variations in CK metabolism, binding and signal perception could possibly explain the inherent variation in response among plants in PTC systems. In addition, the structural variation among CKs is undoubtedly another avenue worth investigating because the literature indicates that a slight variation in structure results in a major change in activity in tissue culture systems. Hence, factors affecting CK structure- activity relationships are discussed below.
21
Table 2.1: The influence of topolins in comparison to other cytokinins on various growth parameters and physiological disorders Species Cytokinin(s) tested Preferred
cytokinin(s) Optimum
concentration Physiological parameters influenced Reference Agave cupreata BA, iP, KIN, mT,
TDZ BA 6.7 µM Shoot multiplication Rosales et al. (2008)
Agave difformis BA, iP, KIN, mT,
TDZ TDZ 0.9 µM Shoot multiplication Rosales et al. (2008)
Agave karwinskii BA, iP, KIN, mT,
TDZ BA 4.4 µM Shoot multiplication Rosales et al. (2008)
Agave obscura BA, iP, KIN, mT,
TDZ TDZ 0.9 µM Shoot multiplication Rosales et al. (2008)
Agave potatorum BA, iP, KIN, mT,
TDZ KIN 13.9 µM Shoot multiplication Rosales et al. (2008)
Albuca bracteata BA, mT BA 0.4 µM Bulb induction, multiplication rate,
sizes and masses Ascough and Van
Staden (2010) Aloe ferox BA, mT, mTR mT, mTR 5.0 µM Shoot multiplication, abnormality
reduction Bairu et al. (2009b)
Aloe polyphylla BA, mT, mTR,
MemT, MemTR, Z mT 5.0 µM Shoot multiplication, rooting, acclimatization competence, hyperhydricity alleviation
Bairu et al. (2007) Ananas comosus cv.
„Pattawia‟ mT mT 2.5 µM Shoot multiplication Teklehaymanot et al.
(2010)
Ansellia africana BA, mTR, TDZ, Z mTR 5.0 µM Shoot length, number of leaves Vasudevan and Van Staden (2011) Barleria greenii BA, KIN, mT, mTR,
MemTR MemTR 7.0 µM Shoot multiplication, abnormality
reduction Amoo et al. (2011)
Beta vulgaris BA, mT, oT, Z mT n/s Shoot multiplication, rooting Kubalákova and Strnad (1992) Beta vulgaris cv.
„Edda‟ mTR mTR 3.0 µM Delayed senescence, increased
yield Čatský et al. (1996)
Citrus reticulate x
Poncirus trifolia BA, mT BA
mT 1.0 µM
13.25 µM Shoot multiplication, length and
quality Niedz and Evens
(2010) Curcuma longa cv.
„Elite‟ Ad, AdS, BA, BAR, iP, KIN, KINR, mT, Z
KINR
KIN 10.0 μM
10.0 μM Shoot multiplication, quality of plantlets
Rooting
Salvi et al. (2002) Dierama erectum BA, KIN, mT, Z Z 1.0 μM Shoot multiplication Koetle et al. (2010) Eucomis zambesiaca BA, iP, mT, Z BA 22.19 μM Bulb induction, multiplication rate Cheesman et al. (2010)
22
Species Cytokinin(s) tested Preferred
cytokinin(s) Optimum
concentration Physiological parameters influenced Reference Harpagophytum
procumbens BA, mT, mTR mTR 5.0 µM Acclimatization competence, shoot-
tip necrosis alleviation Bairu et al. (2009a) Hibiscus sabdariffa BA, mT, TDZ BA 17.74 µM Shoot multiplication, rooting Gomez-Leyva et al.
(2008)
Hordeum vulgare BA, mT mT 1.0 µM Seed germination, rooting Huyluoglu et al. (2008) Hydrangea
macrophylla BA, mT, TDZ BA 8.9 µM Shoot multiplication Doil et al. (2008) Hypericum L. H2003-
004-016 BA, mT mT 5.0 µM Shoot quality Meyer et al. (2009)
Lycaste armomatica BA, KIN, mT, TDZ TDZ 4.4 µM Shoot multiplication Mata-Rosas et al.
(2010) Malus domestica cv.
'M.26' BA, BAR, KIN,
KINR, mT, mTR, TDZ, Z, ZR
BAR 18.20 µM Shoot multiplication Dobránszki et al.
(2004); Dobránszki et al. (2006)
Malus domestica
„Red Fuji‟ BA, BAR, mT,
BA+KIN mT
BA+KIN 20.7 µM
(4.4+7.0) µM Rooting Magyar-Tábori et al.
(2001) Malus domestica
cv.„Royal Gala‟ BA, BAR, mTR,
TDZ BAR 14.0 µM Rooting, acclimatization
competence Magyar-Tábori et al.
(2011) Malus domestica
„Royal Gala‟ BA, BAR, KIN, KINR, mT, mTR, TDZ, Z, ZR
TDZ 2.27 µM Shoot multiplication Dobránszki et al.
(2004); Dobránszki et al. (2006)
Malus domestica cv.
„Royal Gala‟ BA, mT mT 2.1-6.2 µM Shoot multiplication, hyperhydricity
alleviation Dobránszki et al.
(2002) Malus domestica cv.
„Royal Gala‟ BA, KIN, mT,
BA+KIN, BA+mT mT
mT 2.1 µM
6.2 µM Shoot multiplication
hyperhydricity alleviation Dobránszki et al.
(2005) Malus domestica cv.
„Jonagold‟ BA, BAR, mT mT 20.7 µM Shoot multiplication Magyar-Tábori et al.
(2002) Musa spp. (AAA) BA, mT, mTR,
MemT, MemTR mT, mTR 22.2 µM Shoot multiplication, plantlet quality,
abnormality index Bairu et al. (2008) Musa spp. (AAB) cv.
