The findings of this research can be divided into thirteen areas, all of which are closely related. These thirteen divisions constitute the questions that were asked in the interviews as well as the questionnaires that were used as means of gathering information in this research. An analysis of the answers given to these questions will help one to come to a conclusion on the position of the Anglican believers, on the subject of rewriting the Bible. The following is the statistical representation of the findings of this research.
5.2.i. Passages such as 2 Timothy 3: 16, have been used to suggest that the Bible is from God and therefore inspired. (Yes / No). Explain your answer briefly.
Table 1.
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
Yes No Stephen Mutenga (St Peter’s Guild), Avondale Parish Interview *
Loveness Nyanhongo (Church Warden), Warren Park Interview * Aaron Chikomo (BMG), Highfield Parish Interview * Cleopas Marandu (Church Warden) Budiriro Parish Interview * Sarah Gwende (Mother’s Union), Highlands Parish Interview * Alexander Mahlava (Youth), Warren Park Parish Interview * Majory Andrea (Church Warden), Mabvuku Parish Interview * Tendai Makape (Youth) , Rugare Parish Interview *
Grace Makoni (CWA), Acardia Parish Interview *
Tecla Kachembere (MU), Cathedral Parish Interview *
Milford Mazula (Youth), Hatfield Parish Interview *
Bp. Peter Hatendi (Retired), Avondale Parish Interview * Rev. Shepherd Munzara (Rector) Greendale Parish Interview *
Bp. Nolbert Kunonga (Bishop of Diocese of Harare) Interview * Rev. Leonard Muzhingi (Ass. Priest) Cathedral Parish Questionnaire *
Taurayi Zindoga (St Peter’s Guild), Glen View Parish Questionnaire * Rev. Isheanesu Gusha (Deacon) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire * Danstan Maunze (Subdeacon) Greendale Parish Questionnaire * Gertrude Gwatidzo (St Veronica’s Guild) Mt. Pleasant Questionnaire * Jonas Shumba (Church Warden) Glen Norah Parish Questionnaire *
Canon Lameck Mutete (Rector) Highfield Parish Questionnaire * *
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
Yes No Veronica Nyathi (MU), Highlands Parish Questionnaire *
Simbarashe Basvi (Seminarian) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire *
Susan Vito (MU), Mbare Parish Questionnaire *
Bernard Ngowe (Mubvuwi), Mufakose Parish Questionnaire * Rev. Simbarashe Mutandwa (Rector) Hatfield Parish Questionnaire * Richard Mukucha (BMG) Waterfalls Parish Questionnaire * Elizabeth Tsikwa (MU) Cranborne Parish Questionnaire * Anna Chuma (Sidesperson) Borrowdale Parish Questionnaire * Stella Ngaru (MU) Mabvuku Parish Questionnaire * Clara Stevens (CWA), Avondale Parish Questionnaire * Maxwell Nyakuromba (Youth) Belvedere Parish Questionnaire * Nigel and Thelma Nyatsambo (Couple) Marlborough Questionnaire *
TOTALS 30 3
From Table 1, it shows that the majority of the people who were interviewed as well as those who reacted to the questionnaire take 2 Timothy 3: 16 as the basic biblical evidence that shows that the Bible is inspired. However, it is important to consider the views of those who maintain that the above passage cannot be used as a basis to prove that the Bible is inspired. Before doing so, it is also important to mention that one respondent, Canon Lameck Mutete, agrees on one hand and disagrees on the other hand, to the view that the above passage can be used as a basis to support the inspiration of the Bible.
According to him, to take this reading and use it as the basis to prove the inspiration of the Bible is ‘using Scripture to defend Scripture’ which to him ‘does not hold water’. He goes on to say that ‘I believe that it is inspired only in as much as there is a clear distinction between God’s word in Scripture and a human element in the writing. Only God’s word in Scripture is inspired. The human bias in context and purpose may not be inspired’262 Canon Mutete is trying to make it clear that there is a distinction between the word of God and the human input in the Bible. It is only the word of God that is inspired.
