4.3 Results
4.3.3 Specific combining ability effects for individual sets meaned over two sites
The HI expresses the economic yield as a proportion of the total biomass; therefore a genotype that produces a high proportion of storage root mass in relation to the total biomass is more desirable. Only NASPOT 2 and NASPOT 4 of Set 1 had significant (P<0.05) GCA effects for HI (Table 4.9). As a parent, NASPOT 2 with a positive GCA effect would be preferred to NASPOT 4 which had a negative GCA effect. In Set 2, female parents Mbale and Shock had highly significant (P<0.01) GCA effects for HI (Table 4.10). The GCA effect for Shock was positive while that of Mbale was negative, thus Mbale was not a very good general combiner for the trait. Again, New Kawogo and Budde had significant (P<0.01) GCA effects but only Budde’s was positive and would therefore be a preferred general combiner.
Table 4.10 Performance and general combining ability effects of Set 2 parents for four traits meaned over two sites
Parent DM% TRN TRY HI
Mean GCA Mean GCA Mean GCA Mean GCA
Females
Tanzania 31.60 -0.50 2.06 -1.45* 7.16 -2.95* 0.31 -0.01
Mbale 32.62 0.52 1.53 -0.28 8.22 -1.88 0.26 -0.06**
Shock 31.92 -0.18 1.84 0.02 14.94 4.83** 0.39 0.07**
SE 0.57 0.80 0.31 0.21 3.74 1.36 0.02 0.02
Males
New Kawogo 32.52 0.42 1.76 -0.05 9.32 -0.78 0.27 -0.05**
Silk Luwero 31.04 -1.06 1.72 -0.10 12.25 2.15 0.31 -0.01 Magabali 33.22 1.12 1.74 -0.07 8.77 -1.34 0.30 -0.01
Budde 31.40 -0.70 2.03 0.21 10.09 0.03 0.39 0.07**
SE 0.66 0.80 0.35 0.17 4.32 1.58 0.02 0.02
* = Significant at P≤0.05; ** = significant at P≤0.01; DM% = percentage dry mass composition; TRN = total number of roots per plant; TRY = total storage root fresh mass (t ha-1); HI = harvest index; GCA effects meaned over two sites were considered
It is important to note that some genotypes with high HI have weak or underdeveloped foliage which makes propagation and maintenance of such genotypes difficult. Furthermore, HI on its own is obviously not a direct indicator of absolute yield and should therefore be used to evaluate genotypes in combination with other yield-related traits, in particular overall marketable root yield.
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with only that of Kidodo x Dimbuka highly significant (P<0.01). Of the 20 families in this set, only seven had significant (P<0.05) SCA effects of which three had desirable negative effects and four had undesirable positive effects. Family Kidodo x NASPOT 1 had the largest negative SCA effects (-67.12) and is therefore a more desirable family. Bwanjule x Dimbuka and Silk Omupya x Araka Red may be regarded as good families for this trait with SCA effects of -30.31 and -27.16, respectively. The per se performance (AUDPC means) of these families was good with Kidodo x NASPOT 1, Bwanjule x Dimbuka, Silk Omupya x Araka Red having mean AUDPC values of 143.3, 142.9 and 115.2 which were low compared to the other crosses. Families Silk Omupya x NASPOT 2, Kidodo x NASPOT 4 and Bwanjule x NASPOT 1 had significant (P<0.05), positive SCA effects, and Kidodo x Dimbuka had a significant (P<0.01), positive SCA effect and may therefore not be desirable families when breeding for resistance to Alternaria blight.