„CEMSA 3⁄4‟ BA, mT mT 4.4 µM Shoot multiplication, length, rooting Escalona et al. (2003) Musa spp. (AAB) cv.
„CEMSA 3⁄4‟ BA, mT, TDZ mT 4.4 µM Shoot multiplication Roels et al. (2005)
Pelargonium × hortorum cv.
„Katinka‟
mT, TDZ mT 0.05 mM Senescence, rooting Mutui et al. (2012)
23
Species Cytokinin(s) tested Preferred
cytokinin(s) Optimum
concentration Physiological parameters influenced Reference Pelargonium ×
hederaefolium cv.
„Bonete‟
BA, mT BA
mT 2.2 µM
4.1 µM Shoot multiplication and quality Wojtania and
Gabryszewska (2001) Pelargonium ×
hortorum cv.
„Bergpalais‟
BA, mT mT 4.1 µM Shoot multiplication and quality Wojtania and
Gabryszewska (2001) Pelargonium x
hederaefolium cv.
„Beach‟
BA, mT mT 4.1 µM Shoot multiplication, quality, rooting,
delayed senescence Wojtania (2010) Pelargonium x
hederaefolium cv.
„Luna‟
BA, mT mT 2.1 µM Shoot multiplication, quality, rooting,
delayed senescence Wojtania (2010) Pelargonium x
hederaefolium cv.
„Sofie Cascade‟
BA, mT mT 4.1 µM Shoot multiplication, quality, rooting,
delayed senescence Wojtania (2010) Pelargonium x
hortorum cv.
„Bergpalais‟
BA, mT mT 4.1 µM Shoot multiplication, quality, rooting,
delayed senescence Wojtania (2010) Pelargonium x
hortorum cv. „Grand Prix‟
BA, mT mT 4.1 µM Shoot multiplication, quality, rooting,
delayed senescence Wojtania (2010) Pelargonium x
hortorum cv. „Jazz Rocky Mountain‟
BA, mT mT 4.1 µM Shoot multiplication, quality, rooting,
delayed senescence Wojtania (2010) Pelargonium x
hortorum cv. „White Rocky Mountain‟
BA, mT mT 4.1 µM Shoot multiplication, quality, rooting,
delayed senescence Wojtania (2010) Petunia hybrida BA, MemTR MemTR 2.0 µM Histogenic stability Bogaert et al. (2006) Pinus pinaster BA, mT, TDZ, Z BA, Z, mT 25 µM Shoot multiplication De Diego et al. (2010) Pinus pinea BA, BPA, mT, TDZ TDZ 2.5 µM Shoot multiplication Cortizo et al. (2009) Pinus sylvestris BA, mT, TDZ, Z mT 25 µM Shoot multiplication De Diego et al. (2010) Prunus avium BA, CPPU, mT,
TDZ mT 4.1 mM Fruit weight Zhang and Whiting
(2011)
Prunus microcarpa BA, mT, TDZ BA 2.5 µM Shoot multiplication Nas et al. (2010)
24
Species Cytokinin(s) tested Preferred
cytokinin(s) Optimum
concentration Physiological parameters influenced Reference Raphanus sativus mT mT 1.0 mM Cotyledon growth, chlorophyll
content and peroxidase activity Palavan-Ünsal et al.
(2002a) Rosa hybrida cv.
„Païline‟ BA, FmT, FmTR, mT, MemT, MemTR
FmTR
MemTR 2.5 µM
2.5 µM Shoot multiplication
Delayed senescence Bogaert et al. (2006) Saccharum
officinarum var.
„Gungera‟
CPPU, mT, TDZ mT 10.0 µM Shoot multiplication Vinayak et al. (2009)
Saccharum
officinarum var. Co 1148
CPPU, mT, TDZ TDZ 0.01 µM Shoot multiplication Vinayak et al. (2009)
Saccharum
officinarum var. CoS 8436
CPPU, mT, TDZ CPPU 5.0 µM Shoot multiplication Vinayak et al. (2009)
Sclerocarya birrea BA, mT, mTR,
MemTR mT 8.0 μM Shoot multiplication, quality and
length Moyo et al. (2011b)
Sisyrinchium laxum BA, mT mT 20.7 μM Shoot multiplication Ascough et al. (2011) Solanum tuberosum
cv „Jaerla‟ mTR mTR 11.3 nM Improved root/shoot ratio,
acclimatization competence Baroja-Fernández et al. (2002)
Sorbus torminalis BA, mT, MemTR BA
MemTR 0.9 µM
0.8 µM Shoot multiplication
Rooting Malá et al. (2009)
Spathiphyllum
floribundum cv. „Petite‟ BA, BAR, BPA, mT mT 10.0 µM Rooting, acclimatization
competence Werbrouck et al.
(1996)
Triticum aestivum mT mT 1.0 mM Delayed senescence Palavan-Ünsal et al.
(2002b) Uniola paniculata EK
16-3 BA, mT mT 20.0 µM
2.2 µM Shoot multiplication, shoot dry weight, Rooting, acclimatization competence
Valero-Aracama et al.
(2010) Uniola paniculata EK
11-1 BA, mT mT 10.0 µM
2.2 µM Shoot multiplication, shoot dry weight, Rooting, acclimatization competence
Valero-Aracama et al.
(2010) Vaccinium
corymbosum cv.
„Highbush blue berry‟
mT, TDZ, Z Z 20.0 µM Shoot multiplication Meiners et al. (2007)
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
cv. „Lingonberry‟ mT, TDZ, Z Z 20.0 µM Shoot multiplication Meiners et al. (2007) Adapted from Aremu et al. (2012)
25