CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.5 Data analysis
Primary data were captured and analysed. According to Babbie (2010:12), “primary data is data that is unprocessed and which has been obtained directly by the researcher for a particular research project”. Polit and Hungler (2001:383) state that data analysis means to organising, providing structure and eliciting meaning. Microsoft Excel was the main tool for qualitative data analysis. Analysing qualitative raw information is an active and interactive process. Data analysis started soon after conducting the first interview.
3.5.1 Quantitative data
The quantitative data were analysed by allocating all participants with the letter ‘A’ and data attributed to an individual were identified by a number. Questions were represented by the letter ‘Q’. This was indicated as follows: A1 represented a participant and the number one’s responses to the questions. The data are summarised in a table, all answers were represented by number one (1), and attributed to a cell corresponded
46 to a participant answer. The total of the number in each cell on a raw are then accumulated to have a total using sum formula; the total is then converted to an appropriate chart to display respective percentage of the raw data.
47 Table 3.1: Quantitative data table of social enterprises
Ma le
Fe ma le
Co rp ora te
Oth er
So cia l e ntr ep re ne ur
So cia l o rg an isa tio n
Em plo ye e w ith so cia l a cti vit ie s
NG O
NPS Vo lu nta ry a ssoc ia tio ns
Tru sts
Se cti on 2 1
Oth er
1-3 y ea rs
4-1 0 y ea rs
11 -2 0 y ea rs
Mo re th an 2 0 y ea rs
Na tio na l
Pro vin cia l
Me tro po lit an a re a
Lo ca l C om mu nit y
Gu gu le th u
Kh ay eli tsa
So cia l se rv ic e
La w, Ad vo ca de , Po lit ic s
De ve lo pm en t a nd h ou sin g
Ed uc ati on a nd re sea rch
Bu sin ess an d u nio n
He alt h
En vir on me nt
Cu ltu ra l
Vo lu nta rism p ro mo tio n
Re lig io n
Peo ple in th e c om mu nit y
Peo ple w ith lo w i nc om e
Peo ple w ith e mp lo ye me nt ba rri es
Fa mil y
Disa ble p eo ple
Stu de nt
So cia l se rv ic e
La w, Ad vo ca de , Po lit ic s
De ve lo pm en t a nd h ou sin g
Ed uc ati on a nd re sea rch
Bu sin ess an d u nio n
He alt h
En vir on me nt
Cu ltu ra l
Vo lu nta rism p ro mo tio n
Re lig io n
Ye s
No Ye s
No Aft er 1 y ea r
Aft er 2 y ea r
Aft er 3 y ea r
Aft er 4 y ea r
Aft er 5 y ea r
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 Total
Peo ple w he re
soc ia l
en tre pre ne ur
pro vid e se rv ic es
S ec to r o f so cia l
act iv iti es ha d
in flu en ce d t he
mo st
Du pli ca tio n o f
act iv iti es
Mo nit ori ng o f
ou tc om e
Th e t im e
ou tc om e st art
im pa cti on g o n
co mm un ity
Q12Q13
Ge nd er
Sta tu s
Le ga l st ru ctu re
Fo rm o f st ru tu re
Ye ars in vo lv ed
ge og ra ph ic al
are a
Are a
sec to r o f so cia l
act iv iti es
Q6Q7Q8Q9Q10Q11Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5
48
Mal e
Fem ale
Sin gle
Mar rie d
Em plo yee
Une mpl oye d
10- 20 yea rs o ld
20- 30 yea rs o ld
30- 40 yea rs o ld
Ove r 4 0 y ear s ol d
Gug ule thu
Kha yel itsa
1-3 ye ars
4-1 0 y ear s
11- 20 yea rs
Mor e th an 20 yea rs
Yes No 1-3 ye ars
4-1 0 y ear s ye ars
11- 20 yea rs
Mor e th an 20 yea rs
Com bat so cia l e xcl usi on
Fost er l oca l d eve lop men t
Bei ng a g ood so urc e fo r jo b cr eat ion
Stim ula te soci o-e con om ic d eve lop men t
Oth ers
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No In a ye ar t im e
In tw o y ear s tim e
In t hre e y ear s tim e
In fo ur y ear s tim e
In fi ve yea rs t im e
Mor e th an fiv e y ear s
Yes No Yes No
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A29 A30 A31 A32 A33 A34 A35 A36 A37 A38 A39 A40 A41 A42 A43 A44 A45 A46 A47 A48 A49 A50 Total
Org ani satio n
mon ito rin g
out com es
Out com es
alle via ted ar ea
issue the tim e
out com e st art to
im pac t o n
com mun ity
Mea sures to
pro tec t e xist ing
out com e
Com mun ity
eve lop men t
nee d lo cal
peo ple s
Aim s of
NG O/N PO in