Table 4.11 Performance and specific combining ability effects of Set 1 families for four traits meaned over two sites
Family AUDPC SPVD MRN UMRN
Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA
Semanda x Dimbuka 219.5 -4.27 2.20 0.05 0.18 -0.09 1.09 -0.04
Semanda x NASPOT 2 124.3 -16.28 2.59 0.06 0.43 0.01 1.13 -0.40*
Semanda x NASPOT 1 220.0 10.25 2.10 0.26 0.33 0.05 1.09 -0.16
Semanda x NASPOT 4 173.8 -9.97 2.03 -0.22 0.45 -0.07 1.66 0.35*
Semanda x Araka Red 225.2 20.27 2.92 0.53 0.44 0.10 1.28 0.26
Silk Omupya x Dimbuka 150.6 -10.63 2.91 0.47 0.19 -0.09 1.22 0.04 Silk Omupya x NASPOT 2 106.7 28.69* 2.56 -0.26 0.33 -0.12* 1.24 -0.34*
Silk Omupya x NASPOT 1 169.9 22.83 2.92 0.26 0.35 0.06 1.18 0.55**
Silk Omupya x NASPOT 4 107.4 -13.73 2.59 0.05 0.76 0.23** 1.40 0.04 Silk Omupya x Araka Red 115.2 -27.16* 2.31 -0.37 0.29 -0.08 0.80 -0.28
Kidodo x Dimbuka 269.7 45.21** 2.00 -0.01 0.36 0.02 1.10 0.04
Kidodo x NASPOT 2 112.1 -19.20 2.81 -0.12 0.54 0.04 1.62 0.17
Kidodo x NASPOT 1 143.3 -67.12** 1.69 0.37 0.32 -0.02 1.56 -0.02
Kidodo x NASPOT 4 210.6 26.26* 2.47 0.37 0.5 -0.09 1.06 -0.18
Kidodo x Araka Red 220.5 14.85 2.13 -0.11 0.46 0.04 0.93 -0.02
Bwanjule x Dimbuka 142.9 -30.31* 2.74 -0.40 0.51 0.16** 0.70 -0.02
Bwanjule x NASPOT 2 96.9 6.80 3.39 -0.12 0.58 0.07 1.07 0.57**
Bwanjule x NASPOT 1 193.3 34.04* 4.03 0.67 0.28 -0.10 0.49 -0.37*
Bwanjule x NASPOT 4 130.7 -2.56 3.17 -0.07 0.54 -0.07 0.71 -0.21 Bwanjule x Araka Red 146.5 -7.97 3.44 0.07 0.37 -0.06 0.67 0.04
Mean 164.0 2.65 0.41 1.15
SE 25.3 12.98 0.27 0.88 0.41 0.05 0.64 0.16
* = Significant at P≤0.05; ** = significant at P≤0.01; AUDPC = area under disease progress curve for Alternaria blight severity; SPVD = sweetpotato virus disease score (score 1-9: 1 = no SPVD, and 9 = SPVD causing stunted growth);
MRN = number of marketable storage roots per plant; UMRN = number of unmarketable storage roots per plant
Semanda was inconsistent as a parent, in some cases producing resistant families such as Semanda x NASPOT 2 (AUDPC of 124.3) with a negative SCA effect of -16.28 and in other cases producing very susceptible families such as Semanda x Dimbuka (219.5), Semanda x NASPOT 1 (220) and Semanda x Araka Red (225.2) with SCA effects of -4.27, 10.25 and -20.27, respectively.
Kidodo was also inconsistent in that it produced resistant families Kidodo x NASPOT 2 (112.1) and Kidodo x NASPOT 1 (143.3) with SCA effects of -19.2 and -67.12, respectively, and susceptible families Kidodo x Dimbuka (269.7), Kidodo x NASPOT 4 (210.6), and Kidodo x Araka Red (220.5) with SCA effects of 45.21, 26.26 and 14.85, respectively. Kidodo x NASPOT 1 which had the highest significant (P<0.01), negative SCA effect of -67.12 and AUDPC of 143.3 was therefore one of the most desirable families along with Kidodo x NASPOT 2 with a SCA effect of -19.2 and AUDPC of 112.1.
