26
27 Table 1.6 Known fungal pathogens of Clivia
Genus Species
Common name of disease
and/or host organs affected Clivia species Reference
Alternaria tenuissima Clivia spp. Swart (2005)
Blennoria sp. Clivia spp. Oprea & Neamtu (2001)
Colletotrichum boninense leaf spot Clivia spp. Moriwaki et al. (2003); Hyde et al. (2009); Silva-Rojas & Avila-Quezada (2011)
cliviae leaf spot C. miniata Hyde et al. (2009); Yang et al. (2009)
gloeosporiodes anthracnose C. miniata Whitlock (1986); Crous et al. (2000)
karstii anthracnose C. miniata Damm et al. (2012b)
trichellum anthracnose C. miniata Kim et al. (2001)
sp. Clivia spp. Swart (2005)
Fusicoccum luteum C. miniata Braithwaite et al. (2006)
Fusarium oxysporum C. miniata Swart (2004)
sp. damping off Clivia spp. Stroh (2002)
Phoma sp. C. miniata Swart (2004)
Phytophthora sp. damping off Clivia spp. Stroh (2002)
Pythium sp. damping off Clivia spp. Stroh (2002)
Stagnospora curtisii leaf and stalk spot Clivia spp. Hill, (1982); Stroh (2002); Punithalingam & Spooner (2005)
Strelitziana cliviae C. miniata Crous & Groenewald (2012); Crous et al. (2012a)
Macrophoma agapanthii leaf dieback Clivia spp. Stroh (2002)
sp. leaf spot C. miniata Zhang (1990)
Rhizoctonia solani damping off Clivia spp. Stroh (2002)
Sclerotium rolfsii collar rot Clivia spp. Stroh (2002)
Table 1.7 Known viral pathogens of Clivia
Genus Species
Symptoms of
infected plants Clivia species Country reported Reference
Potexvirus Undetermined Clivia hybrids New Zealand Hammet (2004)
Potyvirus Narcissus late season yellows virus (NLSYV)
streaking and mottling of leaves
C. gardenii, C. miniata ‘Belgium hybrid’, C. miniata var. citrina
Australia Adcock (2007)
Tospovirus Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV)
Clivia spp. Japan Jones (2005); Gent et al. (2006)
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
Clivia spp. Holland, USA Verhoeven & Roenhorst (1994);
McDonough et al. (1999)
1.7.2 Strelitzia pathogens
Bacterial and fungal diseases have been reported on Strelitzia in South Africa and internationally. Fungal diseases seem to be slightly more numerous than bacterial diseases, whilst there are no reports of any viral pathogens on Strelitzia published in available literature.
Table 1.8 Known bacterial pathogens of Strelitzia
Genus Species
Common name of disease
and/or host organs affected Strelitzia species Reference
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae bacterial leaf stripe S.nicolai Wehlburg (1971); Seijo & Peres (2011) avenae subsp. avenae bacterial leaf stripe S. reginae Seijo & Peres (2011)
Burkholderia gladioli leaf spot and blight S. reginae Cirvilleri et al. (2006a) Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.
caratovorum
brown rot S. reginae Ogorodnik et al. (1996); Abd-El-Khair & Nofal (2001)
Pseudomonas syringae pv. delphinii necrosis and soft rot of flowers S. reginae Abd-El-Khair & Nofal (2001)
syringae pv. syringae S. reginae Cirvilleri et al. (2005); Cirvilleri et al. (2006b).
sp. bacterial leaf stripe S. reginae Wehlburg (1970); Miller (1976)
Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial wilt S. reginae Liu et al. (2009); Rodrigues et al. (2011);
Chandrashekara et al.(2012)
Xanthomonas campestris S. nicolai Chase & Jones (1987)
campestris S. reginae Chase & Jones (1987); Miller & Chase (1987);
Graham et al. (1990)
28 Table 1.9 Known fungal pathogens of Strelitzia
Genus Species
Common name of disease
and/or host organs affected Strelitzia species Reference
Armillaria mellea S. reginae Davino (1984); Coetzee et al. (2001)
Botrytis cinerea grey mould of flowers S. reginae Halevy et al. (1978); Criley & Paull (1993); McKenzie
& Dingley (1996); Finger et al. (2003); Braithwaite et al. (2006)
Calonectria ilicicola brown leaf spot S. reginae Hirooka et al. (2008)
Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes anthracnose S. reginae Korade et al. (2001); Lin et al. (2006) Cylindrocarpon destructans root rot and leaf wilt S. reginae Grasso & Cutuli (1972)
Cylindrocladium clavatum S. reginae Barnard et al. (1989)
pteridis S. reginae Crous & Wingfield (1994) ; Kubota (2001)
Fusarium culmorum root necrosis and plant wilt S. reginae Orlikowski (1977) moniliforme root necrosis and plant wilt S. reginae Orlikowski (1977) oxysporum root necrosis and plant wilt S. reginae Orlikowski (1977)
roseum flowers S. reginae Garibaldi (1964)
solani root necrosis and plant wilt S. reginae Orlikowski (1977)
sporotrichiodes S. reginae Braithewaite et al. (2006)
Microsphaeropsis sp. leaf and peduncle spot S. reginae Agosteo & Pennisi (1996)
Penicillium sp. S. reginae Finger et al. (2003)
Pestalotiopsis versicolor leaf spot and blight S. nicolai Braithewaite et al. (2006)
Phoma nigricans Strelitzia sp. Braithewaite et al. (2006)
Phyllacora strelitziae tar spot S. alba Doidge (1942); Crous et al. (2000)
Phytophthora nicotianae leaf blight and root and foot rot S. reginae Luongo et al. (2010)
Sclerotium rolfsii southern blight S. reginae Polizzi et al. (2007)
Strelitziana africana Strelitzia sp. Arzanlou & Crous (2006); Crous & Groenewald (2012)
Thanatephorus cucumeris S. nicolai Braithewaite et al. (2006)
Toxicocladosporium strelitziae S. reginae Crous et al. (2012b)
Ulocladium chartarum leaf spot S. reginae Babelegoto et al. (1987); Vannini & Vettraino (2000)
1.7.3 Zantedeschia pathogens
Zantedeschia species and hybrids are subject to many diseases, as has been reported in literature from South Africa and abroad. A number of bacterial species have been reported to cause soft rot of plants and tubers and many fungi have been shown to cause spotting and disfigurement of Zantedeschia leaves and flowers as well as storage rots of tubers and vascular wilts. Viral pathogens are also prevalent in the genus, with most of the viral species belonging to the Potyviridae.
