PART 11. PART 11
A. Morphology, Development and Life Cycle
l. l'\ S 111 I· Ill I ..., I LI l,l 1,11..,.\1.,
'l'lw ( '.11•111111 " ' r1 ll11fo,t1r i::. a 1ou11tl to 11\ al lil11d1lf•1, 11 hi1·li 111 ,\111111g "Jlt'l'i1111•11-. 111;1,\· ln•q111•11tl, 111• ,plic·ri1al, ln1f i11 old1·1 'p1•1·1.111c•11' ti it1•111•rnll.' lc:" :111 m;sl "" 1·\1·11 «lliplic·:il ,h:q11-. '1'111• 111:"111111111 l'1'1·11rdi>d ,i:w i..; !!II 111111. I.~ 10 111111.
11 1·011._1..,(i< nf' (11) th1• -.11-t'all1•cl lil:1dclc·r·1111r111 1 :qi-..1111•, 01 t·a11clal
"''il'lt'. \fl) tl11• p:1r:1;;ilit- lt1·11cl a11cl 111•1 I,, 111· "'''lt»t. Tl11• ac l11al liladdt'n1111·111 is 1•t1\l'l11p1·d in a 11 liiti,,h-µr:i,\ {t'lllhlHll'l'lil 1111{('1 1•1111111'l'- 1i,.,. 1j;..,11p 1111•111l11·:11w, l1111111•d 11.' tlu• l111"t ti!>.sl11•:- ;i,; a J1t11lt•l'li\1•
1'1·1wln1• :1gui11,.:t lilt' 1'llll'•1t111di111:· r11u-.111lar ti .. ,.,111• ot' Ilic• '1o:<I. 'l'lic•
1·:1uclal \t''lit·l1• 1·11111'isb 111t•n•l1 111 u11 01111•1· 1•t1ti1•ll' 111111 .1 s11lw11lic•1rl:11·
h11l'I'. 'l'ltl' 1·:i11cl11I \P~ir·l1• ·\.., 1·11~ii\ 11•111m"cl 1111111 lh1· v111111l'1°li\'I' Ii~""" c·11ps11l1', n11d j, 11f ch•li1·at1• ~ll'111'1 ltlll, 1·11nlai11i11µ- :i Yul'iahl1•
11111n111il nl ll111tl. Lt i-.. n·r.'· l1:111,-p:11·1·1it, """"i11g- Ilic• i11,·:1g·i11:t1 .. cl
.• ,.,,/,•,r i11-..icl1• t 111• 11l:iclcl1•1-. I )111• p1>1'1 i1111 ol ii,; \\ ull I" 11111Tm1 I,\ l'ulcl1•d
111 1'111111. "l1:cl 11·i1,. 1"011111•1 l\· 1·:1ll1·d, :ind i..; ,fill -.11-1·11ll«d h\ ... 11111t•
"ril1•1,, thc· 111·111/11,.1i/11111 ,;c·11/i1·1·'· 'l'l11• ~1·11/1 r i,.. i11\ng-iuat;•il 111l11 tltl' 11·n 1d111·1il11111, h•ilt" ;ti lat l11•cl 111 lh1• lol1l 111 1111• ,., • ..,i1•l1• lo\ ii, 111'1 k p111li1111. Thi· 11111·11i111!' 7>1'" /11/11~ ", i11111 1d1i1·l1 lhl' ..,.,,,,.,,. i~ i11\'11gi11- ati·d. i .. 1•\t n•111Ph 11111..-n\\ a11cl 1..111·1' ,.j.,jfi]p
'l'li1•
,,,.,,/1.1 und th11·1·1•11/m 11/11111, in· I hc> l':td\ .. t;ig·1·,. 11t'
,f.,, ...
J11p11w11t ;.!1'11\1 in 11111-.1111.I 11t 11fl1•1 ;c lllllt' t 111 <t'•1/1•.1 11\ll!.!'10\\'" it-. f('l'l /lfl/t'll/11111.
:m:-1
Tlw rc:rnllant rP;;t rid ion tu the lougiludiunl growth Llf thP .~col1.1•
causes il to l'on11 ~1 bow ur }1t>nd into l\D :::i-, QI' 0-slwpe, as Yoshino
~ HJ34) <lestri lie~ it. 'l'hii< rnu;;t rid ion cnust>s t lw 1·•1mpar:.1tively long ner·k of the .~val•'·" to 111ake tmf'-nnrl-a-lwlf complete coil:;;, nntl traui<- wrsdy fnlds ii i11 lh1· iurnginatio11 process lo rcsc1uule a 1•lo,;ed -c1J11certin11. 'l'ht! ltPck is t.r:::iusvt'nsch :;t rialc1l ;incl c.:untuins nmlwrnu"
calc:ll't'11U11 1:0111t1seles, \l'bicl1 :.iro> rhar:l<'ter·istif' ol· tapeworm t issnP.
lb11sum suggest;; 1hnt the eul1·~1rt111U1' 1·orpus1·le-. are co111111is~·tl of 1•:ilri11111 alh11111i11alP. \fhP.n lri-••t.,1l '' itl1 :wid, liu\\i-\'Pr, I Lt' 1·nr-
p110.des 1lis>111l\'e. g-iYi11g- ofr gas, a11d tli1•) llW..'', tl11•1·t'fnl'e, pr,1hald,\
lie 1·u11q1os1•1l of l'Ul1·iu111 <«Hhonul1•.
'l'lw sizP ol' th1· liPtHI q1ri1·s with ll11· nrn1uril,\ of tl11• ('11.<t1t'1'r1·11.<.
\rhl'll mut.nn1 it llll'<hllrt'-. frm11 :1buul (I 0 111111. to l111n1. in rliamt•lt•J'.
Thl·
hl';•<l i-.
