Literature survey

2.6 Lateral external pressure

2.6.1 Literature survey

As for fiat plate analysis, the relationships between M

My and M:z;y, and the curvature changes ({3z, {3y and {3zll)' are derived from equations 2.12 and 2.21

M. = -D(fl. + vfl.) M. = -D(fl. + vfl.) M •• = ^-My. = ^{-D(1 -} ^v)fl.,

(2.97)

The middle surface strains and curvature changes are linked to the ordin ate dispiacements, u v and w, by the following r elations:

e} =

u , v w

e2 = - - -

r r

u ,

,),=-+v

{3z

w

^lf

fly=,(v+w) 1

1 .

fl., = ,(v' + w')

(2 .98)

If these are substituted together with the relationships found in equations 2.42, through equations 2.97, into equations 2.96, the equations of equilibrium are

O , ,, (l+ v)., , ,(I-v')(., ') (I-v)"

=ru+ rv-vrw+qr v - w + u

2 Et 2

0= (1 + v) ru' + (1 - v) rV' + v _ tU + I«v + ^ill + r'u /' + r'(1 - v)v")

2 2

0= rvu' + V - w - K{V' + (2 - V)1,2il' + r ⁴ w

^flfl

+

'if;'

+ 2r ² w

^lf⁾

^(2.99)

(1 - v')

- q' (w+w)

Et

Donnell showed that these equilibrium equations cou ld be simplified, with very little loss of accuracy. Remembering that raB = ay for cylinders, the equations then become:

O " (1 - v) a'u 1 + v av' v ,

=u + + - - - + - w

2 ay' 2 ay

O ^a'v (I-v)" (l+v)au' law

= - + v + - + - -

ay' 2 2 iJ1J

ay (2.100)

o

⁼

D"J'w + qr a'w ay'

, . ac · ·) 2a'C· · ) 0'( ... ) where 'V ( ... )

the usual operator of a ' + a 2a _x _{x y}

+ a ' . _y

By manipulation of these equations, a single relationship can be obtained:

D ^~8

_w + 2w Et

1I11+t"'74Q .. v -W=

0

r r

(2.101)

Therefore, the problem of determining the critical external pressure is reduced to solving the above three differential equat ions, and satisfying boundary conditions.

If, for examp le, the ends of the cylinder are simply supported, the boundary conditions requi r e that wand

f)²

wj8x

become zero at the ends. Also, if the length o f the cy linder is 1 and the axes of reference are taken at the middle cross section, the following expressions are assumed for u v and w :

A ·

^{o ·} ^7rX

smnusm-

l - v = B cos nO cos -l-

7rX

e · ⁰

^"X

s m n cos- l -

(2.102)

These expressions show that during buckling, the shell deflects to half a sine curve wave while the circumference is su bdivided into 2n half waves. When these a re substituted into equations 2.99

the following equations eme r ge

0= A( -X2 - (1; v) n2) + B C l ; v) nX + nX4» + e(v + 4»X

0= ACl ;V)nx) - BCl; V) x' ^+n' + n 21<+ 1«1- v)x2)

- e(n + Kn

+ KnX2) 0 = AvX - B ( n + I<n

+ (2 _ v)l<nx ') (2.103)

-e( ¹ ⁺ ^"X' ⁺ Kn'21<n2x2 + 4>(1 - n2)) where the variables Xl

^K,

and 4> are defined as

"r

X = - 1 t

,,= - - _12r2

4> = qr(l - v') Et

(2.104)

Thus, simu ltaneous equation s in A, Band C result, and these yield non -trivia l sol utions if their determinant is zero. In t his manner the equation for determining th e criti cal load is obtained. This is shown in Timoshenko's work {8}. The small terms, which have very little effect on the magnitude of the critical pressure , are omitted. The following exp ression is then obtained f or the buckling of a perfect cylinder

E (t)3[

2n 2

- 1 - v l ^Et[ ¹ ¹

- - n - 1+ + -

q" - 12(1- v2) r (;~)2 -1 ,. (n2 -1)(1 + (nl)' )2 .

.. (2 .105 ) where n is the number of lobes or waves in a complete circumferential belt at co llapse.

This formula was developed by Von Mises in 1914 [2]. The accu racy of this formula

was

confi rmed by Wind enburg and Trilling in 1934 !6), where Von Mises' fo rmul a was com pa red to other approxim at ions and experiments. Thus, it form s t he theory on which mode rn literature on bu ckling of thin cylinders is based.

Wind enburg and Trilling also note that in formulae in which n appears, the integra l valu e of n which makes qcr a minimum must be used. The minimising of n can be determined by the usual method of differentiation with respect to e ither n or so me function of n. The calculated value of n may be fractional, thus, the correct value of n should be the closest intege r. However, von Mi ses recog nised that not all buckling formulae could b e treated in this manner, and he used an iterative method to develop a chart to d etermin e the number of nodes which yields the lowest buckling pressure. An example of this method will be illustrat ed in the next section, where hydrostatic pressure is considered.

If, as a n alternative, Donnell 's equations are used , t he solut ion is

E ^(t)3[(I +(nll-rrr)2)2 ] Et[ ¹ ^]

q~ ⁼ 12(1 - v2) ;: ~ + -;:- n2(1 + ( _nl /1r r)2)

² ^.

• • (2.106)

Windenburg and Trilling [ 6] state that the formula developed by Southwell [ 1]

was derived as an approximation to von Mises' formula (equation 2.105) and it

is

ru;

follows

q('r

= ¹²⁽¹ ^E ^- ^v

^{2 )}

C·)

^I " ( ),.