In Set 2, the SCA effects for AUDPC of families Mbale x Silk Luwero and Shock x Magabali were highly significant (P<0.01) but with the effects being positive these families were undesirable (Table 4.12). The SCA effect of Mbale x Magabali was also significant (P<0.05) and being negative this was a desirable family. Shock x Silk Luwero had the lowest AUDPC value (142.4) with high but non-significant (P<0.05), negative SCA effects. All crosses with New Kawogo produced families with high AUDPC values (above 200) but, interestingly, only Mbale x New Kawogo had positive SCA effects. Shock performed inconsistently in crosses producing families with the highest AUDPC (231.5) for Shock x Magabali and also the lowest AUDPC value for Shock x Silk Luwero (142.4) and SCA effects of 36.15 and -22.14, respectively.
No families in Set 1 had significant SCA effects for SPVD (Table 4.11). However, Semanda x NASPOT 4, Silk Omupya x NASPOT 2, Silk Omupya x Araka Red, Kidodo x Dimbuka, Kidodo x NASPOT 2, Kidodo x Araka Red, Bwanjule x Dimbuka, Bwanjule x NASPOT 2 and Bwanjule x NASPOT 4 had the desired negative SCA effects. Similarly, no families in Set 2 had significant SCA effects for SPVD (Table 4.12). Families Tanzania x Silk Luwero, Tanzania x Budde, Mbale x Budde and Shock x Magabali had the desired negative SCA effects.
Of the Set 1 families, Silk Omupya x NASPOT 4 and Bwanjule x Dimbuka produced the highest MRN of 0.76 and 0.51, respectively with highly significant (P<0.01), positive SCA effects and were therefore the best families (Table 4.11). Silk Omupya x NASPOT 2 had a significant (P<0.05), but undesirable negative SCA effect for this trait. All Set 2 families had significant (P<0.05) SCA effects for MRN except Tanzania x New Kawogo, and Shock x Budde (Table 4.12). Of those families with significant (P>0.05) SCA effects, only Tanzania x Magabali, Mbale x New Kawogo, Mbale x Silk Luwero, Mbale x Budde and Shock x Silk Luwero had desirable positive SCA effects.
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Table 4.12 Performance and specific combining ability effects of Set 2 families for four traits meaned over two sites
Family AUDPC SPVD MRN UMRN
Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA
Tanzania x New Kawogo 216.7 -4.77 3.1 0.43 0.23 0.01 0.81 -0.24 Tanzania x Silk Luwero 180.2 -0.62 2.7 -0.30 0.19 -0.09* 1.21 0.02 Tanzania x Magabali 193.0 -8.59 3.1 0.02 0.30 0.11* 1.16 0.22 Tanzania x Budde 188.5 13.97 2.7 -0.15 0.23 -0.03* 1.32 0.01 Mbale x New Kawogo 214.6 9.48 2.8 -0.49 0.29 0.02* 0.66 0.14 Mbale x Silk Luwero 197.0 32.46** 3.8 0.20 0.37 0.10* 0.71 0.06 Mbale x Magabali 158.1 -27.55* 4.3 0.58 0.12 -0.11* 0.73 -0.08 Mbale x Budde 143.9 -14.38 3.2 -0.29 0.32 0.03* 0.68 -0.11 Shock x New Kawogo 201.2 -4.71 2.4 0.06 0.47 -0.02* 0.71 0.10 Shock x Silk Luwero 142.4 -22.14 2.6 0.09 0.56 0.03* 0.67 -0.08 Shock x Magabali 231.5 36.15** 2.0 -0.60 0.45 -0.04* 0.77 -0.13
Shock x Budde 168.4 0.41 2.9 0.44 0.50 -0.01 0.99 0.11
Mean 186.3 3.0 0.34 0.87
SE 25.3 11.85 0.3 0.81 0.05 0.64 0.14
* = Significant at P≤0.05; ** = significant at P≤0.01; AUDPC = area under disease progress curve for Alternaria blight severity; SPVD = sweetpotato virus disease score (scores 1-9 used; 1 = no SPVD and 9 = SPVD causing stunted growth);
MRN = number of marketable storage roots per plant; UMRN = number of unmarketable storage roots per plant
Of the Set 1 families, Semanda x NASPOT 2, Silk Omupya x NASPOT 2 and Bwanjule x NASPOT 1 had significant (P<0.05), negative SCA effects for UMRN whereas families Silk Omupya x NASPOT 1 and Bwanjule x NASPOT 2 had highly significant (P<0.01), positive SCA effects (Table 4.11). Semanda x NASPOT 4 had a significant (P<0.05), positive SCA effect. A family with a low mean UMRN and negative SCA effects is desired. Therefore, the best Set 1 family was Bwanjule x Dimbuka with the lowest mean UMRN of 0.7 and SCA effect of -0.02. There were no families in Set 2 (Table 4.12) with significant SCA effects for UMRN. However, families Tanzania x New Kawogo, Mbale x Magabali, Mbale x Budde, Shock x Silk Luwero and Shock x Magabali had desirable negative SCA effects.