1-1plll'1·ieal ill ~l1::i1w. 11,.. 1lou11' i,- l"u1·ru1•tl it.\ a pmmine111·p, tht' ro~tr>/111111, a :-.lrnngl.r muacnlar stl'ud11rP, "hi1·li is c•upahle of 1•011lractio11 a11d 1.>X1Ja11.;;iou. '!'It., ro.~tdln111 rneasare:-. ahmtlo·: . rn
m1tLir1 height and cliauieter, a111l
i;:;
:u·111ecl wit11 two 1·ow1-1 1Jf hooks.U\\'iHµ; to its ronl ral'lin• ao1l 1~xpa11:.ive powers th1· rostellu111 may sum cl i 1111'li Ill' 1h•1•ply :rnn k in to I lw wcill nf t hP head. 11ud soruet ime:-:
prntrucled i111o :i rlo111t>-like probo:;ei.... Four 1•rn111im:•u1 sud:Pr:-; are
~it 11otPcl t111li>r<1-lntPr:dl,\·, with 1 lw 111.</1·1/11111 app1·11:..i111:dPly rq11i- 1li ... tu11I lr11111 1•a1·lt. Tlte\ llll'tl"iHl't' fn1111 11·-l 111111. ton.;, 111m. in
dialtl!'ft•I', Ll'lll'lwrt, iu 't1e:w1·ihi11g 1111' 1'~111g·p of 1110\l'llll'lll nr tlw
i;1wl<l't'.s, 1111•111 ions t hn I .. ilw wliolt' 11111 r Jll:t,\' ht:> I'll i..;Pcl up Ii kt• :1 rms, extend 111 rlitrrr1•11t dirr1·litJ111', nu<l !hell n1nfJ;w1. 'l'hii; i-. Y••ry 111:1rb•tl wli.-11 th .. •nu·kt>n .. fet•I alw111 it1 front a:- fli111i,.rl1 t1,,i11g tu fix tl1ern,..E'h-t--; to .-<t11111• olijt•l'I ..,jf 11nlt1cl in l'r-0111 of t lw !wad. .\~ ot'te11 as thi~ 11101i11n 1akc»; 11b1·e llw apex i-; nh'it-nl'd lo ... i11k i11, :i11d lo 1ernain in lhi-.. p11~itinn 11util it ng-ni11 p1·olrnch·,., :111d alln\1,..1111•
h11nk-apparah1l'l 111 uufoltl itsl'lf ".
1r11;t·n~~ l.
r.
1~/l11111.v11 lwud, ~11ull'iug rustelh1111witl1 ltuok;,, 11.nrl nn tlH• ll'tt two ~uc·ke•"'
p1·omit1l'tttly. otlwr two s1wkt'I"' le<, pm·
miueot. This .<e·ok•x c•\·:1ginatNf nrtificialt~
after 28 days rnoli ug.
l'botogrnph b,1 Dirt>ctor r>f Veteriua1•5 Scrl"ice!', Onrt1•rstepnort. '.\lui.;nfn. IOX.
Spc·cinwn, Ulormfom,.in "l1111it'1pal
i\ ha ttoi r.
('n1nplt•ll•l.1 t•Y:ii,;1 UH l\•d "oh·~
of ('yxhr1•11·11.< 111e11fiot1Pd 11ncl1•r
l1'1~u ro I.
i\lag11l11. 7:-0~.
' · I. \'11,.lllL~.
Tiu• cl1111ld1• r'O\\ 111 !took-. i-. :inaug-t•cl i11t11 a 1•in•l1• 1111 tlJt•
r<1~frll1w1. The unlt.>rior l1ol1k:; u.n· ll.tt• lurg't'r, uncl I lit· p11:<t1•r1or,
t)J -.111all1•1· hook~ ah\a~~ 111<li\·11l11all~ rnT\ll',\ th .. '-)':ll'I'' lwlwP1•11 1•:wlt anlPl'IOJ pair· ol !took-<, tlt11" :ilt1•111:11t•I.' tlw11• an• l:irg1• and
srnull ltouk-.. Tlw ,..J1;1pl' nl 1111• li1111k-. i-. 1 l1<11.11•lc•1i ... 1ic .i111I a di-.11111 t
" ha1111l•· ". "g-nanl ·· nnol " hLHl1· ·• 1·:111 111• 11·111}.t'111lf.1·1I. 'f'Ji,. r.mt pr111·1>..,,, • .., :tfl' t hit-k a111I I hi• tip ... 1·111·\ I'll. 'l'lw \tltal 1111mlw1 of li1111k-;
ill r,1/.>lll'l'rl'IH ,,, 1/11/f/llfll' j ... l rn111 ".!'.!Ill::'.!. Yu ... 1ti110 11111111\ tl.1• 1111111lw1 of hook.; 111 Iii" "P''''i1111•1t' "';1111i11f'cl b~ lti111 lo hr·'.!:!, '!I, '!Ci 111 :!8.
'l'lw l.llJ.:'P hook-, m1-:li'l11T·<· lro111 ll·Hi 111n1. to O·JP. 111na. and tlw ... 111nll l11t11b II• I I 111111. lo II 11 111111. l Yoshi1111'-, 1111'a-,1111•1111•11t ... <111' II I:!/'\
111111. 111 t) Hi:! rJ1111 .. 1111tl 0· 1110 111111. to O· t'.!:1 111111., n•,.p1'<'ti\·f'l,\ .1 l 11 cl1• ... 1·1·il1i11~ t ht' d1'Vl'l11p111M1t 11! t h1• l11111k,. fill t hi' rm/1•/111111,
\ oi.hi1111 ... tat1•s that tlw.' 1liff1•1· i11 "!tape• a1T111·d111g- 111 llw cl1•1·1•lop1111•11t of lltl' ('1J.d11•1•r1·11.~ l'!'fl11/o~111: " 'l'lt., i11iti11l li1111f;.., 1111 lli1• 1·11cli111t>1il ul I lt1• 1'11.v/1·//1u11 i11
n. f'l'""'''" 'l/t
ulllllll lfl duy,; old tll't' lik1• lll'l'tllP,;Cll' spi:I.''"• 1111d gT:1d11nll,Y (hi',\ l'\11'\t• 11ttfl1tll'(lS likt• tlH1 h11111~ ol 1•11 I llt1 .
