Appendix 4.1: The questionnaire that was used for collecting the necessary information for the study the study
C. Moths (Harney, 1993; Hall, 1970)
(i) Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (ii) Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)
143
(iii) Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), D. Grain mites (Degesch America, as cited by Mason, 2008).
5. What methods do you use to control insects that infest your stored maize? --- --- --- ---
6. In your household, whose responsibility is it to control insects that infest stored maize?
Person responsible for controlling insects Why is it that particular person’s responsibility?
Female household head Male household head Both parents
Female parent (Male headed household) Other (specify)
---
7. Which type of rats attack your stored maize? (Please put a tick on the answer corresponding to the relevant type of rat shown in the pictures. You may put a tick on more than one type of rat if necessary).
Type of rat Attacks
most
Attacks sometimes
Attackes least (i). Brown rats (Rattusnarvegicus)
(ii). Black rats (Rattus rattus) (iii). House mice (mus musculus)
(i). Brown rats (Rattus narvegicus)
144
Long tail
Brown in colour (Kgware et al., 2008; Hall 1970)
(ii) Black rats (Rattus rattus) Similar to black rats but a bit slender
Tail longer than brown rat’s tail Ears bigger than brown rat’s Black/gray in colour
(Hall 1970; Bennett, 2008)
(iii). House mice (mus musculus)
Smaller than the other types of rats. Small, black protruding eyes. Large, lightly haired ears. Almost hairless tail with scale rings. Slightly pointed nose (University of Michigan, 2008).
8. How do you deal with the problem of rats? --- ---
9. In your household who is responsible for controlling rats that infest stored maize?
Person responsible for controlling rats Why is it that particular person’s responsibility?
Female household head Male household head Both parents
Female parent (Male headed household) Other (specify)
---
145
10. Which type of moulds do you see in your stored maize? (Please put a tick on the numeral corresponding to the picture the relevant type representing the type of rot).
Mould Seen most Seen sometimes Seen least
(i) Fusarium ear rot (ii) Gibberella ear rot (iii) Aspergillus ear rot (iv) Penicillium ear rot (v) Diplodia ear rot
(i) Fusarium ear rot caused by Fusarium moniliforme
Scattered infection. White to pink or salmon colored mould. Kernels turn brown, and they may have white streaks (Tenuta 2006; Wyffels technical bulletin 2006)
(ii) Gibberella ear rot
Red or dark pink mould. Usually it starts at ear tips (University of Delaware Kent County Agricultural extension 2007)
146
(iii) Aspergillus ear rot
Black or grayish yellow mould on and between kernels (University of Delaware Kent County Agricultural extension 2007)
(iv) Penicillium ear rot
Green or bluish green powdery mould. Can infect embryos of kernels and turn them blue (University of Delaware Kent County Agricultural extension 2007; Tenuta 2006)
147
(v) Diplodia ear rot (Tenuta, 2006)
Thick white mould usually starts at the base of the ear It later changes to grayish brown or black growth over the husks and kernels. Entire ear may be shrunken. Infected kernels appear glued to the husks. Infected ears are very light and may be totally rotten
11. How do you control ear moulds in maize?
Type of ear rot Methods used to control (i) Fusarium ear rot
(ii) Gibberella Ear rot (iii) Aspergillus ear rot (iv) Penicillium ear rot (v) Diplodia ear rot
12. Do you think moulds could have harmful effects? (a) Yes (b) No 13. In your household who is responsible for controlling moulds?
Person responsible for controlling ear rots Why is it the particular person’s responsibility?
Female household head Male household head Both parents
Female parent (Male headed household) Other (specify) ---
148
14. What do you use rotten/moldy maize for? --- 15. Apart from infestations, are there other storage problems that you come across?
a) Yes (b) No
16. If your answer to question 15 is yes, what are the problems? --- ---
17. What was the cause of the problems?
Type of problem Cause of problem Methods used to control the problem
18. What maize varieties do you normally grow?
19. Do you buy seeds or use some of your own maize for planting?
Maize variety Indicate whether you buy or use your own maize
If you buy seeds, where do you buy them from?
20. Are you a member of any farmers’ association? (a) Yes (b) No
21. If your answer to question 20 is yes, please name the farmers’ association(s) you belong to --- --- ---
22. How far are you from the following services?
Institution Name of location Distance from village
Agricultural extension Agricultural research station Seed production company Seed retail outlet
Grain/livestock marketing outlet
149
23. How many times do you visit these institutions in a year?
Institution Number of times you
visit per year
What do you visits the institutions for?
Agricultural extension Agricultural research station Seed production company Seed retail outlet
Grain/livestock marketing outlet
24. How many times does staff from the institutions visit you annually?
Institution Number of times you
are visited per year
What do they visit you for?
Agricultural extension Agricultural research station Seed production company Seed retail outlet
Grain/livestock marketing outlet
25. Are you a beneficiary of any government or non government organisation (NGO) programs?
(a) Yes (b) No
26. If your answer to question 25 is yes, for how long have you been a beneficiary?
---
27. If your answer to question 25 is yes, what is the main function of the organisation that you are a beneficiary of?
Name of organisation Function of the organisation
150
Appendix 4.2: Chi square test: Exploring the relationship between maize samples being