There were no families in Set 1 with significant (P<0.05) SCA effects for DM% (Table 4.13).
Thirteen of the 20 families had undesirable negative SCA effects for this trait. Similarly, there were no families in Set 2 with significant (P<0.05) SCA effects for DM% (Table 4.14). Of the 12 families, seven had undesirable negative SCA effects.
There were no families with significant (P<0.05) SCA effects for TRN in Set 1 (Table 4.13). Of the 20 families, 10 families had desirable positive SCA effects whereas the other 10 had undesirable negative SCA effects. In Set 2, five families had highly significant (P<0.01) SCA effects and two families had significant (P<0.05) SCA effects (Table 4.14). Of these seven families, only Shock x Silk Luwero had undesirable negative SCA effects.
There were no families in Set 1 with significant SCA effects for TRY (Table 4.13). However, Semanda x NASPOT 1, Semanda x Araka Red, Silk Omupya x NASPOT 1, Silk Omupya x NASPOT 4, and Bwanjule x Dimbuka had large positive SCA effects. In Set 2, no family had significant SCA effects for TRY (Table 4.14). However, seven families had positive SCA effects.
All families in Set 1 had highly significant (P<0.01), negative SCA effects for HI and were therefore undesirable for this trait (Table 4.13). In Set 2, of the 12 families, five (Tanzania x New Kawogo, Tanzania x Magabali, Mbale x Budde, Shock x Magabali, Shock x Budde) had highly significant (P<0.01) SCA effects and two (Mbale x New Kawogo and Mbale x Magabali) had significant (P<0.05) SCA effects (Table 4.14). Tanzania x Magabali, Mbale x New Kawogo and Shock x Budde had desirable positive SCA effects. Tanzania x New Kawogo, Mbale x Magabali, Mbale x Budde and Shock x Magabali had undesirable negative SCA effects.
