It has been argued for many years that, for development to be successful, participation by all members of the community should be facilitated. To avoid conflicts arising among community members and in a project, the community as a whole must be included in the planning of the projects. Community involvement is very important for reaching consensus and agreement on what is being planned. Community members should take ownership of the project planning because they are the ones who best know their needs. The number of projects in Mqanduli should be increased, in a way that a single community might have more than two projects.
Additional varieties of crops should be permitted to be produced in these projects to ensure sustainability. Water availability, as the most challenging factor in Mqanduli, should be included in the planning of the projects. It is an opportune time for government to consider building canals that redirect water to the areas that most need it. Underground pipelines might also be installed to supply water to the rural farmers for irrigation. Large areas of land in the rural areas remain unused, except for livestock grazing. Extension officers of younger age should be trained and/or mentored by their older counter parts so as to increase their proficiency for adequately assisting rural farmers in poverty reduction.
The impact of climate change in Mqanduli is threatening the potential for agricultural production, with drought being the main phenomenon that threatens these communities.
Accordingly, it is important that the Mqanduli projects should plan to have solutions for addressing this issue. It is important for these communities to focus not only on projects, but also
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on family home gardens. The study recommends that Mqanduli should step back and use family home gardens by adopting the new concept of vertical gardening. This concept not only helps to supply households with fresh vegetable products all year round, but decreases the chances of conflicts that are likely to occur in projects and/or co-operatives arising. This concept has seen success in urban areas, producing quality and quantity vegetable products on very small areas.
Vertical gardens offer a better solution to climate change, mainly because they do not depend solely on favourable climate conditions. Due to the scarcity of agricultural resources such as land and water in rural areas, the concept of vertical gardening is ideal for food production all year round with reduced inputs and using small land to its maximum potential. The concept of vertical gardening was proposed to be of assistance on the diminishing agricultural resources by planting upward. Vertical gardening is an agricultural practice for crop production growing upwards using vertical layers. Vertical gardening can be practiced using soil or hydroponics in a climate controlled environment.
Respondents were asked if they knew about vertical farming. A total number of 70% respondents stated that they had never heard about vertical farming. Rural areas need to become urbanised in order to live free from poverty, and vertical farming is the best way to start. Fodder can also be produced in this type of farming, which is an optimal source of animal feed, especially during drought seasons.
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Figure 6.1 below shows the role of different stakeholders to be involved in food production including vertical gardening in rural areas. Vertical gardens should be added as a solution to help fight poverty in the Mqanduli communities. Although ADPs provide a notable source of income, home gardens can be used as individual projects to help assist the ADPs in reducing poverty in the communities. Households are thus able to produce a vegetable crop all year round, and sell surplus produce to the markets for income. Accordingly, they constitute the best way for improving the standards of the rural poor.
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DRDAR & ECRDA (facilities role)
Figure 6.1: Adopting a concept of vertical gardening in rural areas DRDAR & ECRDA
Extension Officer
Land Owners Farmers Cooperatives
Agricultural Corporations
Capability Agro- Processing
Markets
Home gardens + Vertical gardens
Individually owned
Surplus Produce
Household use
Poverty Reduction
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APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE 1 (Farmers)
QUESTIONNAIRE
FACULTY OF NATURAL & AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, EXTENSION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT TITLE: The Role of Agricultural Development Projects in Poverty Reduction in theO.R
Tambo District Municipality Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
NB: THE INFORMATION PROVIDED WILL BE FIRMLY CONFIDENTIAL.
Name of Interviewer: ……….. Name of Enumerator: ………
Date of Interview: ………...
SECTION A: Demographic information (Tick with an X were applicable)
1.1 Name of Farmer (optional): ………
1.2 Ward number: ……….
1.3. Gender 1.4. What is your Age? 1.5 Household Number?
1. 2.
Female Male
1.6. No. of household adults (Age: >40) 1.7. No. of household youth (Age: <39)
1.8. Marital Status
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1. 2. 3. 4.
Single Married Widowed Divorced
1.9. Level of Education
1. 2. 3. 4.
Primary Grade:
Secondary Grade:
Tertiary
Highest Qualification:
No Schooling
1.10. Employment Status
1. 2. 3. 4.
Unemployed Employed Self-Employed Other(Specify):
Age: 1(19-29), 2(30-39), 3(40-59), 4(60-90) Household #: 1(1-4), 2(5-8), 3(9-12), 4(13-20) SECTION B: Sources of Income
2.1 What source of income do you receive? Tick (x) Percentage (%) 1. Remittances
2. Salaries & Wages 3. Old age pension 4. Child support grant 5. Disability
6. Farming Total =
SECTION C: Land, Water and Production 3.1 Which type of land tenure do you have access to?
1. 2. 3.
Communal land Commonage land Own land
3.2 Size of land you have access to? (ha) 3.3 Size of arable land?