'l'hl' ltis111lug-i1·•d ,11111'1111·r 111 tlll• ,q·o/1.1• of ( !/>l11·1n•1111 1•t·l1·1ilmmc
uho11I -IO ((I[>() dn,\8 old is simila1· 111 Lbat of llu• r11:it11r1• f'J1.~lfr1•rr11x, au1l fup1·1• u1·1• 1·p1·og-ui~ahl1• !1111 pair~ of r-'<'11'1111-,~ 11111al-. 111111 \t•r_y 111:111.\ 1•alt-an•1111~ 1•11q>11s1•lf's i11 lltf' 11111s1·11l:11 ln,\f'I' rlf'\t•lopo•cl lru111 f11,. spi111lll• 1·1·lls i11 tl11• fir~I <'t'll lt1~ t'l"
111 lht' adult 'l'flntin -~oli11111, tl11· l11o;11f h j11i111•cl 111 1lt1• hwl.~ 111'
''"'')I/a
Ii,\ ii 111•1•k, u,,11all,\ l'o111 1i111t•s a ... 11111µ- •l'i n1 .. l11•:1rl il ... 1•lf.Thi• ,f,-11/11/11 j, "''g'1111•11t1·cl, lht• s1·µ-111,.11h lwi11g !'1111 .. d 11r11.r1l111111h~.
1\ hi1·h, 111 dw 1·:1 ... 1• of tlw 111at1111• M·gn11•Hh, an• l1111g1·1· than l1r11a1l.
'l'lw pru11lotti.! • .- aH• l111ru1·d l11·hi11cl 1111• 111· .. k, i11 11 1·1111ti1111111i-. 1 l1:i111.
'l'hP anl1•d111 'l'g'll1t•11t ... 111'1' 1111· .\111111~1 .. ,1. ;111d pu>-li 11li' 11lrl1•1, 111:it11n•
:111t! g-ravi1l f11flff!nll11l1~ fn1lht'1 an1l fo1thf'1 111 tho· J111-.t1>1i111• of tlll' ho:-1·, 11tl1•:-li11t'. 'l'ht· t11tnl l1•11g{h 111 tl1t• ~·11ri11 i .... :di11111 ::0;1 111. :Jud 111 rnrt• c·;"''" up to 8 111.
Thl· .. 1ruc•t11rf' uf 1111• .~tro/11/11 ts ... iwpll'. 1':-\f('IU11ll,\
It
poi<»l'""l':-.:1 1·11ti1·11l11r la,\t'r'. whil'h <·011taiu-< u1111H1l11\h fi111• 111111·~. th11nwl1 '' hil'h thl' 11:11·:.-.. itl' absorli:-1 it,; 111111ri.,l11111•11t I 1111111•.litill'I~ lwl~\\' thl' c 1tli1·I" i~ 1.1 ..-11l1111li1•ular l:i\t'I'. \I itlt 11 l:i\l'I' 111 ,.,.JI-: 1111 it ...
i1111Pr s11rl111'1•. Jkl1111 tlw <·11ti1·]~ nr11 luyPri. or' d1•li1·:1lt• t1·HW\\1•1·~1·
:111tl l1111g·if 11di1111l n111sc·l1•.... Tlw init'l·il'lr of th1· l1111h rn11-.i,_1 .. 111 t 111·
p;11·t·111·h~ma, whkl1 i:-; <lhid1•d b,\ :1 :-.trn11g- l:1,\1•r of ti"u""""'"·W 11111iol1·l1•i>
illf11 1·n1111':il :in.! 1111•d11llar,\ p111'1i1111x. 'l'lw .-.11·fi1-.il p11rt10n of th1·
p:11·1·11c•li.\·r11?1 1·1111fni11,., 111111wro11s uvnl o·:dl'lll"l'olh 1·111 p11"·l1•s .... 1111ila1·
lo lho·w 1111·11li111wll i11 fht> <IP~1-ripfirlll nt tht• "ni/11-, ;111tl :1n• 1li:-tl'il1.
ntt>d th1·011i.dwul tlrn l1•111..:·tl1 t•I' thf' '/'111·11111. Tlt1'.\ 111a.' 111l'as111· .. up to 0 Ol!l 1111!1. 111 !ht• 1111•tl11llar,\' porti1111 :11·,. -;ilo11if'd tl11• 1'\1•1'"'"'"'·
111•no11.; 1111tl n•p1·111lt11•fi1I' ,;y:;tp111$, .\II t,cpp\1111·111 ... 1111• tlo•\ottl 111 an
11li111f'11l:1r,\ 1•n11:1I. :1h;-;t1rptio11 111' 1wu1 i-.h1111111t lakin!.( pla1·1· tltrouµ-h
lh,. I"''"'
i11 tlw 1·nti"111, anil '"'-''1t•li1111 tl11·11u!,!'11 .. lla11w-1·1·ll~" a11d a pai1· 111 dm· ... :d :111cl n111trnl lot1µ-itntli11al 1·a11:d ... 1111 1·illtPr -;irlP of tlw•fr1J/Ji!t1. :\t lhl' posl1•rior p:1rl ol '"11·11 11r11.r1l1111i.,, 1•ar-h 11:1i1 of 1·1111111,, i., ini111·ol
11\
:i lr:ill..,\('h" c·1111.1l. 1u11l iuth .. ...
11/r.r il"t•llah
l':lr1;1 I ... a1•1• .iu1111•11 t..\' na1i-.H•t '-t' loop ....
~97
Th .. lll'l\Olh i;_v:-ti>111 f'Oll-<i.,t ... ol l\\o larg"I' lo11g-it11d111;d a11tl i-111allt·1· nene 1 rnuk:>, "bit·h ruu t hr1111gh11ut I ht> ·'' mliilu.
an• joi1H·d h, :,l'\Pr:d µ-ungli:i and l1a11-..\1•1-.p 1·11111111i..;-.11n•, ,w11/ 1'.t.
..,,., 1·tal The,.1·
nl t hr·
'L'ht> '1111 11i11 "oli11111 1111.I all lfl1'111n1 an· llt'1'11111plirmlitt> parnsites.
'1 lw u1ale· ll0pn11l11din.> wg-:w:- an· rlw lihl to up)l\'<11 in ~onug 1•rr1,11l11tt11l1•, Thl'.' 1·u11.,.i:>t 111: \ 1 I 'i11111l'lt11b 11 <11°.¥, \I hi1·l1 s1•1·n•tl' ndo (iiJ m.w 1·J.T1·11•11/i11 1111iti11!! to 1111111 a (iii) m.< 1h'fl'ruH, "hi1•h f11r1th a (i,J ·""""',/ n.<11/1. ;111,J t'llll-. in\\) 11 111111.<-111111rh, 11111- l:1i11iug- n 1·11111.•, u1wui11g- at 1 he g1•1Htal f101·e, \\
1111·!1
ht:l> iu a e.11111-.011 tlw lah•ral uiargoiu 111' I hP 11111!Jloll1-. 1•(11 ... 1· 1<1 I lw g1·11it11l pun· 111 lh1• l't>111nl1· 111"g-:1Jh. 'l'h" g"t'uital \11•1\'" .111· -.itualf•d oh il'l1•g11l11rl.\
11 it l'J 11:1 ft: lll<tl'~j JI::, j ll S1ll'l'l"'"j \ t' /Jl"'Jfjfol/ 11/1•.•.
