4. RESULTS
4.2 Mean Subscale Scores
4.2.1 The Relational Being Scale
The mean RBS subscale scores for men and women are presented in Table 4.1, and the subscale scores for Black men, Black women, White men, and White women are presented in Table 4.2.
Table 4.1
Means for Relational Being Scale Subscales by Gender GENDER
Men Women
AUTONOMY Mean 91.12 88.64
n 158 188
Std Deviation
13.40 12.78
RELATION Mean 91.50 94.53
n 158 188
Std Deviation
14.61 12.75
McCHRYSTAL’S AUTONOMY
Mean 58.52 61.16
n 19 33
Std Deviation
15.51 9.78
McCHRYSTAL’S RELATION
Mean 71.00 74.82
n 19 34
Std Deviation
25.49 15.36
Table 4.2
Means for Relational Being Scale Subscales by Gender and Race GENDER & RACE
Black Men Black Women White Men White Women
AUTONOMY Mean 91.2 90.46 91.04 86.81
n 95 100 63 88
Std Deviation
14 14.58 12.56 10.11
RELATION Mean 95.79 93.14 87.21 95.93
n 95 100 63 88
Std Deviation
13.36 13.75 15 11.4
The mean scores on both of the RBS subscales (A and R) for all South African sample groups were higher than the male and female sample from McChrystal‟s (1994) original study. Men scored higher on average than women on the Autonomy (A) subscale, while women‟s mean score on the Relation (R) subscale was higher than men‟s.
The Black group scored higher than the White group on both the Autonomy and the Relation subscales (see Appendix E for table of RBS means by race). Black men had the highest mean scores and White women the lowest on Autonomy. Black men only scored marginally higher on average than Black women on Autonomy, a result that is particularly interesting when compared with the mean scores of these two groups on the R subscale, where Black men‟s mean scores were notably higher than Black women‟s mean scores. Of the four race by gender groups, White
women scored highest on Relation, followed by Black men. White men scored the lowest on this subscale.
4.2.2 The Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal Scale
The mean scores of the RISC Scale for men and women, and for Black men, Black women, White men, and White women, are summarized in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3
Means for Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal Scale Scores
GENDER GENDER & RACE
Men Women Black
Men
Black Women
White Men
White Women
RISC Mean 55.58 58.04 55.04 54.6 56.11 61.49
n 158 188 95 100 63 88
Std Deviation
11.07 9.92 10.28 10.08 12.22 8.39
CROSS et al.’s RISC (Sample 1)
Mean 52.89 55.11
n 111 152
Std Deviation
8.07 10.03 CROSS
et al.’s RISC (Sample 8)
Mean 54.48 57.78
n 111 143
Std Deviation
9.38 9.50
There were marginal differences between the mean scores on the RISC of women in the present study and those in the original validation study (Cross et al., 2000), with the former group scoring higher than both Sample 1 and Sample 2 from the original study. Interestingly, the male sample in this study had higher mean scores than the men in Samples 1 and 2 of the original study. In the current study, women‟s mean scores were consistently higher than those of the men.
The mean scores of the White group on the RISC were higher than the RISC mean scores of the Black group (see Appendix E for table of RISC means by race). Examination of the race by gender sample groups reveals similar findings to the gender analysis for the White but not the Black group. On average, White women scored higher than White men and all other groups on the RISC; however, Black men scored higher than Black women. Interestingly, the mean scores of White men were higher than the scores of both Black women and Black men.
4.2.3 The Moral Orientation Scale
The mean subscale scores of the MOS for men and women are presented in Table 4.4, and the mean scores for Black men, Black women, White men, and White women are presented in Table 4.5. Consistent with expectations, men in this study had higher mean scores than women on the Justice subscale, while women scored higher on average than men on the Care subscale. In both cases, the differences were marginal.
Comparing these subscale scores in the race and the race by gender sample groups, however, the results are somewhat different. The Justice mean scores of the White group were higher than those of the Black group, while the Black group‟s Care mean scores were higher than those of
the White group (see Appendix E for table of MOS means by race). White men had the highest mean scores on Justice, closely followed by White women. Interestingly, Black men scored lower on Justice but higher on Care than all other groups. Black women had the second highest mean scores on Care, followed by White women. Consistent with their highest scores on Justice, White men had the lowest mean scores on Care.
Table 4.4
Means for Moral Orientation Scale Subscales by Gender GENDER
Men Women
JUSTICE Mean 7.02 6.94
n 158 188
Std Deviation 1.85 1.70
CARE Mean 4.98 5.06
n 158 188
Std Deviation 1.82 1.72
YACKER &
WEINBERG’s MOS*
(Sample 1)
Mean 5.62 5.95
n 29 22
Std Deviation 2.4 2.2
YACKER &
WEINBERG’s MOS*
(Sample 2)
Mean 5.90 6.86
n 20 28
Std Deviation 2.8 1.8
* Total MOS score is equal to the number of care responses selected as first choice and may vary from 0, indicating a strong justice orientation, to 12, indicating a strong care orientation.
Table 4.5
Means for Moral Orientation Scale Subscales by Gender and Race GENDER & RACE
Black Men Black Women White Men White Women
JUSTICE Mean 6.62 6.79 7.43 7.09
n 95 100 63 88
Std Deviation
1.84 1.75 1.76 1.64
CARE Mean 5.37 5.2 4.6 4.9
n 95 100 63 88
Std Deviation
1.83 1.80 1.73 1.62
* Total MOS score is equal to the number of care responses selected as first choice and may vary from 0, indicating a strong justice orientation, to 12, indicating a strong care orientation.