CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS
4. Introduction
4.5. The Effect of Participation in a Group Exercise Program 3x/Week vs. 2x/Week (for
Both groups obtained a mean score (table 4.5) of greater than 11 on the MNA-SF questionnaire following exercise, which indicated that they were not at risk of
malnutrition (Rubenstein, Harker, Salva, Guigoz, & Vellas, 2001). Noticeably, the group that exercised twice a week had a better MNA-SF score than the group that exercised three times a week. No significant different was evident in relation to exercise frequency and MNA-SF (p = 0.23) (Table 4.5).
Table 4.5 Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week vs. 3X/week on MNA-SF following 12 weeks of group exercise
Frequency Number Mean SD P value
MNA- SF 2X/Week 35 13.23 1.031 0.23
3X/Week 45 12.84 1.147
* Significant at P< 0.05
Component analysis of the MNA-SF was undertaken and the results are presented below.
The components analysed include loss of appetite, weight loss, mobility, psychological or acute stress, neuropsychological problems and BMI.
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Fewer (87 %; n=32) participants who exercised twice a week reported having no loss of appetite compared to 87% of those who exercised three times a week. There was no significant difference in reports of loss of appetite between those who exercised twice a week compared to three times a week. (Mann Whitney U, z = -.062 p = 0.95) (Table 4.5.1)
Table 4.5.1 Effect of exercise frequency 2X vs. 3X per week on loss of appetite following (F) 12 weeks of group exercise
Appetite Severe loss of
appetite Moderate loss of
appetite No loss of appetite
P Value
No. % No. % No. %
F-2X/Week 0 0.0% 5 13.5% 32 86.5% 0.95
F-3X/Week 1 2.1% 5 10.6% 41 87.3%
* Significant at P< 0.05
Fewer participants (14%, n=5) that exercise twice a week reported moderate loss of appetite. More participants reported no loss of appetite following group exercise twice a week (86%, n=30). There was no significant difference in reports of appetite pre and post training in the group that exercised twice a week (p = 0.66) (Table 4.5.2)
Table 4.5.2: Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week on appetite comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
Appetite: Group That Exercised 2X/Week Severe loss of
appetite Moderate loss of
appetite No loss of
appetite P Value
No. % No. % No. %
B- 2X/Week 0 0.0% 6 17.1% 29 82.9% 0.66
F-2X/Week 0 0.0% 5 14.3% 30 85.7%
* Significant at P< 0.05
Fewer participants (13%, n=6) that exercised twice a week reported moderate loss of appetite following 12 weeks of group exercise. More participants reported no loss of appetite following group exercise (87%, n=39). There was no significant difference in
47
reports of appetite when comparing before and following training in the group that exercised twice a week (p = 0.27) (Table 4.5.3)
Table 4.5.3: Effect of exercise frequency 3X/week on appetite comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
Appetite: Group That Exercised 3X/Week Severe loss of
appetite Moderate loss of
appetite No loss of
appetite P Value
No. % No. % No. %
B-3X/Week 3 6.7% 6 13.3% 36 80.0% 0.27
F-3X/Week 1 2.2% 5 11.1% 39 86.7%
* Significant at P< 0.05
Fewer (62%, n=24) of participants who exercised thrice a week reported having no weight loss compared to 65% of those who exercised two times a week. There was no significant difference in reports of weight loss between those who exercised twice a week compared to three times a week (Mann Whitney U, z = -.401 p = 0.69) (Table 4.5.4)
Table 4.5.4 Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week vs. 3X/week on weight loss following (F) 12 weeks of group exercise
* Significant at P< 0.05
More participants reported weight loss of 1 and 3 kg following group exercise (29%, n=10). There was a noticeable trend indicating that exercise may be directly related to weight loss. There was no significant difference in reports of weight loss before and following training in the group that exercised twice a week (p = 0.93) (Table 4.5.5)
Weight Loss Weight loss
greater than 3 kg Does not
know Weight loss between
1 and 3 kg No weight
loss P Value
No. % No. % No. % No. %
F-2X/Week 1 2.7% 2 5.4% 10 27.0% 24 64.9 0.69
F-3X/Week 1 2.1% 5 10.6% 12 25.6%
29 61.7
48 Table 4.5.5: Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week on weight loss comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