262 Questionnaire by Canon. Lameck Mutete, St Paul’s Highfield, Harare, June 2002.
On the other hand, Milford Mazula, is of the opinion that the above passage can not be used as a basis to argue for the inspiration of the Bible. For him ‘the Bible is not from God because there is not enough, evidence that those who wrote were inspired. It is a document that makes peace prevail in the nations’263. This is substantiated by Simbarashe Basvi, who does not believe that the above passage can be used as the basis to argue for the inspiration of the Bible. For him this is so ‘because some of the Scripture in it has got some shortfalls which can not be fully explained.’264
5.2.ii. Is it True or False to say that the Bible is double authored that is between God and human beings.
Table 2
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
True False Stephen Mutenga (St Peter’s Guild), Avondale Parish Interview *
Loveness Nyanhongo (Church Warden),Warren Park Interview * Aaron Chikomo (BMG), Highfield Parish Interview *
Cleopas Marandu (Church Warden) Budiriro Parish Interview *
Sarah Gwende (Mother’s Union), Highlands Parish Interview * Alexander Mahlava (Youth), Warren Park Parish Interview *
Majory Andrea (Church Warden), Mabvuku Parish Interview * Tendai Makape (Youth) , Rugare Parish Interview *
Grace Makoni (CWA), Acardia Parish Interview *
Teclah Kachembere (MU), Cathedral Parish Interview * Milford Mazula (Youth), Hatfield Parish Interview *
Bp. Peter Hatendi (Retired), Avondale Parish Interview * Rev. Shepherd Munzara (Rector) Greendale Parish Interview *
Bp. Nolbert Kunonga (Bishop of Diocese of Harare) Interview * Rev. Leonard Muzhingi (Ass. Priest) Cathedral Parish Questionnaire *
Taurayi Zindoga(St Peter’s Guild), Glen View Parish Questionnaire *
Rev. Isheanesu Gusha (Deacon) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire * Danstan Maunze (Subdeacon) Greendale Parish Questionnaire *
Getrude Gwatidzo (St Veronica’s Guild) Mt. Pleasant Questionnaire *
Jonas Shumba (Church Warden) Glen Norah Parish Questionnaire * Canon Lameck Mutete (Rector) Highfield Parish Questionnaire *
Veronica Nyathi (MU), Highlands Parish Questionnaire * Simbarashe Basvi (Seminarian) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire *
Susan Vito (MU), Mbare Parish Questionnaire *
Bernard Ngowe (Mubvuwi), Mufakose Parish Questionnaire *
263 Interview with Milford Mazula, St Martins Hatfield, 18 March 2003.
264 Questionnaire by Simbarashe Basvi, Bishop Gaul College, Harare, October 2002.
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
True False Rev. Simbarashe Mutandwa (Rector) Hatfield Parish Questionnaire *
Richard Mukucha (BMG) Waterfalls Parish Questionnaire *
Elizabeth Tsikwa (MU) Cranborne Parish Questionnaire * Anna Chuma (Sidesperson) Borrowdale Parish Questionnaire *
Stella Ngaru (MU) Mabvuku Parish Questionnaire *
Clara Stevens (CWA), Avondale Parish Questionnaire *
Maxwell Nyakuromba (Youth) Belvedere Parish Questionnaire * Nigel and Thelma Nyatsambo(Couple) Marlborough Questionnaire *
TOTALS 23 10
The question regarding the double authorship of the Bible received mixed reactions as shown in Table 2. There are twenty three people who agree to the idea that the Bible is double authored. This means that the Bible is a product of both people and God. Table 2 shows that ten people do not agree that the Bible is double authored. It is important to note the difference that exists between these two sides. According to Bp Peter Hatendi, a retired Bishop of the Diocese of Harare, ‘to say that the Bible is double authored is going too far.’ He however goes on to say that ‘it is inspired, but the human input renders it fallible, which it is not’.265 This is supported by Bishop Nolbert Kunonga, the Bishop of Harare, who says, “There is one author – God. Inspiration is the key principle. If we say it is double authored then there is no co-operation between God and the writer.”266
On the other hand, the majority of the respondents in this research accept the view that the Bible is double authored. Tecla Kachembere, supports the view that the Bible is double authored ‘in the sense that the Bible was inspired by God, which is to say it came from God and what men wrote was from God and then in some cases the man added his own words. The example is that of Paul in 1 Corinthians 7: 25-26, where he gives his own opinion regarding virgins.’267 Tecla goes further to explain that the place played by
