The following limitations and difficulties were identified in this study:
Transcription of interviews due to the difficulty in understanding foreign accents.
Not being able to engage with the participants in their first language.
The limited number of participants prevents any form of generalisation of the findings of the study.
The use of westernized theories to explain African contextual issues and dilemmas has proven to be a challenge.
Despite these limitations, this study has produced useful information that can contribute to understanding the lived experiences of foreign nationals in a university environment.
6.5 Chapter Summary
This final chapter of this study has outlined the findings and conclusions, briefly outlined some limitations as well as presented some recommendations for future research into the lived experiences of foreign nations and the way in which the South African society accommodates these workers.
74
REFERENCES
Amason, P., Allen, M. W. & Holmes, S. A. (1999). Social support and acculturative stress in the multicultural workplace. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27, 310- 334.
Berry, J. W. (2001). A psychology of immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 615-631.
Booysen, L. (2007). Societal power shifts and changing social identities in South Africa:
Workplace implications for management. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 10(1), 1-20.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2)77-101.
Brewer, M. B., & Kramer, R. M. (1986). Choice behavior in social dilemmas: Effects of social identity, group size, and decision framing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(3), 543.
Coenders, M., & Scheepers, P. (2003). The effect of education on nationalism and ethnic exclusionism: An international comparison. Political Psychology, 24(2), 313-343.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London: Sage.
Crush, J. (2001). The dark side of democracy: Migration, xenophobia and human rights in South Africa. International Migration, 38(6), 103-133.
Daldy, B., Poot, J., Roskruge, M., & van Dyk, M. (2011). Immigrant integration and workplace discrimination in New Zealand. Integration of Immigrants Programme Working Paper. Palmerston North: Massey University.
Deetz, S. (1996). Crossroads describing differences in approaches to organization science:
Rethinking Burrell and Morgan and their legacy. Organization Science, 7(2), 191-207.
Dey, I. (2003). Qualitative data analysis: A user friendly guide for social scientists. London:
Routledge.
De Fina, A., & King, K. A. (2011). Language problem or language conflict? Narratives of immigrant women‟s experiences in the US. Discourse Studies, 13(2), 163-188.
Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 41-113.
75
Durrheim, K. (2007). Research design. In M. Terre Blanche, K. Durrheim, & D. Painter (Eds.), Research in practice: Applied methods for the social sciences (2nd ed.) (pp. 33- 59). Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
Esses, V. M., Deaux, K., Lalonde, R. N., & Brown, R. (2010). Psychological perspectives on immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 66(4), 635-647.
Filindra, A., & Pearson‐Merkowitz, S. (2013). Together in good times and bad? How economic triggers condition the effects of intergroup threat. Social Science Quarterly, 94(5), 1328-1345.
Foster, D. E., & Louw-Potgieter, J. E. (1991). Social psychology in South Africa.
Johannesburg: Lexicon.
Frank, S. T. (2013). Nurses experiences of work engagement: A qualitative study.
Unpublished masters thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Available from:
http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10413/10069
Gabennesch, H. (1972). Authoritarianism as world view. American Journal of Sociology, 77, 857-875.
Gebre, L. T., Maharaj, P., & Pillay, N. K. (2011). The experiences of immigrants in South Africa: A case study of Ethiopians in Durban, South Africa. Urban Forum, 22(1), 23-35.
Geertz, C. (1971). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Gorodzeisky, A. (2011). Who are the Europeans that Europeans prefer? Economic conditions and exclusionary views toward European immigrants. International Journal of
Comparative Sociology, 52(1-2), 100-113.
Hampshire, J. (2013). The politics of immigration: Contradictions of the liberal state.
Cambridge: Polity.
Harris, B. (2002). Xenophobia: A new pathology for a new South Africa. In D. Hook & G.
Eagle (Eds.), Psychopathology and Social Prejudice (pp.169-184). Cape Town:
University of Cape Town
Hatchard, (1994). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Journal of African Law, 38(1), 70-77.
Hello, E. (2003). Educational Attainment and Ethnic Attitudes. How to explain their relationship. Unpublished dissertation, Nijmegen, KUN.
76
Henriques, G. (2011). A new unified theory of psychology. New York: Springer.