^1'1²

^- ^I ^+- ^El [ (11[/"7')'(,,2 ¹ - 1) . 1

(2. 107)

\lVind('nh1lrg and Tri ll ing ronnd in 1934 [ (jJ ^Ihal, ^thi:) ^ronmli ^{a givf'S} ^val ^ll ^{Cn or} collapsing prC'$Slll"(' which arC' ahollt six pNc('nl lower than thosC' ohtainC'd hy eqnation 2.105. SO Hthw{'ll obtain('d his rormula ind€'pf'ndC'lI t.iy, hefore von MiS<':)' research

^pll

hlical ion ap peared. Equation 2.107 gives distinctly separate curves ror SlIcccs.':>ivC' intrgral val ues of

^11,

whpl1 qer is plott.ed agai nst. f /7' ^ror a constant t /L SOllthwell lat,f'r showed that a si ugl( > hyperbola co uld be fOllnd that rf'p resentf'd th(' (,l1v<,lop<' of fami ly of

CHfV<'S

very closely for t he variolls val ues of n wit.h t /r constant [3j. Th(' ('qllation of th(' hyp(,rhola h(' fonnd was

l/er =

,

16"v'G E UY

, ( I) .

27 ( l _v

^{2 ) , ;}

(2. 108)

Figur(' 2-16 il llltil ra!C's

1\1('

df'p('nciullC(' or

,!er

o n tl1(' wall tiJicku ('::;s to radills, and ) C'ngth t.o radius ratios. SOl1thw(' 1I also proved that this formula can b('

\ISM

1.5

1000 r

r 2000

3000 0.5

Figure 2-16: Figure showing the relations hips of Southwell's hyperbola 2.108.

safely to det(>J"lllioe

I,h<'

bucking

prf'SSHrC'

o f short tubes, as it (' rrs o n the s ide of

safet.y. An a lternat ive form of the previolls plot of q .. ..,. can bp see n in figure 2-17,

'''''"

"<lOO

'200)

q"

'0000

400l

03 06 1.3 18 23

2'

³^.³ ¹⁸

Vr

Figure 2-17: Plot showing Southwell's hyperbola in equation 2.108 for various intregral values of

tlr.

for vario us integral values of tfT for carbon ste<>1. Armcnkas and Herrm ann [19]

too k the e ffect o f the cha nge, during deformation, of the magn itudf' a nd direction of the buckling load into account, unlike all the previous invpstigations . Their exprpssion fo r the value of the critical buckling external

pr~sllr(>

is

,,' Et [ (nl)' ] ,,' ^Et' ^[ "("'!L) '---,+:--,:4

^-:0,--=-,-2V] q _ _ _ 111"

+

^---1!1

~ - /' ,. 1 + (;~)' 12 (1 - v')l'r 1 + (;~)2 .

(2.109)

Unlike eq uation 2.105,

SO\lthwell'~

fo rmula (equati on 2. 107 ) is differenti able, and

the eqnation ob tained after difff' re ntiatio n is

(u' - I)' 36{1 - "')(T)"

11 =

(1I.' - 2/3)' U)'

36{l - "')71"'

U)'m' ^(2.110)

T I l(' a utho r wo uld like to not e that

~his

formula. is incorrt'ct in \Villdpnbllrg and Trilling ) !:; st ud y [ 61. W I H' ff'hy the denom inator iTl Ill(' fir st t<'fm wru:; not sq ll arf'd.

Howrv('f. thf'Y

cOIT('('lIy

w('nt on to !S how that

good approximat ion

fOf

the minimisin g o f

is obtain f'd by Il egif'cti ng unity and 2/3 in co mparison with

1'/2,

and it

i!l

givC'1l

• 6){I - v')7I"'

(l/"J2(t M . ^(2. ¹¹¹ ⁾

Again, ,h (' Iwar('8t in trgrai I1nmh<'f shou l d he IIs('d. ThC' diff(,ff'nt throries arC' co mpared in figur(' 2-18.

- ,

,~ _. ~

~ . ^:::.---

-

~[l,)

>---.

. , -

r--- ..--:;:;.--

^.'

1-, .... '· .

•• ~

?---

- "

"

••

V ^V- ^-

^--

I f ^{r -}

^I- ^-

• Figure 2-18: Figu re showing a comparison of the various theories for lateral external pressure.

The re lat ionship between nand L/r and

/1' can be

Sf'f'1l

as a 3-D plot in fi gnre 2-19

or mon~

s pecifically,

fOf

integ ral

valllC'.!l

of t/T, t. he dependan ce can be

clearly

0.5 ~-

1.5

2.5 3000

/ 25

20 15 n

Figure 2-19 : 3-D Plot of t he relationships in equation 2.111.

::;('('n

^III

figHr(, 2-20. As the length of ihe cylinder increase::; il1<' Ilumber of lobe::;

int.o which the cylinder buckles d('crf'fls('s, and as the wall thickllt,:-,s decrea.sf's tlH' number of lol)('s inCITases.

in 1931, SaundC'rs and \,yindC'nburg [5J compared the val1l f'ti o f

obtainf'd by

the ahove eqn ation and by eq uation 2.107, with t he numhf'r of lobes obtained by

expe riment. The respective values a re s hown as a bar graph in fi gure 2-21.

Dalam dokumen Buckling of short, thin-walled cylinders, as applied to storage tanks. (Halaman 58-65)