265 Interview with Bishop Peter Hatendi, Avondale, Harare, 09 September 2002.
266 Interview with Bishop Nolbert Kunonga, Diocese of Harare, 16. October 2002.
267 Interview with Tecla Kachembere, Cathedral Parish, Harare, 19 March 2003.
human beings in this double authorship was ‘mainly to do with research and compilation of the information that God had communicated to those whom he had set aside for such a particular ministry.’268
5.2.iii. If the Bible is inspired is it true or false to say that it is the truth
Table 3
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
True False Stephen Mutenga (St Peter’s Guild), Avondale Parish Interview *
Loveness Nyanhongo (Church Warden), Warren Park Interview *
Aaron Chikomo (BMG), Highfield Parish Interview *
Cleopas Marandu (Church Warden) Budiriro Parish Interview *
Sarah Gwende (Mother’s Union), Highlands Parish Interview * Alexander Mahlava (Youth), Warren Park Parish Interview * Majory Andrea (Church Warden), Mabvuku Parish Interview * Tendai Makape (Youth) , Rugare Parish Interview *
Grace Makoni (CWA), Acardia Parish Interview *
Teclah Kachembere (MU), Cathedral Parish Interview *
Milford Mazula (Youth), Hatfield Parish Interview *
Bp. Peter Hatendi (Retired), Avondale Parish Interview * Rev. Shepherd Munzara (Rector) Greendale Parish Interview * * Bp. Nolbert Kunonga (Bishop of Diocese of Harare) Interview * * Rev. Leonard Muzhingi (Ass. Priest) Cathedral Parish Questionnaire * * Taurayi Zindoga(St Peter’s Guild), Glen View Parish Questionnaire *
Rev. Isheanesu Gusha (Deacon) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire * Danstan Maunze (Subdeacon) Greendale Parish Questionnaire * * Getrude Gwatidzo (St Veronica’s Guild) Mt. Pleasant Questionnaire *
Jonas Shumba (Church Warden) Glen Norah Parish Questionnaire * Canon Lameck Mutete (Rector) Highfield Parish Questionnaire *
Veronica Nyathi (MU), Highlands Parish Questionnaire * Simbarashe Basvi (Seminarian) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire *
Susan Vito (MU), Mbare Parish Questionnaire *
Bernard Ngowe (Mubvuwi), Mufakose Parish Questionnaire * Rev. Simbarashe Mutandwa (Rector) Hatfield Parish Questionnaire * Richard Mukucha (BMG) Waterfalls Parish Questionnaire * Elizabeth Tsikwa (MU) Cranborne Parish Questionnaire * Anna Chuma (Sidesperson) Borrowdale Parish Questionnaire * Stella Ngaru (MU) Mabvuku Parish Questionnaire * Clara Stevens (CWA), Avondale Parish Questionnaire * Maxwell Nyakuromba (Youth) Belvedere Parish Questionnaire * Nigel and Thelma Nyatsambo (Couple) Marlborough Questionnaire *
