4.5. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
4.5.1. Vulnerability context
Poor people at most times experience a number of things that negatively impact on their survival strategies. Thus the vulnerability context in the SLF makes us aware that people's livelihoods could be affected by things that are beyond their control, and as such, ways have to be found as to how poor people could be prepared to survive in cases of calamities coming their way. The vulnerability context covers three areas that impact on the livelihoods of the poor, namely, trends, shocks and seasons.116
4.5.1.1. Trends
Trends are changes that take place gradually, mostly predictable and have a negative impact on the livelihood strategies of the poor people. The example of trends could be demographic, political changes in a nation or gradual economic changes.117 The poor have no control over trends, but could at times perceive these changes, especially where it comes to policies of economic and political changes in a nation. They could at times prepare psychologically for such trends but have no control over them.
4.5.1.2. Shocks
Shocks, as the word suggests, could occur very suddenly and are never expected by poor people. They could occur in market prices, through droughts, volcanos or earthquakes, which people have absolutely no control over and happen to them suddenly.118 Such
115 Steve de Gruchy. "The Contribution of Universities to Sustainable Livelihoods," p.7.
116 UNDP, Sustainable Livelihoods, p.4.
117 Koos Neefjes, Environments and Livelihoods: Strategies for Sustainability. (Oxford: Oxfam, 2000), p.92.
118 Koos Neefjes, Environments and Livelihoods: Strategies for Sustainability, p.92.
sudden occurrences have a direct impact on the livelihoods of the poor and lead to much poverty within a household or a community.
4.5.1.3. Seasons
Changes that are seasonal are those that come with the change of the climate and the weather. These changes also have a major impact on the livelihoods of the poor. They impact negatively on their livelihoods and their livelihood strategies. Sicknesses like malaria, cholera and dysentery in Ndola tend to affect people's livelihoods negatively during the rain reason, and this reduces their ability to produce and harvest their food.
4.5.2. Livelihood assets
As we continue to analyze the SLF, we realize that there is another element that is important, and this is the portfolio of livelihood assets. These have been summarized as Natural capital, Physical capital, Human capital, Social capital and Financial capital. This portfolio holds the livelihoods assets people have (or might not have) access and entitlement to within a household.119 The DFID observe that,
The livelihood approach is concerned first and foremost with the people. It seeks to gain an accurate and realistic understanding of people's strengths (assets or capital endowments) and how they endeavour to convert these into positive livelihood outcomes. This is founded on a belief that people require a range of assets to achieve positive livelihood outcomes.120
These assets are the resource base upon which the poor could build from to come up with strategies and sustain their livelihood strategies within a household. Below is a brief explanation of each livelihood asset.
119 Steve De Gruchy. "The Contribution of Universities to Sustainable Livelihoods," p.8.
120 DFID, Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. Section 2.3. p. 19.
4.5.2.1. Natural capital
Natural capital has to do with the availability of the natural resources at the disposal of the people to generate their livelihoods.121 Natural capital covers a wide range of things,
"from intangible things like the universe, to things such as rivers, trees, and land, that people in the household use to survive."122 Natural assets are traditionally and usually the base for economic survival in rural Africa, though environmental degradation is undermining this.
4.5.2.2. Physical capital
Physical capital has to do with basic infrastructure that people have access to within a household or a community in order to acquire and support the needed livelihoods.123 Examples of physical capital are buildings, water supply, good and affordable transport network, communication etc. Infrastructure such as roads are key to poor people, especially for small-scale farmers who have to transport their products to centers where they have to sell their produce.
4.5.2.3. Human capital
Human capital has to do with people's skills, their traditional and technological knowledge, education, health, ability to work etc.124 This asset is key to the poor as they engage in development in that they put to use their time and abilities in order to realize their own development. With the impact of malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, human capital is affected negatively, though the poor at most times find ways of surviving, like having their children take up some of the responsibilities that their mother or father can no longer do due to sickness.
121 DFID, Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance sheets, p.20.
122 DFID, Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance sheets, p.20
123 DFID, Sustainable Livelihoods guidance sheets, p.21
124 Steve De Gruchy. "The Contribution of Universities to Sustainable Livelihoods" p.8.
4.5.2.4. Social capital
Social capital covers the social memberships and relationships that the people connect with as a strategy for a livelihood within a household or a community.125 This could thus cover relationships with fellow Church members like women's fellowships, networks with other civic societies or economic empowerment cooperatives. In such groups insights on economic strategies are shared on a trust basis thus helping the poor to come up with better livelihood strategies. In times of household crises, it is usually social networks that can be relied upon for survival.
4.5.2.5. Financial capital
Financial capital has to do with financial resources, not just money, but also flows and stocks that people utilize within the household or community for their survival strategies.126 De Gruchy observes that financial capital "is the money available to the household, either in the form of stocks, such as cash, bank deposits, livestock, jewelry, and credit; or in the form of regular inflows of money from wages, social security and other remittances."127 We therefore see that people could trade their jewelry or stocks in exchange for food or actual money.