'1'111• l't•11i:ilP g·u11t>ndi'" 111)(:111-. 1·1111 ... i-.1 of: (ii A 111r;11111, 11pP11111g- 11t t 111' gl'11itul pon•. It i:> a 11:11·1·1111 t ulH', lw:1r111g (ii) :1 ~t 11111wl
·1•1·.~1,.fr. nut! cuds i11 the (iii) 110/11111·, ~11rr1rn111lf'tl h) :\lt•lili,; gland,
11hi>t't' iii:; joi111·1l hy lh1• "'idnl'l uud tit ... vitPllitll' tl11..t. (i\) Thi•
111·111 //, 11·LicL j,:i "iugl .. ;ni1l lolJe1l, 1::. -.it 11al1•tl at lht• pni-.1!·1·i01 pat l nl fL1· 1111.1ulo1tr.,. (Y) Tltt• 1111t.111w it-o ;rl ... 11 i11 n111t:wl 11 itlr the rrtt'lli111·
11la11il. (d) 'J'l.Jp 11lu·11s is rh:irnc lpri.;tic·, :rntl 0111' of th1· urni11 tlifll'11'11linl 1li11g-1111:,ti1· fraltue:; of tlw ... pvcit..'i-. ft !111-.. a 1Jtt'tli1111
lo11g-ilncli11al :-.ll•tu with i lo l'.! lat1•rnl l11·a11dw".
l"rlt-it•rtilixati1111 11111.\ t11k1· plu1·1· i11 1•111·h i11tli, id1111l 1111111111' 111·r1!flrd11~. Tap1·w11111r-- lllH\ al ... o 111•1111 il1111hl1· .111.I
i11rnl11rh i].,,·1·lo111•cl <':u lie1· i11 \ u1111g1·1 11rn.t;l111111f1•., lll:t_\
t Le
I !!IllaIt•
1111111 u«I,. tl1•n•l 11p1·il lat er 111 olil 1•1 1111111f•1tl ii/1·~.""xnall \'
1 It,. ma l°i•
li•rt1hiW
'fhe emln~o11i1· t!~g--,,h1·1l it- th1l·I, ,11111 rndiall~· i-lnalt>tl, -.plt1•1in11.
J:th•ly ovniJ ill :-hap••, a111l l11••:t.,1U1•.., 11·11·1'..! ll\111. 111 d1:11111•t .. 1.
L1•1wk:11·1·.., 11wa ... 11remeut ... \\t·lf' ti (lfi 111111. :11111 th11"t' ol Yu.,hiuo ti t!.J::
lo ti ()tjl'{ 111111. Till' 1·111l11.\1111i1 ol1·\i•lnp1111•11t I.ti,,•, pL11•t• i11 tl11•
lll<'llh, atlfl fht' <';..!g'" t'ttllt:titt ~I -.plt1·ti1 ,iJ 1'111111,\111 II ith thH•t• p.til.., ol l1m1k,, thP l11'.n1,·1111/lt c111l11,1111 Thi· 1•111111,\11 "1th 11,. c111l11.\11111<·
1·~g shell j.., k110\\11 a" tlw 11111·11.•;il11·11. Ym.l1i1111 (l!J!I~) l111111d that
11n1lc1 ah1111r111.il 1·i1.,·11111:.lu111·1·" lhl· "11tl11\11 11111.' lt:l\1· K ltJ, I'..!, 11, Hi or lK hnok..., i 11,.[,.;11] ol Ii. .
(h;l\id pmg-l11ttid1•" 1111•a-.1111• Ill l•> I:! 111t11. 11111!4 lt,v :'1 111 Ii 1111u. hrnarl. '1'111' g-r:i,·id s1•,!.!'J111•11t:-. :in· pa,.;,..pd lo tllt' t>:1.lt·ri111· 11,\ th1•
huma11 host. ill hi>l Px1·ri>ltt111, ~111tl :1n· ln•1111 .. 1rtl,v cl1•l:wht'1l in sL11rt
1'1111i1111. 'l'h1• 11111111 111:1\ lh t• in 111:111 1111 \ 1•;11':-.. :111.t .;0111,.1 i1111·i- 11111r"
lha11 11111• i11di' idn:.l 11;a,\ 111• pr.-'<1•111 i11 °11111• li11 ... (. Yn-.lii1111 I l!l':~, iulP1llio111tlh i11t1>l°lP'1 hi111-;1·ll \\ith '/111·11111 .~,,fi11111 and st111li1•d 111:111\
grad1l 11n1yfrilli1/1 .•. lit> tn1111d t hut tlw .:.t• :1\ id prn~lnll i1lt'-.. ju~t cli.,l'liar:,rt•tf nto\p ahnnt. altl'1"11:tl1•I.' 1•\h•11di11;.: 1l1t'i1 :111t1•1 l11r 1•11d-.
fhl'll l'lllltl'lll'liug- tl11•111-.;1•l\f•.;. '' 1)11ri11g- 1111• l'\lt•ll,11111,.; lhP ('$!g'"
arr p11-,h1·1l 11111 from lh1· 11tPl'lb tl111111i!!h tit .. :111l1·1i111 <'1til 111 llw 11m11fr1lli., "\Yith tlw 1•\.IP11-.i1111-. and 1· .. 111nll't1111h 1111111 !H,lllllJ t11
:-,:;,;ion
"~fI" :rn• r' a«n:rlt>1l a nil only -IXO to 1,:,00 1·g~" rf'11i;1111 iu tlw t>r<>!lffl/li.<." he "rnle. LP111 kart 11111111! that lhP 1·111111·111.;; of tl11•11l1•1u-. nf 1•1u·h 'l'g'U\ellt ""'" Ii r11l1i1 111111 • :rn.J it hPlrl -.n1111• :1:1,0110
' · ''· '11.1111 .. :-..
