This master research project uses air pollution monitoring data (S02, PMIQ and Meteorological data) collected at the South Durban Health Study. Emission and transmission are pathways in the urban atmosphere, resulting in ambient air pollution.
OVERALL OBJECTIVE
This study uses air pollution data, namely S02 and PMIO, collected in a study entitled: 'THE HEALTH STATUS AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATETED WITH ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG THE DURBAN SOUTH COMMUNITY', known as the South Durban Health Study (SDHS ). The SDHS was a response to the Durban Metropolitan Health Authority's tender.
SPECIFIC AIMS
Uncontrolled air pollution has the potential to negatively impact public health in the short and long term, especially in communities living near areas of increased industrial growth and development. Air pollution in urban areas is a major healthcare concern and numerous studies have linked air pollutants to several acute health effects (such as reduced peak flow levels, FVC and FEY1). In asthmatic patients, the frequency of reporting respiratory symptoms such as sore throat and throat irritations has increased. rhinitis, eye irritations, nausea and coughing with phlegm, annoyance reactions to chemical odors etc. in diary studies and chronic health outcomes (such as chronic wheezing, coughing, doctor diagnosed asthma, bronchitis, abnormal lung function, shortening of life expectancy, cardiovascular problems effects, development of malignant and non-malignant tumors etc. in developed and developing countries.
NATURE OF PARTICULATE POLLUTION
The various components that make up particulate pollution come from specific sources and are often formed in the atmosphere. Carbon comes from emissions of reactive organic gases from cars, trucks, industrial facilities, forest fires and biogenic sources such as trees.
NATURE AND SOURCES OF S02
Primary PM consists of carbon (soot), emitted by cars, trucks, heavy equipment, forest fires, burning of waste and crustal materials from unpaved roads, stone crushing, construction sites, and metallurgical operations.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AIR POLLUTANTS AND METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
Air pollution studies have examined and investigated the interaction of air pollutants and meteorological factors in the transmission of various pollutants. 03 production increased with increasing NOx, with a stronger relationship in mixed residential commercial areas (R2 varies from residential areas (R2 varies from which is explained by mixed commercial residential areas that have a combination of polluting sources of vehicles and industrial and high pollution than residential areas areas which are without industrial activity [23].
HEALTH EFFECTS OF PM AND S02
Short-term effects of air pollution (PMIO, S02, N02, 03 & CO) on respiratory morbidity in children were assessed from hospitalization data in the city of Sao Paulo. Average daily prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms was high in the study population with cough most frequently reported (over 50%) and air pollution levels were associated with exacerbations of existing symptoms rather than symptom prevalence.
AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS
In Teesside, the public perceived air pollution as the top environmental problem and identified industry as a major contributor. South Africa has basically adopted the World Health Organization guidelines for S02, which are better than the recommended US EPA standards.
STUDIES IN THE SOUTH DURBAN INDUSTRIAL BASIN
STUDY DESIGN
STUDY LOCATIONS AND RATIONALE FOR SELECTION
This is a time series study using available environmental S02, PMIQ and meteorological data measured in the SDHS between May 2004 and October 2005, from selected southern and northern communities of the Durban metropolitan area. The selection criteria used ensured that the communities of the two regions had similar characteristics, differing only by the presence of a highly industrialized area with multiple sources of pollution in the south compared to the northern residential areas.
AMBIENT POLLUTANT MONITORING
For the purposes of the epidemiological study, four intensive phases of health assessments coincided with intensive monitoring of environmental pollution. The intensive phases (JP) of the study were carried out during the following time frames IP 1=.
DATA COLLECTION
PM MONITORING
- PM COLLOCATION STUDY
Monitoring of environmental pollution criteria (SOz and PMlO) began at the beginning of the second school term in May 2004. Before the start of monitoring at SDHS, a "co-location study" was conducted to compare the performance of different PM and PM monitors. to refine monitoring protocols.
DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
All new and sampled filters were weighed after a 24 - 48 hour equilibration period for relative humidity and temperature in the laboratory environment. Millipore petri-slide filter holders protect the integrity of the filter from external contamination during filter transport, filter transfer and filter storage in the laboratory.
METHODOLOGY OF AMBIENT PM MONITORING
To control such losses, field technicians were trained in the proper handling and transfer of filters while in their custody. During deployment, the 47mm filters were transported to the sampling site in the Millipore petri dish filter container, while the larger 150mm filters were transported in their numbered sample rings in sealed plastic buckets. The samplers were checked and prepared for sample collection in accordance with the instructions provided in the sampler's operating manual and with the specific quality assurance program established for the sampler.
At the end of the sampling period, the filters contained in the filter cassette were carefully removed from the sampler following the procedure in the sampler operator's manual and the quality assurance program and placed in the protective filter container, ensuring no contact was made with the sample surface of the filter.
SULPHUR DIOXIDE MONITORING
Assegai Primary School initially used an API 100A but in May 2004 it was replaced by a Monitor Laboratory ML 2015 due to problems (replacing the UV fluorescence spectrometer). Dirkie Uys had an API 100A which failed and was replaced by a Dasibi 4108 in January 2005 (due to too much movement of the analyzer). Nizam Primary School used an API 100A, which was replaced in January 2005 with a similar instrument (taken from Lamontville due to a calibration error).