the ar ea
act ivi tie s
mee tin g
dem and
Soc ila en tre neu r
inv olv ing
hab ita
nts ial Soc
ent rep ren eur s
pre sent ing
NG O/N PO
act ici tie s w ell
im ple men ted
out com e re sult
to trig ger
com mun ity
dev elo pm ent
Q18Q19
Gen der
Sta tus
Occ upa tio n
Age of
par tic ipa nts
Are a
par tic ipa nts liv e
Num ber of
yea rs
par tic ipa nt h ave
bee n li vin g in
the ar ea
spott ing an y o f
NG O/N PO in
the ar ea
Dur atio n o f th e
spott ed
NG O/N PO
Q12Q13Q14Q15Q16Q17Q6Q7Q8Q9Q10Q11Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5
Table 3.2: Quantitative data table of population
49 3.5.2 Validity, reliability and triangulation
According to Polit and Hungler (2001), validity refers to the accuracy of the data. Validity exists when the research findings reflect the perceptions of the people under study.
Validity is important in qualitative research, as researchers are able to demonstrate the reality of the participants through detailed description of the discussion.
Reliability refers to stability of data over time and over conditions. A dependable research study should be accurate and consistent. Reliable data are dependable, trustworthy, unfailing, authentic and reputable. Consistency is the main measure of reliability (Polit & Hungler, 2001). These aspects were attained by using recognised research methods discussed under section 3.2 to 3.2.5
Johnson, Onwuegbuzie and Turner (2007:112) refer to triangulation as the use of multiple references to draw conclusions. It involves evidence from different sources, different methods of collecting data and different investigators. The use of triangulation enables the researcher to strive to distinguish between true and false information. The researcher used triangulation to establish the accuracy of data related to the questionnaires. This triangulation of data strengthens research design because the researcher’s data has increased creditability and validity.
3.5.3 Delineation
This research was limited to:
• Cape Metropolitan area, sepcifically Khayelitsha and Gugulethu townships.
• Only SEhip organisations or individual SEs were involved.
• Participants were requested to respond using the English Language.
3.5.4 The position of the researcher
As a Master of Technology in Business Administration student and researcher, the researcher made sure that permission was granted from the Higher Degree Committee academics at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) Cape Town Campus. The questionnaires were directly handed out to SEs at Cape Metropolitan
50 area particularly at Khayelitsha and Gugulethu townships. SEs were invited to participate. The purpose of the questionnaire was explained and what it will be used for.
Furthermore, respondents were assured that all responses would remain confidential.
Upon completion, respondents were requested to return the questionnaires directly to the researchers or to the Department of Business Science Secretary for collection of responses within a specific time frame. Respondents were given one month to complete the questionnaires. The use of consistent application of research methodologies as described 3.3 to 3.5.4 helped to limit any bias that could been caused by the position of the researchers.
3.5.5 Ethical considerations
The investigator should protect the subjects’ privacy and confidentiality. Other issues that were addressed included:
• Withdrawal: participants could withdraw any time they felt like.
• Plagiarism: use of information from existing documents was acknowledged to comply with the Cape Peninsula University of Technology reserch ethics requirements.
• Informed consent: agreement to participate was obtained from participants before handing any questions.
• Privacy: the right of participants to privacy was respected secured by the investigator.
• Fair treatment: respect and fair treatment was accorded to all participants.
• Confidentiality: Information was kept secret to participants