TOTALS 23 14
268 Interview with Tecla Kachembere, Cathedral Parish, Harare, 19 March 2003.
In Table 3, the majority of the respondents uphold the view that all that is written in the Bible is truth. There are four people who subscribe to the view that, although the Bible records can be viewed as the basis of truth, there are other passages which may not be truthful. Rev. Shepherd Munzara maintains that the Biblical records can be said to uphold truth only ‘in as far as it is from God, but not the passages that are from human beings’.269 This is supported by Rev. Leonard Muzhingi who says ‘since the Bible was written by human beings, I do not dismiss the human error in some of the recordings’.270 This is also inferred by Bishop Nolbert Kunonga, who says ‘not all is true. Truth is relative. Context is important for one to understand. It is only true in as far as inspiration is concerned. Truth then may not be truth now’.271 However those who uphold the view that all that is written in the Bible is truth, base their position on the basis that God cannot lie. This is what Veronica Nyathi, suggests when she says, ‘everything in the Bible is truth because all that is written in this Book is from God and God does not lie like human beings’272.
5.2.iv. Is it true or false that the Bible has got numerous discrepancies and contradictions?
Table 4
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
True False Stephen Mutenga (St Peter’s Guild), Avondale Parish Interview * Loveness Nyanhongo (Church Warden), Warren Park Interview *
Aaron Chikomo (BMG), Highfield Parish Interview * Cleopas Marandu (Church Warden) Budiriro Parish Interview * Sarah Gwende (Mother’s Union), Highlands Parish Interview * Alexander Mahlava (Youth), Warren Park Parish Interview * Majory Andrea (Church Warden), Mabvuku Parish Interview * Tendai Makape (Youth) , Rugare Parish Interview *
269 Interview with Rev Shepherd Munzara, Greendale Parish, Harare, 17 January 2003.
270 Questionnaire by Rev. Leonard Muzhingi, Cathedral Parish, Harare, February 2003.
271 Interview with Bishop Nolbert Kunonga, Diocese of Harare, 16 October 2002.
272 Questionnaire by Veronica Nyathi, Highlands Parish, Harare, December 2002.
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
True False
Grace Makoni (CWA), Acardia Parish Interview *
Teclah Kachembere (MU), Cathedral Parish Interview * Milford Mazula (Youth), Hatfield Parish Interview *
Bp. Peter Hatendi (Retired), Avondale Parish Interview * Rev. Shepherd Munzara (Rector) Greendale Parish Interview * Bp. Nolbert Kunonga (Bishop of Diocese of Harare) Interview * Rev. Leonard Muzhingi (Ass. Priest) Cathedral Parish Questionnaire * Taurayi Zindoga(St Peter’s Guild), Glen View Parish Questionnaire * Rev. Isheanesu Gusha (Deacon) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire * Danstan Maunze (Subdeacon) Greendale Parish Questionnaire * Getrude Gwatidzo (St Veronica’s Guild) Mt. Pleasant Questionnaire * Jonas Shumba (Church Warden) Glen Norah Parish Questionnaire * Canon Lameck Mutete (Rector) Highfield Parish Questionnaire * Veronica Nyathi (MU), Highlands Parish Questionnaire * Simbarashe Basvi (Seminarian) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire *
Susan Vito (MU), Mbare Parish Questionnaire *
Bernard Ngowe (Mubvuwi), Mufakose Parish Questionnaire * Rev. Simbarashe Mutandwa (Rector) Hatfield Parish Questionnaire * Richard Mukucha (BMG) Waterfalls Parish Questionnaire
Elizabeth Tsikwa (MU) Cranborne Parish Questionnaire
Anna Chuma (Sidesperson) Borrowdale Parish Questionnaire *
Stella Ngaru (MU) Mabvuku Parish Questionnaire *
Clara Stevens (CWA), Avondale Parish Questionnaire *
Maxwell Nyakuromba (Youth) Belvedere Parish Questionnaire * Nigel and Thelma Nyatsambo (Couple) Marlborough Questionnaire *
TOTALS 11 20
From Table 4, it is clear that twenty people do not subscribe to the notion that says there are some contradictions in the Bible. Eleven people uphold the view that some discrepancies are traceable in the Bible whilst two people did not write anything on their questionnaires. According to Canon L. Mutete, ‘if something is divine then there is no discrepancy or contradictions’.273 This is augmented by Stella Ngaru who says discrepancies and contradictions are ‘a sign of human error and not God.’274 However, Loveness Nyanhongo acknowledges that there are some contradictions in the Bible