Holdstock, T. L. (2000). Re-examining psychology: Critical perspectives and African insights. London: Routledge.
Holland, R. (1999). Reflexivity. Human relations, 52(4), 463-484.
Huddy, L. (2001). From social to political identity: A critical examination of social identity theory. Political Psychology, 22(1), 127-156.
Islam, G., & Zyphur, M. (2006). Critical industrial psychology: What is it and where is it. Psychology in Society, 34, 17-30.
Ivanova, N. L. (2005). Social identity under various socio-cultural conditions. Russian Education and Society, 47(11), 71-87.
Kalitanyi, V., & Visser, K. (2010). African immigrants in South Africa: Job takers or job creators? South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 13(4), 376-390.
King, R. (2009). Geography, islands and migration in an era of global mobility. Island Studies Journal, 4(1), 53-84.
Krauss, S. E. (2005). Research paradigms and meaning making: A primer. The Qualitative Report, 10(4), 758-770.
La Barbera, M. (2015). Identity and Migration in Europe: Multidisciplinary Perspectives.
Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Lancee, B., & Pardos‐Prado, S. (2013). Group conflict theory in a longitudinal perspective:
analyzing the dynamic side of ethnic competition. International Migration Review, 47(1), 106-131.
Landau, L. (2011). Contemporary migration to South Africa: A regional development issue.
A. Segatti (Ed.). World Bank Publications.
Landau, L. B., Ramjathan-Keogh, K. & Singh, G. (2005). Xenophobia in South Africa and problems related to it. Forced Migration Studies Programme, University of the Witwatersrand.
Lowell, B. L., & Martin, S. (2005, October). Research on migration and development.
In Fourth Coordination Meeting on International Migration.
77
Mackenzie, N. & Knipe, S. (2006). Research dilemmas: Paradigms, methods and methodology. Issues in Educational Research, 16(2), 193-205.
Morse, J. M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 13-22.
Mouton, J., & Marais, H. C. (1988). Basic concepts in the methodology of the social sciences.
Pretoria: HSRC Press.
Myers, C., Abrams, D., Rosenthal, H. E., & Christian, J. (2013). Threat, prejudice, and stereotyping in the context of Japanese, North Korean, and South Korean intergroup relations. Current Research in Social Psychology, 20(7), 76-85.
Neuman, L. (2011). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (7th Ed.). USA: Pearson International.
Padilla, A. M., & Perez, W. (2003). Acculturation, social identity, and social cognition: A new perspective. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(1), 35-55.
Peberdy, S. (2010). Setting the Scene: Migration and Urbanisation in South Africa. South African Civil Society and Xenophobia.
Peberdy, S., & Crush, J. S. (1998). Trading places: cross-border traders and the South African informal sector. Southern African Migration Project.
Pfeifer, J. H., Ruble, D. N., Bachman, M. A., Alvarez, J. M., Cameron, J. A., & Fuligni, A. J.
(2007). Social identities and intergroup bias in immigrant and non-immigrant children. Developmental Psychology, 43(2), 496.
Pietersen, H. J. (1989). An epistemological view of industrial/organisational psychology.
Some perspectives and implication for future knowledge development. South African Journal of Psychology, 19(2), 101-108
Roccas, S. & Brewer, M.B. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 88-106.
Rowthorne, R. (2004). The economic impact of immigration. Civitas online report accessed from www. civitas. org. uk/pdf/Rowthorn_Immigration. pdf
78
Semyonov, M., Raijman, R., & Gorodzeisky, A. (2008). Foreigners‟ impact on European societies: Public views and perceptions in a cross-national comparative perspective.
International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 49, 5-29.
Sherif, M. (1966). Common Predicament: Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Stacks, D.W., & Hocking, J. E. (1992). Essentials of Communication Research. New York:
Harper Collins.
Swartz, L. (2002). Culture and mental health: A Southern African view. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Swidler, A., (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Association, 51(2), 273-286
Tajfel, H. (1969). Social and cultural factors in perception. Handbook of Social Psychology, 3, 315-394.
Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. CUP Archive.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 33(47), 74.
