As research students we have ample options available when it comes to fundamental research strategies. Every strategy is different from the rest in two distinct ways: the way in which the question is asked and the means used to answer it. For example, if a student wants to know the number of cars that pass a certain freeway at a certain period of time, the researcher may use the form of observation and record the results differently from a researcher that is using Figure 4.1: The Research Onion
64 qualitative means to find out in-depth information on the effectiveness of project management systems in an organisation (Ratner, 2007:13). In the case of this study phenomenological research strategies were adopted as the most suitable way to answer the research question because of the sample size, as well as the geographical constraints.
4.5.1 Phenomenological Research Strategies
Phenomenological research approaches entail case studies, ethnography and the use of grounded theory amongst others. These methods are explained briefly below, however not all these methods were used as they costly, time consuming and not relevant to this study.
4.5.2 Case Study
Case study research designs focus on a small group, project or organisation. The focus is mainly on a specific aspect. In the case of this study, the research is not only limited to one case. The country under observation Zimbabwe is a case on its own, as well as the companies selected for this study. A case study was essential in this study because it is dealing with how and why questions that are rooted in real life contexts. The data collection methods applied in case study research are and not limited to focus groups, direct or participation observation and in-depth interviews (Sekaran, 2000:123).
4.5.3 Population and Sampling
The term population refers to the components being studied. This includes individuals, groups, organizations, human products and events or conditions which they are exposed to (Welman et al, 2005:52). By utilizing the qualitative methods, it gives the researcher the ability to ask the
“same question to every respondent but adapt the way in which the terminology in used”. This qualitative study will be limited to a small number of participants due to the nature of the research. Conducting the semi-structured interviews by consulting one company in different locations allows the researcher to determine the challenges of transporting goods into a land locked country.
4.5.4 Target Population
In order to collect data from the selected sample, the researcher will be conducting interviews and visual diaries with management members of Elite Global Logistics Durban, Elite Line Haul
65 Johannesburg and Safmarine Zimbabwe, designated drivers, clearing agents and customs officials. The researcher chose these companies as well as the selected individuals because of the knowledge they have in the industry and their well renowned reputation. The companies frequent transporting goods into Zimbabwe and the designated driver has been working with Safmarine for 10 years.
Permission to conduct these interviews will be sought from the intended participants by the researcher. Although interviews can be limited in terms of the number of participants and analysing data, this is the most suitable method for the study. The depth of the issue under study requires understanding the underlying and everyday practices within the corridors of transporting goods in a landlocked country. Unsaid and hidden issues are captured during field notes and interviews.
4.5.5 Sampling
Selecting a sample in a logical way is important as it ensures that external parties can perceive it as a trustworthy and analytical sample (Patton and Cochran, 2002:11). Sampling uses two methods; non-probability sampling and probability sampling. It comprises a selection of a number of study units from a distinct population (Patton and Cochran, 2002:13). In the probability sampling technique, the researcher needs to ensure that every person has the chance to be selected and this is achieved through randomisation. On the other hand, non-probability sampling does not give individuals the equal opportunity to be selected within the population.
Individuals within a non-probability sample are normally selected bases on the researcher’s approval (Welman et al., 2005:64).
With reference to this study, the population was estimated to have been 20 participants (for both personal and online interviews), 10 people to take part in the field notes, however, the sample only had 17 participants. 17 participants were selected because these were the numbers accessible to the researcher. The rest of the target population did not reply to the invitation to be participants for the research and others declined. Since the research is using multiple methods the number sufficed in terms of information to be attained from the participants.
4.5.6 Kind of Sampling
Non-probability, maximum variation sampling method was selected for this study as the aim is to target individual within the supply chain and logistics industry. Statistical analysis was
66 not utilised in this study as participants were carefully selected because they would generate in-depth information regarding the topic. Purposeful sampling strategies for qualitative studies are mainly used when only focusing on a certain number of participants who are selected because they are knowledgeable about the topic being discussed (Marlow, 2010:140).