Table 4.13 Performance and specific combining ability effects of Set 1 families for four traits meaned over two sites
Family DM% TRN TRY HI
Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA
Semanda x Dimbuka 31.44 -0.26 2.1 -0.19 8.08 -3.14 0.34 -0.33**
Semanda x NASPOT 2 30.29 0.09 2.4 -0.41 16.04 -0.92 0.37 -0.33**
Semanda x NASPOT 1 32.56 1.35 2.5 0.30 12.77 3.46 0.34 -0.29**
Semanda x NASPOT 4 30.96 -0.93 2.9 0.09 17.97 -0.04 0.31 -0.33**
Semanda x Araka Red 30.35 -0.20 2.4 0.21 17.11 2.99 0.39 -0.30**
Silk Omupya x Dimbuka 31.44 0.11 2.1 -0.01 8.00 -1.89 0.28 -0.38**
Silk Omupya x NASPOT 2 29.11 -0.72 2.4 -0.23 12.65 -2.99 0.34 -0.36**
Silk Omupya x NASPOT 1 29.77 -1.07 2.2 0.21 13.78 3.46 0.36 -0.29**
Silk Omupya x NASPOT 4 33.77 2.25 2.7 0.18 19.74 3.06 0.45 -0.20**
Silk Omupya x Araka Red 29.66 -0.52 1.8 -0.15 11.15 -1.64 0.31 -0.38**
Kidodo x Dimbuka 31.40 0.48 2.3 0.03 13.52 -0.17 0.34 -0.28**
Kidodo x NASPOT 2 29.36 -0.06 3.1 0.26 21.83 -0.45 0.40 -0.22**
Kidodo x NASPOT 1 30.42 -0.01 2.1 -0.11 13.48 -1.86 0.31 -0.46**
Kidodo x NASPOT 4 29.94 -1.17 2.8 -0.01 18.61 -1.86 0.41 -0.46**
Kidodo x Araka Red 30.58 0.81 2.0 -0.16 16.85 0.24 0.32 -0.32**
Bwanjule x Dimbuka 31.23 -0.30 1.8 0.16 18.57 5.20 0.31 -0.30**
Bwanjule x NASPOT 2 30.77 0.74 2.6 0.38 20.64 1.52 0.32 -0.34**
Bwanjule x NASPOT 1 30.80 -0.24 1.2 -0.39 9.86 -3.94 0.23 -0.38**
Bwanjule x NASPOT 4 31.63 -0.10 1.9 -0.26 19.00 -1.16 0.28 -0.31**
Bwanjule x Araka Red 30.33 -0.05 1.7 0.10 14.66 -1.61 0.34 -0.30**
Mean 30.79 2.3 15.20 0.32
SE 1.14 0.6 0.22 7.49 2.45 0.05 0.05
** = significant at P≤0.01; DM% = percentage dry mass composition; TRN = total number of storage roots per plant; TRY
= total storage root fresh mass (t ha-1); HI = harvest index
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Table 4.14 Performance and specific combining ability effects of Set 2 families for four traits meaned over two sites
Family DM% TRN TRY HI
Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA
Tanzania x New Kawogo 31.80 -0.23 2.1 1.75** 8.42 0.29 0.23 -0.24**
Tanzania x Silk Luwero 30.62 0.08 2.2 1.91** 7.98 -3.51 0.29 0.02 Tanzania x Magabali 33.11 0.38 2.1 1.79** 12.13 4.36 0.36 0.22**
Tanzania x Budde 30.88 -0.02 1.9 1.36** 9.82 -1.15 0.35 0.01 Mbale x New Kawogo 35.21 2.17 1.5 1.91** 10.25 1.05 0.22 0.14*
Mbale x Silk Luwero 31.21 -0.35 1.7 0.29 14.17 1.62 0.24 0.06 Mbale x Magabali 32.46 -1.28 1.3 -0.17 5.58 -3.25 0.26 -0.08*
Mbale x Budde 31.60 -0.32 1.6 -0.11 12.61 0.58 0.32 -0.11**
Shock x New Kawogo 30.56 -1.78 1.8 -0.02 16.27 -1.34 0.36 0.10 Shock x Silk Luwero 31.29 -0.27 1.2 -0.50* 22.14 1.88 0.41 -0.08 Shock x Magabali 34.10 1.06 1.8 -0.07 16.14 -1.11 0.29 -0.13**
Shock x Budde 31.72 0.50 2.5 0.45* 21.02 0.57 0.49 0.11**
Mean 32.05 1.8 13.10 0.32
SE 1.14 0.6 0.20 7.49 2.23 0.05 0.04
* = Significant at P≤0.05; ** = significant at P≤0.01; DM% = percentage dry mass composition; TRN = total number of storage roots per plant; TRY = total storage root fresh mass (t ha-1); HI = harvest index