Taylor, S. J., & Bogdan, R. (1998). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Teo, T. (2009). Philosophical concerns in critical psychology. In D. Fox, I. Prilleltensky, &
S. Austin, (Eds.), Critical psychology: An introduction (pp. 36-50). London: Sage.
Verberk, G., Scheepers, P., & Felling, A. (2002). Attitudes and behavioural intentions towards ethnic minorities: An empirical test of several theoretical explanations for the Dutch case. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28(2), 197-219.
Zarate, M. A., Garcia, B., Garza, A. A., & Hitlan, R. T. (2004). Cultural threat and perceived realistic group conflict as dual predictors of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 99-105.
79
80
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Ethical Clearance Appendix 2: Informed Consent Appendix 3: Interview Schedule Appendix 4: Biographical Data Sheet Appendix 5: Gatekeeper Permission
81 Appendix 1: Ethical Clearance
82 Appendix 2: Informed Consent
Dear Research Participant
The purpose of this document is to notify you that you have been selected to participate in a research study and to attain informed consent if you decide to partake.
The current study is interested in the lived experiences of immigrants working in a South African organisation.
You are being invited to participate in this research because of your experience as an immigrant worker in the organisation. There will be no direct benefit to you if you participate in this research, but your participation is likely to help generate knowledge and greater understanding on the issues surrounding immigration in South Africa. Your participation will be voluntary and your identity will be protected throughout the research. Anonymity will be ensured by omitting any identifying characteristic, such as your name, or department. If you have any queries please feel free to contact me (Bongiwe Lydia Ngwane at 074 747 6857/
I………. (Full names of participant) hereby confirm that I understand the contents of this document and the nature of the research project, and I consent to participating in the research project. I understand that I am at liberty to withdraw from the project at any time, should I so desire. I consent to my interview being tape recorded for the purpose of the study.
SIGNATURE OF PARTICIPANT………... DATE………
83 Appendix 3: Interview Schedule
1. How would you describe your experience in the South Africa to this point? Please explain, using examples if necessary.
2. Please provide a brief background of where you have lived by addressing the following questions:
a. Where were you born?
b. How would you describe your birthplace?
c. Where do you consider home?
d. Where else have you lived?
e. How would you describe these places?
3. Why did you decide to study in the South Africa?
4. In what ways have your experiences in the South Africa been similar to experiences in a. Other countries where you have lived?
5. In what ways have your experiences in the South Africa been different than experiences in other countries where you have lived?
6. To what extent do you feel you have control over the outcomes of social situations you encounter in the South Africa? What do you attribute control to in these situations?
a. To what extent do you feel you have control over the outcomes of academic situations you encounter in the South Africa? What do you attribute control to in these situations?
b. To what extent do you feel you have control over the outcomes of family situations you encounter in the South Africa? What do you attribute control to in these situations?
c. How does your sense of control in the South Africa compare to your sense of control before coming to the South Africa?
7. How does your experience in the South Africa impact the way you feel about yourself?
8. What has helped you to become better at interacting with people and carrying on with your daily life in the South Africa?
9. What would help you to become better at interacting with people and carrying on with your daily life in the South Africa?
84
10. What has hindered your ability to become better at interacting with people and carrying on with your daily life in the South Africa?
11. What are some challenges you have experienced as an immigrant working in the South African workplace?
12. What obstacles have you overcome that have helped you to become better at interacting with people and carrying on with your daily life in the South Africa?
13. How have you changed as a result of living in the South Africa?
14. Please explain any other significant experiences regarding your time in the South Africa
15. How would you describe the words refugee, immigrant and foreigner?
85 Appendix 4: Biographical Data Sheet
Please answer the following biographical data sheet.
INSTRUCTIONS: (Please answer the following questions by marking the appropriate boxes) Gender
MALE FEMALE
Age Group
20 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61+
Marital Status
Single Married Divorced Widow Remarried
Race
Black White Coloured Indian Other
Number of Dependents
None 1 2 3 3+
Highest Qualification Obtained:
___________________________________________________
Number of Years working for the Organization:
______________________________________
Please indicate your position in the organization:
______________________________________
Please indicate the type of organization:
_____________________________________________
86
What previous positions have you held with the organization?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Briefly describe your work responsibilities (as you would on a resume):
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________