3.2 Materials and Method
3.2.2 Seed phenotyping and identification
The 58 seed lots were sorted separately and in a similar way (Fig. 3.1 ‘1 to 4’) starting with same seed colour groups, and seed eye colour and pattern as indicated in Fig. 3.1 ‘5 to 34’ . This was followed by eye pattern description imposed on the classification by seed coat colour morpho-types (Fig. 3.2 ’A to Y’). Similar procedure was employed to classify Bambara groundnut landrace accessions at IITA based on seed features including seed eye and hilum colour and pattern (Mkandawire, 2007).
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Fig. 3.1 Stages of Bambara groundnut landrace classification into homogenous seed morpho-types using seed coat colour: 1, 2 and 3 are general seed features of Bambara groundnut landraces; 4 shows sorted seed colour groups; and 5 to 16 and 18 to 24 shows variations among cream seed coat colour groups; 17 brown coat coloured landrace with purple eye; 25 and 26 shows speckle brown seed coat; 27 to 31 shows brown seed coat colour groups; 32 and 33 red seed coat landraces; and 34 shows black seed coat landrace
4
2 3 1
18 19
16 17
9 8
15
5 6 7
10 11 12 13 14
21 22
20 23 24
25 26
30
27 28
31
29
32 33 34
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Fig. 3.2 Bambara groundnut landraces assorted by seed eye colour and hilum pattern: A to J, show some variations of eye pattern among cream-coloured Bambara groundnut landraces; K shows an exceptional ‘curved-in’ brownish hilum, without an eye; D and E show variations between two butterfly-eyed landraces, black and red, respectively;
H, I and J show cream coloured landraces with striped purple, light brown grey (broadened) and striped black eye patterns, respectively; M shows a typical black landrace, with no hilum; U shows a light-cream coloured landrace with ‘Chalk-white’ hilum; X shows a brown speckled landrace without eye; and L, M, O, P, Q, R, S, W and X possess the most frequent hilum colour (white) and without eye colour among the classified landraces (Table 3.6) Furthermore, similar procedure applied seed lost assorted for landraces collected from Kano, Nigeria.
Their identity was assigned as KN 211-1, -2, -3 to the last seed lot; and for 2011 collections and KN 212 for 2012 collections. After seed assortment data were summarized in Table 3.3.
S Q
M
P
V W
U X
T R
Y M
K L N O
E
J I
H G
F
A B C
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Table 3.3 Summary of seed morpho-types of Bambara groundnut landraces
Name of landrace ID number Source Seed coat colour Seed eye pattern Seed hilum colour
ZM 101-1 M 01-1 Zimbabwe Cream Brown-broad White
ZM 101-2 M 01-2 Zimbabwe Cream Black-broad White
ZM 102-1 M 02-1 Zimbabwe Cream Purple/black thin White
ZM 102-2 M 02-2 Zimbabwe Cream Black-thin White
ZM 105-1 M 05-1 Zimbabwe Black Plain White
ZM 105-2 M 05-2 Zimbabwe black-speckle Plain White
SB 7-2 B 71-2 ARC-RSA Red Plain White
SB 7-1-3 B 71-3 ARC-RSA Dark-red Plain White
KUBU 06 KB 06 ARC-RSA Cream Light brown-thin White
KUBU 07 KB 07 ARC-RSA Cream Light brown-thin White
SB 19-3-2 19-3-2 ARC-RSA Black Plain White
SB 19-3-3 19-3-3 ARC-RSA Dark-grey Plain White
ZM 4673-1 73-1 Zambia Cream Light-grey White/Black
ZM 4673-2 73-2 Zambia Brown Plain White
ZM 6608-1 608-1 Zambia Tan Light brown-thin White
ZM 4675-4 75-4 Zambia Cream Greyish White
ZM 4675-5 75-5 Zambia Cream Black-butterfly White
ZM 2045-1 45-1 Zambia Cream Black-broad White/curved-in
ZM 3643-1 43-1 Zambia Whitish-cream Plain Chalk-white
ZM 3643-2 43-2 Zambia Whitish-cream Light brown Chalk-white
PMB 011-1 011-1 PMB Cream Black-butterfly White
PMB 011-2 011-2 PMB Cream Grey-broad White
PMB 011-6 011-6 PMB Cream Red-butterfly White
Note: Bold faced fonts denote ‘the original landrace names and IDs, and names and IDs that follow are the sorted morpho-types within the original landraces’
Legend on seed sources: ZIM =Department of Research and Specialist Services, Zimbabwe; ZAM
=The National Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Zambia; ARC =Agricultural Research Council, Republic of South Africa; PMB =Farmer collection from Pietermaritzburg in South Africa; KNG =Farmers’
collection from Kano, Nigeria; IITA =International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan in Nigeria;
CAPS =Capstone Seed Company, Howick, South Africa
95 Table 3.3 Continued
Name of landrace ID number Source Seed coat colour Seed eye pattern Seed hilum colour
TVSu-1900-1 TV-19-1 Zambia Cream Light-brown
broad White
TVSu-1900-2 TV-19-2 Zambia Cream Black-broad White
TVSu-1900-3 TV-19-3 Zambia Cream Black-broad White
TVSu-792-1 TV-79-1 Kenya Brown Plain White
TVSu-792-2 TV-79-2 Kenya Brown Plain White
TVSu-792-3 TV-79-3 Kenya Brown Plain White
KN 211-2 N 211-2 Kano Nigeria Cream Light-grey White
KN 211-3 N 211-3 Kano Nigeria Cream-brown
stripe Dark-brown White
KN212-14 N 212-14 Kano Nigeria Black/white stripe Plain White KN212-15 N 212-15 Kano Nigeria Purple/black stripe Grey White
PSC 211-66 211-66 CAPS Light-brown Plain White
PSC 211-66-1 211-66-1 CAPS Light-brown Plain White/curved-in
PSC 211-66-2 211-66-2 CAPS Brown speckle Plain White
PSC 211-86-1 211-86-1 CAPS Cream Light brown White/curved-in
PSC 211-86-2 211-86-2 CAPS Cream brown-
stripe Light brown White
Note: Bold faced fonts denote ‘the original landrace names and IDs, and names and IDs that follow are the sorted morpho-types within the original landraces’
Legend on seed sources: ZIM =Department of Research and Specialist Services, Zimbabwe; ZAM
=The National Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Zambia; ARC =Agricultural Research Council, Republic of South Africa; PMB =Farmer collection from Pietermaritzburg in South Africa; KNG =Farmers’
collection from Kano, Nigeria; IITA =International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan in Nigeria;
CAPS =Capstone Seed Company, Howick, South Africa
However, landrace collections from Zambia, ARC and IITA which had an initial identification or
‘landrace name’ were identified as such. Where there were variants or ‘morpho-types’ from a seed lot, initials of ‘-1, -2, -3 and so on were assigned to identify the respective morpho-types. Landraces collections from a farmer in Pietermaritzburg acquired in 2011 were identified as PMB 011-1, PMB 011- 2, and so on, to distinguish variants or morpho-types.
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