* Significant at P< 0.05
More participants reported weight loss of 1 and 3 kg following group exercise (27%, n=12). There is a noticeable trend indicating that exercise may be directly related to weight loss irrespective of frequency 2X/week or 3X/week. There was no significant difference in reports of weight loss pre and post training in the group that exercised twice a week (p = 0.16) (Table 4.5.6)
Table 4.5.6: Effect of exercise frequency 3X/week on weight loss comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
* Significant at P< 0.05
All participants reported no loss in mobility. There was no statistically significant difference in mobility in those who exercised twice a week compared to those who exercised three times a week. (Mann Whitney U, z = 0.000 p = 1.00) (Table 4.5.7)
Weight Loss: Group That Exercised 2X/Week Weight loss
greater than 3 kg Does not
know Weight loss between 1
and 3 kg No weight
loss P
Value
No. % No. % No. % No. %
B-2X/Week 3 8.6% 2 5.7% 5 14.3% 25 71.4 0.93
F-2X/Week 1 2.9 % 2 5.7% 10 28.6%
22 62.9
Weight Loss: Group That Exercised 3X / Week Weight loss
greater than 3 kg Does not
know Weight loss between
1 and 3 kg No weight
loss P Value
No. % No. % No. % No. %
B-3X/Week 2 4.4% 2 4.4% 6 13.3% 35 77.8 0.16
F-3X/Week 1 2.2 % 5 11.1% 12 26.7%
27 60.0
49 Table 4.5.7 Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week vs. 3X/week on mobility following (F) 12 weeks of group exercise
* Significant at P< 0.05
All participants reported no loss in mobility (100%, n=35). There was no statistically significant difference in mobility in those who exercised twice a week (p=1.00) (Table 4.5.8)
Table 4.5.8: Effect of group exercise frequency 2X/week on mobility comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
* Significant at P< 0.05
All participants reported no loss in mobility (100%, n=45). There was no statistically significant difference in mobility in those who exercised thrice a week (p=1.00) (Table 4.5.9)
Table 4.5.9: Effect of group exercise frequency 3X/week on mobility comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
Mobility
Ability to get out of chair and go out P Value
No. %
F- 2X/Week 37 100% 1.00
F- 3X/Week 47 100%
Mobility: Group That Exercised 2X / Week
Ability to get out of chair and go Out P Value
No. %
B- 2X/Week 35 100% 1.00
F- 2X/Week 35 100%
Mobility: Group That Exercised 3X / Week
Ability to get out of chair and go Out P Value
No. %
B- 3X/Week 45 100% 1.00
F- 3X/Week 45 100%
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* Significant at P< 0.05
All participants who exercised twice a week reported no experience of psychological or acute stress compared to 93% of those who exercised three times a week. However, there was no statistically significant difference in psychological or acute stress between the groups. (Mann Whitney U, z =-1.556 P = 0.120) (Table 4.5.10)
Table 4.5.10 Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week vs. 3X/week on psychological or acute stress following (F) 12 weeks of group exercise
* Significant at P< 0.05
More participants reported no psychological or acute stress (100%, n=35) following training. There was no significant difference in psychological or acute stress before and following training in the group that exercised twice a week (p = 0.32) (Table 4.5.11)
Table 4.5.11: Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week on psychological or acute stress comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
* Significant at P< 0.05
No difference in psychological or acute stress was noted. There was no significant difference in reports of psychological or acute stress before and following training in the group that exercised thrice a week (p = 1.00) (Table 4.5.12)
Psychological or Acute Stress
Yes No P Value
No. % No. %
F- 2X/Week 0 0.0 % 37 100.0 % 0.120
F- 3X/Week 3 6.4 % 44 93.6 %
Psychological or Acute Stress: Group That Exercised 2X / Week
Yes No P Value
No. % No. %
B-2X/Week 1 2.9 % 34 97.1 % 0.32
F-2X/Week 0 0.0 % 35
100 %
51 Table 4.5.12: Effect of exercise frequency 3X/week on psychological or acute stress comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
* Significant at P< 0.05
None of the participants who exercised twice a week reported any problems of a
neuropsychological nature compared to 96% of those who exercised three times a week.
