3.2 Gated Community’s Popularity in Urban Development
3.2.3 South African Perspective and Context
In the context of South Africa, there are numerous reasons why gated communities are becoming more popular in urban development. Firstly, there is a need to understand that these developments were not as popular to begin with, but that the situation changed dramatically with the increasing crime rates in South Africa (Gray, 2015). With the lack of infrastructure and basic service delivery in many urban areas, as well as the mixed nature of gated communities, there is now more incentive to invest in these developments (Gray, 2015).
Post-apartheid there have been drastic changes, especially in urban development. Due to the high levels of inequality there was a rise in the crime levels, especially due to the country going through the transitional phase of development and reconstruction. In the mid-1990s the levels of violent crime in South Africa were extremely high which led to people needing secure residences. This involved the creation of high walls and security devices (Marks, 2016). Professor Monique Marks, cited in Gray, 2015, states that there is an increased demand for these gated communities and their lifestyles. She also argues that these developments create an isolated community which undermines the social cohesion aspects, as well as those of diversity, inequality and crime. She further argues that there is no such sense of freedom found behind these walls, as 24-hour surveillance is conducted. Due to the high walls, there is limited or no visual access from outside the wall to inside the yard which poses as a security risk as no one is able to see within, thus there is no natural security (Gray, 2015).
With the increased crime rates, there are also other reasons for gated communities. One such reason would be that of profit gain for the developers, as well as investors, due to the pricing of these homes within these estates which starts at just below one million rand upwards, toward well beyond three million rand (Muller, 2015). The average household valuation in Zimbali Coastal Resort is R7 590 854 (Property24, 2010; Lightstone, 2015). After the collapse of the global housing market in 2008/2009, there has been an increase after 2011 in the housing market. Due to this, the prices of homes have risen, especially those in gated communities which are closer to amenities (Muller, 2015). Such an example is that of the estates which have been developed around the northern outskirts of Johannesburg that have been in demand as business hubs, due to there being less travel time. In South Africa, between the years of 2003 and 2008 there was seen to be an increase in the property value of 113 per cent in gated communities (McDonald and Arde, 2009). Rosebank is an example of an upper-income suburb where there has been a 178 per cent increase in the price
18 growth over the years of 2010 to 2015 (Muller, 2015). According to Lightstone Properties, the average age of the owners in gated communities is 50, however the average age of the buyers into these estates is 30-40 (Property24, 2010; Lightstone, 2015). In the context of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, the estates located around Durban North, Mt. Edgecombe, Glenashley, Umhlanga Rocks, La Lucia, Kloof and the Hillcrest areas are in the upper price bracket of three million rand for homes, and base land prices start at R800 000 (McDonald and Arde, 2009; Property24, 2010; Muller, 2015).
Looking at the impact that gated communities have on both international and local people; for international tourists or investors coming into the country, there is the impression that the country is not a safe one and that there is a requirement for high walls and security fences in order to be safe in suburban spaces (Felson and Clarke, 2010; Mdyogolo, 2014). There is the argument that these high walls and security devices create a false sense of security in a country which has high crime levels (Leggett 2003; Altbeker 2007; Singh 2008; Samara 2010).
Gated communities in the context of South Africa have a similar reason for their existence and creation. In the context of South Africa, the idea of gated communities emerged in the 1990s, primarily to combat crime, as this was at its height in that era (Brown, 2015). Emerging from apartheid, people found that this was the only solution in order to keep themselves safer, by means of high walls and electric fences. These communities or estates, however, also create a new boundary between the rich and the poor, as only the wealthy can afford to stay in these luxurious estates (Landman and Schönteich, 2002; Brown, 2015).
The main focus and reason for the creation of gated communities is that of crime prevention. Gated communities have become an alternative and a solution for a crime-free environment. These developments bring together people with a common purpose and allow these people to interact with one another (Landman and Schönteich, 2002).