273 Questionnaire by Canon Lameck Mutete, St Paul’s Highfield, Harare, November 2002.
274 Ouestionnaire by Stella Ngaru, St James Mabvuku, Harare, May 2002.
‘because the copy that is currently in use is not the original document. Discrepancies are a result of faulty translation’.275
5.2.v. Is it correct to say the God of the Old Testament is different from the God of the New Testament? (Yes / No) Explain your answer briefly.
Table 5
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
Yes No Stephen Mutenga (St Peter’s Guild), Avondale Parish Interview * Loveness Nyanhongo (Church Warden), Warren Park Interview * Aaron Chikomo (BMG), Highfield Parish Interview *
Cleopas Marandu (Church Warden) Budiriro Parish Interview * Sarah Gwende (Mother’s Union), Highlands Parish Interview *
Alexander Mahlava (Youth), Warren Park Parish Interview * Majory Andrea (Church Warden), Mabvuku Parish Interview * Tendai Makape (Youth) , Rugare Parish Interview *
Grace Makoni (CWA), Acardia Parish Interview *
Teclah Kachembere (MU), Cathedral Parish Interview *
Milford Mazula (Youth), Hatfield Parish Interview *
Bp. Peter Hatendi (Retired), Avondale Parish Interview * Rev. Shepherd Munzara (Rector) Greendale Parish Interview * Bp. Nolbert Kunonga (Bishop of Diocese of Harare) Interview * Rev. Leonard Muzhingi (Ass. Priest) Cathedral Parish Questionnaire * Taurayi Zindoga(St Peter’s Guild), Glen View Parish Questionnaire *
Rev. Isheanesu Gusha (Deacon) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire *
Danstan Maunze (Subdeacon) Greendale Parish Questionnaire * Getrude Gwatidzo (St Veronica’s Guild) Mt. Pleasant Questionnaire * Jonas Shumba (Church Warden) Glen Norah Parish Questionnaire * Canon Lameck Mutete (Rector) Highfield Parish Questionnaire * Veronica Nyathi (MU), Highlands Parish Questionnaire * Simbarashe Basvi (Seminarian) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire *
Susan Vito (MU), Mbare Parish Questionnaire *
Bernard Ngowe (Mubvuwi), Mufakose Parish Questionnaire * Rev. Simbarashe Mutandwa (Rector) Hatfield Parish Questionnaire * Richard Mukucha (BMG) Waterfalls Parish Questionnaire
Elizabeth Tsikwa (MU) Cranborne Parish Questionnaire * Anna Chuma (Sidesperson) Borrowdale Parish Questionnaire *
Stella Ngaru (MU) Mabvuku Parish Questionnaire *
Clara Stevens (CWA), Avondale Parish Questionnaire *
Maxwell Nyakuromba (Youth) Belvedere Parish Questionnaire * Nigel and Thelma Nyatsambo (Couple) Marlborough Questionnaire *
TOTALS 8 24
275 Interview with Loveness Nyanhongo, St James Warren, Harare, 20March 2003.
Table 5 shows that out of the thirty-three respondents in this research, twenty-four of them do not accept the view that the Bible shows two Gods. The majority of these people take the Bible as being holy and coming from God verbatim hence they refuse to accept that the Bible has any discrepancies or contradictions. Veronica Nyathi maintains that
‘there are no contradictions in the Bible because the moment we allow contradictions in the Bible, it means that the Bible is not perfect.’276 For her to say that there are contradictions in the Bible amounts to saying God contradicts himself.
However, those who subscribe to the view that the Bible shows two Gods do so on the basis of passages such as Exodus 20: 13 and Joshua 10: 28, 28-32, which presents God as being vindictive and malicious compared to other passages such as Matthew 5: 44, and Luke 6: 27-28, which show God’s gracious attitude towards enemies. According to Alexander Mahlava, the Bible shows two Gods ‘because in the Old Testament God instructs the Israelites to force the inhabitants of Canaan to vacate their piece of land whereas in the New Testament Jesus says we should love our enemies.’277 The other respondent did not answer this question.