However, there was no statistically significant difference in the experience of
psychological or acute stress between the groups. (Mann Whitney U, z =-1.262 p = 0.207) (Figure 4.5.13)
Table 4.5.13 Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week vs. 3X/week on neuropsychological problems following (F) 12 weeks of group exercise
Neuropsychological Problems Severe dementia or
depression Mild Dementia No psychological problems
P Value
No. % No. % No. %
F- 2X/Week 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 37 100.0% 0.207
F- 3X/Week 1 2.1% 1 2.1% 45 95.7%
* Significant at P< 0.05
More participants reported no psychological problems (100%, n=35) following training.
There was no significant difference in neuropsychological problems before and following training in the group that exercised twice a week (p = 0.32) (Table 4.5.14)
Psychological or Acute Stress: Group That Exercised 3X / Week
Yes
No P Value
No. % No. %
B- 3X/Week 3 6.7 % 42 93.3 % 1.00
F- 3X/Week
3
6.7 %
42 93.3 %
52 Table 4.5.14: Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week on neuropsychological problems comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
Neuropsychological Problems: Group That Exercised 2X / Week Severe dementia or
depression Mild Dementia No psychological
problems P Value
No. % No. % No. %
B- 2X/Week 0 0.0% 1 2.9% 34 97.1% 0.32
F- 2X/Week 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 35 100%
* Significant at P< 0.05
Fewer participants reported mild dementia following training (2%, n=1). More
participants reported no psychological problems following group exercise three times a week (96%, n=43). There was no significant difference in neuropsychological problems before and following training in the group that exercised thrice a week (p = 0.23) (Table 4.5.15).
Table 4.5.15: Effect of exercise frequency 3X/week on neuropsychological problems comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
Neuropsychological Problems: Group That Exercised 3X / Week Severe dementia or
depression Mild Dementia No psychological
problems P Value
No. % No. % No. %
B- 3X/Week 0 0.0% 6 13.3% 39 86.7% 0.23
F- 3X/Week 1 2.2% 1 2.2% 43 95.6%
* Significant at P< 0.05
In the group that exercised twice a week (90%, n=34), more participants had a BMI in the range of >23Kg/m2, than those that exercise three times a week (83%, n=39). However, there was no statistically significant difference in BMI between the groups. (Mann Whitney U, z =-8.62 p = 0.389) (Table 4.5.16)
53 Table 4.5.16 Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week vs. 3X/week on BMI
following (F) 12 weeks of group training
* Significant at P< 0.05
No differences in BMI 23kg/m2 or greater were noted. There was no significant difference in BMI before and following training in the group that exercised twice a week (p = 0.66) (Table 4.5.17)
Table 4.5.17: Effect of exercise frequency 2X/week on BMI comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
* Significant at P< 0.05
Fewer participants reported a BMI 23 kg/m2 or greater (84%, n= 38) following training.
More participants reported a BMI of 19 to less than 21 kg/m2 following group exercise (9%, n=4). There was no significant difference BMI before and following training in the group that exercised thrice a week (p = 1.00) (Table 4.5.18)
Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI less than 19 Kg/m2
BMI 19 to less than 21
Kg/m2 BMI 21 to less than 23 Kg/m2
BMI 23 Kg/m2 or greater
P Value
No. % No. % No. % No. %
F- 2X/Week 0 0.0% 2 5.3% 2 5.3 % 34 89.5 0.389
F- 3X/Week 1 2.1% 3 6.4% 4 8.5%
39 83.0
Body Mass Index (BMI) :Group That Exercised 2X / Week
BMI less than 19 Kg/m2
BMI 19 to less than 21
Kg/m2 BMI 21 to less than 23 Kg/m2
BMI 23 Kg/m2 or greater
P Value
No. % No. % No. % No. %
B- 2X/Week 1 2.9% 1 2.9% 1 2.9 % 32 91.4 0.66
F- 2X/Week 0 0.0% 2 5.7% 1 2.9%
32 91.4
54 Table 4.5.18: Effect of exercise frequency 3X/week on BMI comparing before (B) and following (F) 12 weeks of group training
* Significant at P< 0.05
4.6 The Effect of Group Exercise on Health Related Quality of Life