I >1• rel1J/Jlllt'11 / 11/ ( ',11sl i1·1•r1·11., 1•1•/ I 11fo.w1·.
Tiu• o·g~ ltttlc·lll's allc•r it lta-. IJo'Pll ""all1111·1•cl lo,\ tlw pi).!' (:tl:<o l1y 111an, tht> dog-, rn· 1n :-tt ll•ain nne 1n:o;lu111·<· th~ 1110111\1'', a" ":h J'<'porl1•cl li.1 \\':dkrr), a111l t lw /11· r111•1111th 1 111111·.1111 pt>rtl'l ;.:dt'~ into tl11• i11tt'sli11nl 11nll. Tlw 111ig-r:dol',\ rolll'M" 11f 1ht' t>1111t1.\11 i11 1111•
lwdy qf it,.. i11t1·111w1li11ti> h11 ... I, ll11· pig-, was 1·tHPliill.1 -<t 1ulie1l. h.' Y11 .. Jti1111 ill l!)!'l>l. 'l'l1is 1nit1•1· t•:\p .. 1·i111t•t11Ptl 11pu11 n 1111111IH'r of ptgR,
"·hil'IL hr fed 11-i1h laq:rt:' u11l1lhl•1s 11! l'~q.,:s nf 'lot 11it1 .~oli11111. Lii' ol11:1i11Pcl fltP f'11ll1111i11g n• ... 11li'i:-
( I) Tht• 1•g'g1' ut '1'11r11111 ·"1li11111 h11f1·h i11 tl11• 11ppl'I' part of' th•' -.111:oll i11t1•sliue 111 Ott< piµ- :111d !lit• g·t·t·ntt'l' 111111il1r1 of fn•pd e111l11-.v11!- 1>11lc•rs tlw 111111•1111,; 1111•11tl11·u111' ol llraf p•wti1111, 11·htlt- :1 1<t1111llP1' 111111tl11•1 jll'llt'f rall'' i11fo th1· 111idcllt• 011 ln111·r pal'I,; 11f 1 lrt• i11ll'sli111•s.
t:!) 'l'h1• Jl1llt1'1t'I 111 lt111lh ll'ljllllt'il lo!' l~P ftt1l!·l1i1t).!' l>f llll' t'µ'j.!'<
,·,11 i~ .... :111.J Yu,lti1111 s:r11 l'l'<'t•d 1•111l1n11s 111 tl11• 111,to·on,.. 111e11il11·:tnP . .- 11I thf' i1ttl•sli111•s 1:1 '''-IX hnurs :tltn. llw exp1•rt1111•1d:d ft'l'lliui,r, and
tlll'Y \\'l>l'P al,;11 fo11111l i11 lltt> i1d1·rrllll org-u11,; uud 11t11,1•li-s withiu :!I 111 i:! hr1111·,, af'f1•I' f1•1•di11~.
(:{) Ernli1Yo.~ f111111d i11 llt1• i11tPsli1111l 11'1111 ""11lllh had uo l1011k·
IPI~. h:i,·i11g- 1;,..,1 flt.,111 I,~· llt'UPf1,din.~ fl1r1111i.d1 tlw tlss11Ps. Duriug- tl1<.> "'11ly sta,:1•-., t.) lo -IK hullr' a ft1>1· l1•t>1liH>-t, 1-pP1·i1111>11>1 witl1 C•lll:'
n1• l1Y11 huoklet..; l'IHtld hP ,;1•(.>11.
(-1) Thr- yo1111g-p,;f C11st11·1-1•1·11s 1 r/111/11.\f/1' or l1-n11,iti111111I l'on11s t'n11111l i11 thP ink-;tinal wull were spberi1·:d 01· oYnicl:d in slwp•"
'l'l1t\\ 1·1111sist 111' r11n11tl n•lli-. a111l Hnd"r ll11• 111i1·1·11-.t·11pl' appP;t11'1l
:,:-l't1~ isl1-\\ hite i11 1•11lour, :111d 1111•:1"111"•11 fl· 11'.!4 111111. 111 11·(1;1 1111n. i11 l1•rtglh nud 0·11'.!I 111111. to (J·fl'.?(i 111111 11 idP. 'flip trn11siti11ual form~
\1·1•n• mo,;ll,\ t'n11n.J i11
111"
lu11io·:1 pr11p1i11 <11111 1ur1·l,\ i11 tht> l1•l11 ... 11li1111t1'1lf':t and ll11• ll111-.1·11l;11 la\t>l-l. 111 th11,,l'<'H,t:':-O tltf' hl11111l H'"S"'' i11 lilt' l1n1i1·:1 pn1pria, i11l11 11 ltiC'b th ... trnn:<i1imwl l'n1111:- \\Vl't> :1Lo11tJo JIPllPtrnt1•, or l111d pr11Ptn1t.•1l. 11'1-'l'P 1·011g.•slPd 1111rl P1tl:1rg'e1l. '1'!11·
.1·01111: .
.tt'"''
(,'!l·~f11·1•r1·1 1•rll11!11w11 11e1e ntrl!l,\· t'o1m<I i11 tli1· :dufo111i11:il 1·:1Yil,\ of a pig lwt111•L•t1 :!·I 11u1l i:? 1111\lr:- allt'I' th .. l''-Pl'tll1IP11l:d t'L•t•tl- tlll('. Tho.,e G1111li1·1·r1·i 1·1·f111/11.w1· 1'111111d i11 1111· i11l1•1·11al org:111s 111·11111'.!'l!'s nf a Jtig hehn•en ~-I hv111·-. 1111d 7'2 1111111'1'> nfltr 1•i..p!·ri111t-11iul
t1•1·dit1g \\Pl'" lig-)1l J.('l't>c>lli:<h in n•l11111· :u11l :-11ht•J j,.,,J 111· 11\oid:il 111 :-h•']H'. Tiu•.\ 1·11u'il'<lt•d of ro1111d n•ll.... B!'f\H•P11 '2-1 :i111l I~ lt11111·:- a lll•t· t•xprri11w11tal f1•o>dinµ:, 1111· si~P 11{ ilt1· ('y.<li1·1.,.1·11.< 11as IJ·O:..'-l
lo 0·0.-1.:.! 111111. in lt•ngllt 111od IHl:!l lo• l)·l):~(j 111111. ll'id,., B1•h11-•l't1 -1~
:i11d 7'..! h1111rs iiflp!' ff't'lling tlw ilillll'll~i1111 .. \\l'lt• 11·n:1 111111. 111 () o;,I'{
111111. lnug ;111d ti 0:27 m111. i11 (1·0..1..( 1111ll. 11 iclt•.