Table 1.10 Known bacterial pathogens of Zantedeschia
Genus Species Common name of disease Zantedeschia species Reference Chryseobacterium indologenes soft rot of tubers Zantedeschia hybrids Mikicinski et al. (2010b)
Chryseobacterium sp. Zantedeschia hybrids Mikicinski et al. (2010b)
Erwinia chrysanthemi soft rot of tubers Zantedeschia hybrids Lee & Chen (2002); Mikicinski et al. (2010a) Paenibacillus polymyxa soft rot of tubers Zantedeschia hybrids Mikicinski et al. (2010a)
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticumsoft rot of tubers Zantedeschia hybrids Mikicinski et al. (2010b)
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorumsoft rot of tubers Zantedeschia hybrids Wright (1998); Lee & Chen (2002); Snijder & van Tuyl (2002); Snijder et al. (2004);
Cho et al. (2005); Janse (2006); Mikicinski et al. (2010a) Pseudomonas marginalis soft rot of tubers Zantedeschia hybrids Krejzar et al. (2008); Mikicinski et al. (2010a); Mikicinski et al. (2010b) Pseudomonas putida soft rot of tubers Zantedeschia hybrids Krejzar et al. (2008); Mikicinski et al. (2010a)
Pseudomonas veronii soft rot of tubers Zantedeschia hybrids Mikicinski et al. (2010b)
Xanthomonas campestris pv. zantedeschiae bacterial leaf spot and blightZ. aethiopica Joubert & Truter (1972); Lee et al. (2005); Coutinho & Goszczynska (2009)
29 Table 1.11 Known fungal pathogens of Zantedeschia
Genus Species Common name of disease Zantedeschia species Reference Ascochyta sp. leaf and flower spot Z. aethiopica Crous et al. (2000)
Cercospora richardiicola leaf spot Z. aethiopica Chupp & Doidge (1948); Crous et al. (2000); Vieira & Barreto (2004) Fusarium oxysporum vascular wilt Zantedeschia hybrids Ciampi et al. (2009)
Fusarium solani vascular wilt Zantedeschia hybrids Ciampi et al. (2009)
Leveillula taurica powdery mildew and leaf spot Z. aethiopica Doidge et al. (1953); Crous & Braun (1996); Crous et al. (2000) Pellicularia filamentosa crown rot Zantedeschia hybrids Kuehny (2000)
Phoma zantedeschiae flower stalk spot Z. aethiopica Dippenaar (1931); Crous et al. (2000) Phyllosticta richardiae leaf and flower spot Z. aethiopica Cejp (1971); Crous et al. (2000) Pythium ultimum storage rot of tubers Zantedeschia hybrids Kuehny (2000)
Ramularia richardiae powdery mildew and leaf spot Z. albomaculata Crous et al. (2000)
Septoria aracearum leaf spot Z. aethiopica Doidge et al. (1953); Crous et al. (2000)
Table 1.12 Known viral pathogens of Zantedeschia
Genus Species Zantedeschia species Reference
Alfamovirus Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007) CucumovirusCucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007) Potexvirus Potato virus X (PVX) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007) Potyvirus Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007) Calla lily latent virus (CLLV) Zantedeschia spp. Chen et al. (2006)
Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV) Zantedeschia spp. Elliot et al. (1997); Huang et al. (2007); Babu et al. (2011) Konjac mosaic virus (KoMV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007)
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007)
Zantedeschia mild mosaic virus (ZaMMV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang & Chang (2005); Huang et al. (2007) Zantedeschia mosaic virus (ZaMV) Zantedeschia spp. Kwon et al. (2002); Huang et al. (2007) Nepovirus Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007)
Tobravirus Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007) Tospovirus Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV) Zantedeschia spp. Chen et al. (2005)
Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007) Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Zantedeschia spp. Huang et al. (2007)