5.2.vi. Is it true or false to say that the war between Israel and Palestine is caused by the Bible. Explain your answer briefly?
Table 6
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
Yes No Stephen Mutenga (St Peter’s Guild), Avondale Parish Interview *
Loveness Nyanhongo (Church Warden), Warren Park Interview * Aaron Chikomo (BMG), Highfield Parish Interview *
Cleopas Marandu (Church Warden) Budiriro Parish Interview * Sarah Gwende (Mother’s Union), Highlands Parish Interview * Alexander Mahlava (Youth), Warren Park Parish Interview *
Majory Andrea (Church Warden), Mabvuku Parish Interview * Tendai Makape (Youth) , Rugare Parish Interview *
Grace Makoni (CWA), Acardia Parish Interview *
276 Questionnaire by Veronica Nyathi, Highlands Parish, Harare, December 2002
277 Interview with Alexander Mahlava, St James Warren Park, Harare, 18 March 2003
Respondent Name, Group & Parish Questionnaire/
Interview
Yes No Teclah Kachembere (MU), Cathedral Parish Interview *
Milford Mazula (Youth), Hatfield Parish Interview * Bp. Peter Hatendi (Retired), Avondale Parish Interview * Rev. Shepherd Munzara (Rector) Greendale Parish Interview *
Bp. Nolbert Kunonga (Bishop of Diocese of Harare) Interview * Rev. Leonard Muzhingi (Ass. Priest) Cathedral Parish Questionnaire * Taurayi Zindoga(St Peter’s Guild), Glen View Parish Questionnaire * Rev. Isheanesu Gusha (Deacon) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire * * Danstan Maunze (Subdeacon) Greendale Parish Questionnaire * Getrude Gwatidzo (St Veronica’s Guild) Mt. Pleasant Questionnaire * Jonas Shumba (Church Warden) Glen Norah Parish Questionnaire *
Canon Lameck Mutete (Rector) Highfield Parish Questionnaire * * Veronica Nyathi (MU), Highlands Parish Questionnaire * Simbarashe Basvi (Seminarian) Bishop Gaul College Questionnaire *
Susan Vito (MU), Mbare Parish Questionnaire *
Bernard Ngowe (Mubvuwi), Mufakose Parish Questionnaire * Rev. Simbarashe Mutandwa (Rector) Hatfield Parish Questionnaire *
Richard Mukucha (BMG) Waterfalls Parish Questionnaire * Elizabeth Tsikwa (MU) Cranborne Parish Questionnaire *
Anna Chuma (Sidesperson) Borrowdale Parish Questionnaire * Stella Ngaru (MU) Mabvuku Parish Questionnaire
Clara Stevens (CWA), Avondale Parish Questionnaire *
Maxwell Nyakuromba (Youth) Belvedere Parish Questionnaire *
Nigel and Thelma Nyatsambo (Couple) Marlborough Questionnaire *
TOTALS 19 15
Out of thirty-three people in Table 6, it seems nineteen of them do subscribe to the notion that the Bible is to blame for the war that has been raging between Palestine and Israel.
According to Bishop Peter Hatendi,
it is true that the Bible is to blame for this war. This comes up as a result of the Promised Land. Jews were convinced that the portion of land occupied by the Palestinians was theirs and they had identity with it. As to why God chose the Promised Land where there were people already, is only known by Him in his wisdom. He gave the Holy Land to the chosen people.278
However fifteen people maintain that the Bible has nothing to do with this war. Anna Chuma is of the opinion that ‘the people from these two areas may be the ones that carry grudges from the past, so we can not blame the Bible. Yes, in the olden days they did not
278 Interview with Bishop Peter Hatendi, Avondale, Harare, 09 October 2002.