(·l) Ho·twl'f'U fi days :1ud Fi 1111111.; :ind U dn,·s :111d l:"1 h11111•, Hf'11'1' l'XfWl0itllf'l11:ol fpe~lillg', f)tp ,\11ltllg f'J/"fil'Cl't'I 1·1•if11l11.~/I( appenrf'd
11l<ll'l'll"1'H{'i1·ally a:< :1lmo"t 11·:1 u:<p:l l'l'll t :111 ti o·oluu rl1·~i; spnt!':. :\1111 11 Pl't• 1liflieult lo find \l'i1 hin tlw nrn,;;..11•;., :111d lll'g":l11,;, 1111]i>s" I ht>,\' Wt'l'I' 1lc•t:wbecl frnlll thl'lll. Un,Jp1· lhe 111i1·ms1·n1H' thP~' \\Pll' liµ-ht ).(l'Pt•11islt ill l'IJ)OUI', <Ill() -iJ1l1Pl'il't11. ll\Oioh\) 111' O'\ lin.!ril';ll in 'hap1•. ,\j (; tla;v-;
u111I t.i hn111·,. aflo>r c-x1wri1111•nlal frl·ding- thl'~- 1n•r1• µ'1'111-'1':111,\· i<olicl, l.ut 1:11·gf'r s111'1·i1111'11:< Wl'J'e i;o111t>what 1•,\'sli1-. Tl111~P PX•ttniHPil J·!
days nuil 1.·, lr1111r,.. after expc>ri111e11tul f1•1>di11~ 'lf'l't> 1·y ... ti1·. r·outui1w1l :J!'.}9
u sti1·1-~ flui1l, "ancl lliro11g·h !ht' r·~..,t \qdl 11 .;put l'll1tld ht• seen, whi1·h 111iµ-ht h:n·t- ht't-11 tht' r11dimt·11t nl lht• ht-ail ;t111l ih rn."1 lf11rn " .
(I I i.; PXI rt>1111.J.y 11ulik1·ly t Ital I ht• la ... t -.111·111i ... :il ol' Yo:-.hino j,.. l'Ol'l'et·l.
111 ,,11r·li ~ 111111g stnJ!t>" t lwn· "ou lcl Ill' 11111 It i ng- 111111·t• I h:111 11 slighl thi1·k1•11ing- of the "all \\lw1·1• lht> invag-i11nli1111 ,,jll h1tl'1 1w1·11r. Tlw sculcx. is forllled u111d1 late1· al I hr hutto111 uf I ht• in' ag·inatiou or
l'l'l'l'jlf :IC'ttl 11111 ).
((:) . .At 1:! 1h1,\ ... and 1:-1 ho111 ... uftl'r t•.xp1•ri11w11t,il l1•1·drnr: 1ln•
~ 01111g ('!1·•f11•1·r1·1 ,., llul11.,111· '' l!l'P quit" h11~1· ancl 1·y ... t1r, anrl i:on-
tai11Ptl f111itl. Tilt' 1·.1·st wall lit'1·:1111t' llii11ut'r tl1:1u Ill ,\111111g.e1 "lH'l'l-
1111•11:1 :111cl 1•011 ... i,:;il'tl <•I' n 1•1d i111l11r 1111•111brn11P ;11111 " ... 11111 ut i1·11lar h•.H'l'. .\t :i pl)illl tl1•-.ti11NI in 11('(0011\(' llw 111<'1'p1u1·1tl11111, .I g'r<'l\I uurnlw1 111 ovoidal 1·1'11~ IH')!:t11 111 a1·c·11111ulal<•. :inti tlw 1·uti<-1ilar l:1.1·l't' of tli:it poriinn hP1·11111!' thir·kPr 1111d 1•11nPcl i11to !hi' n1°<•11111- uluted 1·1111-1<1,\ <'r.~.
At I'.! clu,\s :1n<I 1;1 ho111s aflp1· 1'XJll'l'i111t•ul:d IN11liug th11 young
C:y.~111·c•1Ti \\l'l'I' luu11d i11 tlw li\1°1'1 CRJH'l'i:tlls i11 hl1·1·di11g· ur1•:1s i11 I ht> pn1·1•n1•h.vnui. Th!1,\ \\'l'l'P tt lso f01111d i11 I It" hrni11, P:>Jwe]ally ill !hf' 1·111·li1·ul s11hston•·<· 01· tlw 1·.-r1ol11·11111. \\'ilhi11 l:t 1l:1ys nutl l!) hot111' 11l't1•1• l'XpPl'llll('lltal foedi111! llH' ·' 01111µ: ( 1!/·''"'1'11'/ l'l'll1tl11.~(/('
WN'l' found in hod~-mu:-de" :11111 l11•al'i l11ti-.r·l1•1-o a11d "c'l't' :11·1·11mp:rniMl lt.v l'1>:111d c·1•ll infill ratious.
Fr11111 1111• al11ffr l'Pirnlh Yo . ..;l1i110 t'tt11t'l11cl<'' lh:tl the• 1·nt111yos hnl<·h in lht• lilllUll iufp.;(inc ol tlH• pig, i11•111•l111(1• 111111 till' int1•sti;1al w:d I, 1111cl I ht- 111aj11ri t y t>nle1· t Ill' hluocl :-l r1•a111 h,\ l h1' 1·a pillat·ies iu that rt•gion. They nre tlw11 c•a11i1•cl lo 1111• i11tP1°1ial org-a11'i anti 11111.;c·h•«. wh1•rr they tl1•\"Plop i11t11 ('!J•lir1·r1·1 ,.d/11/o.<111. Cltlwr-. 1wne- ti·at<> tlirnu:.rh the intestinal \\nil i11to tlt1• al11lo111i11:tl c·:l\ it\ (\11rl
1fit> t hPJ't•. •
Cln 1111' Ju tN· ..;foge,., of 1l1•\ t-loJHlll'llt iii tilt' ('.'/'I HT rt' II' n·fl 1tlo.•<11' ,·nno11" 11h"l'l\'t•1·.., h:i\ t• 1·1·1·ord1•cl a;; lolluws:
II
11 t J11·11 ,, 11 tl . II 11 rrl.·.,\( :!II tl:t,h ('y.<fH't'll'''·' n/111/11"''' i-. alu111t tlw ..,17.1' 111 n pin lw:1d, and the 111•,1.t i,; \'isil1l1• lh n illllall 11 hill• JH•tlll.