Bagaeen and Uduku (2010) state that the dynamics of large metropolitan areas influence separation and unequal developments. Gated communities are those which bring people together in one geographical location to share similar purposes such as fighting crime. By being in these gated communities, life is thought to be safer and to provide more security. Moreover, a shared identity and a sense of community are mostly initiated by those within the community (Bagaeen and Uduku, 2010).
With regard to gated communities having a sense of identity and community, spatial design and development within a gated community plays a fundamental role. Ensuring a secure and aesthetically pleasing environment provides the basis for social interaction. There is also the
19 informative process before buying into a community, whereby people are made aware of what activities take place within a gated community (Landman, 2004).
Roitman and Landman state that, with the transformation of space, gated communities represent a reordering of micro-society and space. This has the effect of reorganising rules, customs and norms which affect the allocation of shared services and goods. Accompanying this is the debate as to whether or not gated communities are seen to be a solution to increasing alienation in society, or a development type which creates exclusion, segregation and lack integration (Roitman, 2010;
Landman, 2012).
Gated communities within South Africa are regarded and justified as a way to alleviate crime and reduce the fear of crime (Lipman and Harris, 1999; Landman and Schönteich, 2002; Lemanski, 2004;
Jüergens and Landman, 2005; Durington, 2006; Fabiyi, 2006; Harrison and Mabin, 2006; Landman, 2007; Kruger and Landman, 2008, cited in Landman, 2012).
The creation of these gated communities has had an impact on the surrounding developments. The traditional urban areas such as Ballito, Salt Rock and Sheffield Beach do not exhibit the demand or the growth compared to that of the gated communities which have been developed within these areas (Wassenaar, 2010). According to Wassenaar, (2010) people are attracted mostly to gated communities as these are regarded as safer and as offering better security against crime. Moreover, other amenities and services such as sports facilities, play areas, community centres and commercial facilities are also catered for within gated communities. In view of this, there is a need to consider how planning and layout design within these communities is effected because this influences the social cohesion within these developments. The creation of gated communities has a direct impact on the surrounding traditional urban environments as those areas become less and less desirable.
The way in which gated developments are favoured compared to that of the developments outside of them is based on the market and the people’s vote, which is influenced by how wealthy those people are (Wassenaar, 2010).
A study conducted by Landman (2002), a comparative study between gated communities in South Africa and Brazil, found that there were numerous similarities and differences between the two. In terms of similarities, gated communities are focused on security and privacy. The location of the estates play a role as it affects the type of estate being developed, for example, if such an estate is a reaction to crime, the layout is usually more closed, and the way in which roads are designed. The developments are seen to be focused on the urban periphery where there are larger undeveloped areas of land which allow unrestricted developments. Another similarity is that these estate developments are focused on the design elements that cater for security and on the use of natural
20 and manmade features to emphasise the quality of life. A specific architectural style and aesthetic features are used to provide a distinctive presence within a landscape. The last similarity showed that these estates have strict management and control regulations implemented (Landman, 2002).
The differences found in these estates are more related to the size and the type of facilities made available. In Brazil, these estates are far larger than the ones in South Africa, hence there are more facilities which are larger in dimension. The extent of these facilities also ranges in terms of what the developers are trying to achieve in terms of development within these estates. The South African estates are limited to the number of facilities such as private golf courses or horse-related facilities in equestrian estates. In Brazil, there are a number of different facilities which include schools (Landman, 2002).
Due to high crime rates, many people consider enclosed neighbourhoods or security villages the only option for safe-living in cities (CSIR, 2004). However, few pause to consider the longer-term impact of these developments, such as the social implications. Such impacts may result from the way in which these estates are developed, and from their layout design.
Given the nature of these private estates and the identification of them as communities, do these estates, in fact, provide a sense of community, and does the layout design have an influence on the social cohesion within them? Understanding the social cohesion of those within the gated community is important, as this affects the relations between individuals and how they function within that environment.
3.3URBAN PLANNING