At IO cln~·., it <1pp1•ins a" l1ig ;1~ a u111-;t:ml ,,1•1•cl. :inti llit' ltP:id urn,\ 1•1• pl:1i11l,\ ii1•1•n, liut it 11:1..; 11l'il hPr s11l'kl'r.; 1111r ltor•k·«
A I (i(J c1~.1·s I lie ''.''st is :i-; hi go o . .; 11 1w:1. ll'it h hl':1d "ith '>Uc·kers 1111<1 hrn,I;..;, bu I 110 11N·Jc
.\ffl'l' :$ 1111111Lh:i' lhC' ·' hladtl<'l'll'Ol'lll " i~ f1tll.~ 1h•u•ln1w1l n11tl h1·hi11d th1• lwad 1111' t1•aJ1~\1•1·,..1·I.'· 1'lripNl 111·Pk w:i,\ lw t-l'l'l1.
/J ru 1111-Sri/c• rt..
'L'lw 1·0111plrlf• tlen•lopnwnl of th1• C11xtir1·1'1'11.( r·1·//11l11wr fakes
fro111 ~~ (11 -! mu11tho;.
lf ii11 II if/.
'l'hP f'y.~fH'f'I'·""" 1eq11irp.; :1bnul It'll """b lur ii.; n1111plPtl' cl1•\1•lnp11wnl i11 the pig" After ah1111t l\\o 11101111i, 1111• hl;11lcl1·1·11011l1 is .tl1t>:1<lr infef'l11t> ns th<> ~twkt•rs a111l l111ok~ :11·1• -.ullfrit•nth well 1\e,elopetl to all<rn tlw iwolPx lo ntta1·h it:-.Plf. ·
~. t'. \' ll.JOJ:::\.
Y11sli i110 •
. \l :!II to
:Jo
da,\·,, tlic Cusli1·1•ri-11., 1·1·/111lo.wr 111e11Ru1·f\ll l·l mll.l.to -1-·l mrn. h,v O·H J11111. t1J :)-:?mm.
At ·!O lu
.-,o
d.iys tli111eusiu11s WN'r :~·-! muJ. lu S·:! 111111. II,\' :!·!J 111111. 111 G·O mlll . .A I (i(I lo 10 dtt,n; tlirnPn::.iun:; W1•re fr
n
111111. tu 8·0 111111. "·"=l· l 111111. to Ii :-, rn111. ,\t lht> (;,..,, 11n1n1nl stuge ii might lH• foll~·
clen'loprd 1111cl i11ft>l'iin., but u1:1,\ -<till i111·1•t•r1.-1c i11 "izc !HHl measul'e 8·0 m111. In
t+ ·.'1
111111. in lrngfb. h,,. {·;1 111111. to 8·0 111u\. in witllh l1ehn·e11 :!.-,.~ u111l :1:!:1 1la.rs ;tll\•1· 1,. .. ,]i11g.'1\n•ul~ da.'·" artt'r t'.:qwri111P1d;il fPt'1li11g- tlw 1111li111t·11t ot th1·
seoli>x ma,\' lw1·onw µ-r:ulnnlly 1li,;l iu: . .u1ishulilP.
Fort~· '" ri rt,\· 1h1ys a lier lt•t>1liug t lt1• :<C'OIPX ha:-. de\·elo)'etl Jull.v
\\Hit
foul' .;11ck1·r.; ariflillg' Jrum its lt1\':1gi11ated :surf:i•·•'. a111l i11 ihLli111l i>ucl llie rn;;i1•llum }JrOYj•lPcl with !woks j.., foi·wt>il. It lllt>:t:'l\ll't'~
irnm 0·$1 mm. tu 1 ·!-Ii 1u111. ill )p1q.rth.
Ju <'.1J1i/i1·1 r11,< t'l•ll1d1JM1e liO lo Ill tlay:. 11ld, tlir :.n1IP:-. j.., l'ully dewlopPcl nncl jb dongatecl neck is bent within its n•c-epf1w1ilurn, :-.lwwiug.· on i1 .... iu\"ng-innlc,>1l ::iul'f;w1• tlJnny l'nl11like ,..epta. 11eeausr i ht> •wolt•x ~nm·~ 11111"11 llHJl't' rnpi1ll.\ than i ltP n.•('l'!Ha1·11lu111. ~\l·r11rrl
i ug- t 11 t hP 1len•lupn11•11 l of t be 1Jlaclclt>r t liP 111·1·k of I he Sl'l1lc·x t•lu11gaH·-.
rnpidly. nod ou its iurngi11uti>cl <.ul'fnl'e Jlllllll'l'Ulls fuhl-likP "epla nppt>at'. flutg·1·1rn ing tlw l't'<'CJll:11·ul11m, it hf'ncls as a wl10h• iuto 1111 !"-, or li-likt> -.lwpp nnd tlw l't'<·Pphwulum hceouw-. :1 1hiu
llW!ltlH'<lllt'.
'J'lw hi,.;tnlnµ-ie11l t!PYelopment 11£ 1lw hearl. ac-c·111 .. li11g lo 10:-lnno.
1..i :1s follo\\'s : -
,\ t :.'O cln\:... the rndim1•11tu1•\· s1·0IPX is 11 .,,im11lr t11lw. 1·mHi'iti11g pf 1·uti1·l .. 11111!' ,..ulw11ti1·ulnl' layP;. Tl11• s11lw11tir11lar 1:1,,er may aguiu lie tli,·i.lecl iufo au outer tfir~t 1·Pll) ln.\'l'l, whirh dirt-l'll,\' joins lhl·
C'\ltidt>, nm! r·11111'i,..f-; 11f -.piudle ,.,.11,., :11111 :tll i1111pr lny1·r \,;1•1•111Hl
~·t>ll layP1') ol iiuly111ul'phir tdk At -HI 10 00 1ltt,\.; 1 ht' -.1·ul1•-x
i-.
al1n11 ... 1 hilly tll•velopt'tl nud is 11nl\"i1l1•d wilb lour >.11Pke1·-. :111cl the rn.;f,.J1mu. lll 1lli;; -;Jag-P the »t1l'kf'n: , .... ht>misphPri1·nl allfl 111N1-<11n•
!I·'.!'.?.-, 111111. to
o·:n:!
w111. in cli11111l'lf't. Still l:ilt•r, at tifl to iO .Ja,\·-;.flit' "11rk1,r-; 111eas111•p o.;3:z.-, 111111. to O·:l~4 111111. i11 1li:11111•tP1.
IL ('ys11cEn1·1 i.; Hm 1~.
'L'hP A'l:'ll .. t:ll -.frlldlll't' of l'lw ('!f.~l1cf n·1u lm1•is a11cl II::. 1·e..,1tltat1t
arl nit
T11n1 in .my i1111ta 1·e,,f•1u ]J)P., tlw r.11-~t ice rcu s crll 111 osuc-To1•n io ,.,,fi'11111 c•l1J:-1l'l,\·, with lhl' follnwiug· i>n111111->ra1erl pni11I., 11f difl'Pl'Pnc·p : - (//) fuf1•1·111etlit1ll' host, the o.x: wn 1·arrh- 111<11t. ,\chill ho~t.mu o only. ' •
i/11 'l'br oull'J' c·1101H'di\'t• tis.-m~ DJP111hnuw i,; 11•n· 111ueh thicker thnn that of C11.~tir1•rr11s ccllulris<u·, 111;11 1111u·h
111ore lir111ly attncht'tl tu the eauclul ,·e.side.
'101
11 1 Thi· l1l.11ldt>r it-...-11 , ... 111tL1•h 1 ... ,.. l1:111,pa11•11I, anti p11Utai111>
ln·q11 .. 111ly 1111111· t11d11d tha1l Tl11· ,, . .,,,., i-.. I h1·11'lllll', 1 ...
( ,/)
(/)
(!I)
( i)
:\ t liiekc·r lluitl, \\ ui1 h j,..
111 f'.11.,f11·rr1 " ' u 1111/11 ·.111.
\ i:-il1l1'.
'1'111• hl.1dclt>1 1- rl1•1•itl1•tll.' lltoll' !!II'.\ t•h 111 10!11111, :1111! \'t'I,\' IH•«Jllt!lltl~ flll' llui1l 1·n11l1•11h gl\1' lh1· hl.1d.cl1:1' :1 n•dcli,..h- h111\\ 11 linL 1'1t•lt1«• {l!l'..!'.!I gl\I'' th1 op11111111 th;lf 1111•
n•il e'C1l11111.ll iun 11141> h1· :1-1·1 il.e•d to t 111• ;il1 ... 111pl11111 of l1:11•111ogl11l1i11 lr11111 f h1· -11111H111d111g- 1111hc·l1•s. \ alacl1•
( l!l:!il ,,11g:,.:1•-..t ... d1:1t 1111' ""l1li-.h 11111 .ipp;111·11tl.' n• ... 1dt«
I
rn111 h1;;t11h.,j.,
ot 111t1l't•l1· fih11•-. :i-. 1 h1• n• ...1111
111 thl' 1•\1·n·- t io11 nl 111\j;. 111:d1·ri:1 l-. It~· t h1• .,, ... 1"''l'h1• ('.1r,f1e·11·1·11.< 11111'1.< llxttall.' IJ11•w•lll1• ... -; .. , 111111 111 !) 111111, h,\ .-, . .-, 111111, ll'ht'11 lull,\ c1,.,.,.l11pl'd.
Thi• ..,,·oll'x.
('-;p1•e·iall,\ i11 tht• :1cl11lt .. t:tg'I' is \C'I',\ 111111•h brgt'I' tlta11 tlwt 111 ('.11«f11•1·rr·11., 1·1l/11lr1s111·-/'11111111 ,,o/i11111.It i,; 1
·:1
111111. 111 :! 111111. i11 di11111t'lt'1'.'J'l.1• e•111h1yo i ... H l1Px111·u11tlt hi' l1rn.l.i•d1 l11n11, hut lll:'itht-1· ill th!:' <'11~1ie·1·r1·11s 11111· in th1• 11'11111 ~f.1g1• hns tl11•
,;1·11le'.\ :t 111:<l1•lil1111 a11cl li1111k;..
The• l1111r s111•l\C•r,- an• 1'\l'll 111on· 11111s<·11l:1r tlia11 lho-;r ol ('11."i11 u·11.~ 1•1•/f11/n.<t11•-'!'11111i11 .>11/111111. :in· l:irgel'. "-ifl1 lllllhll:dl\ thi1·k \\ulls . • \-. 1·<1111111•11.,11111111 101 thl' :dh1•11e•1•
11! h1111k~. 1 h1• -.;1wk1•1., al 1• e·a palil1• 111 g 1 t':tlPl -.111'11!1 in I
attue !11111•111.
1'ig'1t1P11lnli11u ar1111111l th1• ... 1wk1•1-. i-. \1•n w1•ll-111:11kc•il iu tht' adult I 11c11111 Mlf/11111(11, aud 1-{l\t':- lht \\111111 1l11• :t)'pl'al- aue t• 111 p•>::--c·~.,111g a ht!( IJl:11 k llt'ad. l1i:,!1111•11lali1111 uc1·111::- l11 .1 111111 h 1, • .,,; t''\11'111 in l 11111111 ,,,/111111
ti) Tl11• acl11ll t,qwwn1111 j.., 111111 Ii )011).!l'l tl11111 / 11111i11 ,,,/111111, :u1rl Jtl:I.\ J111•:i..1111• lru111 I 111 Ill 111. i11 11•11µ:1!1.
(k) (fi-a,·i1l prnd111tid1•-. an• !111111 Iii lo !fl 111111. 111 l1•11g-1h aud l ro111 4 In i 111111. '' id1•
(I) (:I :l\'Hl .;~g 1111·1tl .. ll tt• g I• Ill' HI 11 ~ \11iil1 ti .._j I 1g 1,\ J \'('1 ~ 1:\11• I y in c-l1ait1"1, aucl 111a.' "llll1t'lll11t•::- 111• lil11•1·:ih•d ... po11ta111•1111:-.I~
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