Lamontville School (Entuthukweni) used an APt 100A, which failed, was repaired and then moved to Nizam.
DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE
How this type of data was handled is discussed in more detail under "Data Management". S02 data were stored in data loggers connected to the analyzer via an RS232 serial port and equipped with an internal power supply (t2v battery pack). Span and zero checks were performed monthly by field technicians on the analyzers to determine if the analyzer sampling SOza had the correct concentration. Span values were read on the analyzer at the end of the test to determine the sensitivity of the analyzer in measuring a known SO2 concentration.
This was done to ensure that no dirt or dust had built up and clogged the sampling tubes or lines leading into the analyzer.
MEASUREMENT OF OTHER ASSOCIATED VARIABLES
Any person who handled any of the S02 analyzers was required to fill out a log indicating the nature, date, time and reason for the visit. The data were named and stored in separate files according to monitoring site and date in Microsoft Excel statistical program on the computer. Pressure was measured with PTB IOOA Vaisala pressure sensor, and verified against a PA 11 pressure sensor.
Various decision rules regarding data handling had to be documented as part of the quality control and assurance processes to ensure a standardized data management approach, which prevents deviations from the written protocol.
DATA MANAGEMENT
The criteria used to encode, adjust, clean and censor the raw SOz data for certain periods of time is called the technical quality control process. At each site except Femdale, SOz data were collected as 5-minute averages, which were processed to 1-hour averages if half the data were available for that hour. All field and laboratory data were collected in this Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, which contained the formulas for the automatic calculation of the final mass concentration calculation for each filter.
Data with a flag code of 2 or 4 was not used due to data reliability issues.
ANALYSIS OF DATA
The seasonal distribution of S02 and PMIO was also investigated, calculating the monthly averages that enabled the identification of the seasons, spring (September, October, November), summer (December, January, February), autumn (March, April, May) winter (June, July August). Since the S02 and PMIO data were found to have a non-parametric distribution, the Kruskal-Wallis test for (S02 and PM10) was performed to determine if there were significant differences between the means of S02 and PM10 between the southern and northern areas. To determine whether significant differences exist between the means of S02 and PMIO between the South Durban area and the North Durban area, the two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test was performed.
For regression analysis, log-normalized dependent variables of S02 and PM lO for the South Durban region and the North Durban region were used in the models.
RESULTS
Areas with the highest SOz concentrations were Assegai (11.9 ppb), Nizam (8.3 ppb), Dirkie Uys (6.9 ppb) and Lamontville (6.7 ppb) from the south, while Ferndale to Ngazana from the north ranged from 2.5 ppb to 1.18 ppb. . The inter-site SOz concentration gradients between southern locations follow a distinct spatial distribution: Assegai (11.9 ppb) > Nizam (8.3 ppb) > Dirkie uys (~7 ppb) > Lamontville (6.7 ppb). Intersite SOz concentrations among northern sites showed the following spatial distributions: Ferndale (2.5 ppb) > Briardale (1.58 ppb) > Ngazana (1.18 ppb).
The average SO2 concentration for the southern region is 8.6 ppb, while the northern region is 1.9 ppb.
Ngazana
Briardale
Dirkie Uys
Femdale
DISCUSSION
This study provides evidence for the spatial and temporal variations in two criteria pollutants in the greater Durban metropolitan area. This is an expected finding given the predominance of heavy industry in the south of the city. Differences in S02 concentrations were also observed between locations in the south and north, respectively (Table 6).
As the ambient temperature rises during the day, unstable atmospheric conditions (in the presence of increasing wind speeds) cause the inversion layer to dissipate.
CONCLUSION
Forsberg B, Stjernberg N, Linne R, Segerstedt B, Wall S. Daily air pollution levels and acute asthma in southern Sweden. Respiratory diseases in children and outdoor air pollution in Sao Paulo, Brazil: A time series analysis. Outdoor air pollution and children's respiratory symptoms in the steel towns of New South Wales.
Acute effects of air pollution on respiratory health in children with and without chronic respiratory symptoms.
DESCRIPTION OF MONITORING SITES
Of the South Basin locations, this is the furthest from major industries: 1.5 miles from Mondi; 2.7 km from SAPREF Refinery; 2.9 km from Southern Wastewater Works; and 3.5 km from the Engen refinery. This location is close to three major roads: 0.45 km from the N2 highway; 0.73 km from Zuidkustweg; and 1.1 km from the southern highway; all to the southeast. The measurement location was constructed on the lawn approximately 15 meters from the administration building and classrooms.
The main roads are Inanda Road, 300 m away, and the larger N2, 3 km away, which runs from South East to North East.
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR SOUTH AFRICA
Section 63)
Ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) shall not exceed: (a) an instantaneous peak of 0.5 parts per million measured at 25DC and normal atmospheric pressure; Ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) shall not exceed: (a) a ten minute average instantaneous peak of 0.191 parts per million measured at 25DC and normal atmospheric pressure; Ambient concentrations of particles with a particle size of less than 10 microns (u,) in size (PMI0) should not exceed -. (a) a daily average of 180 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3) and the daily limit may not be exceeded more than three times per year; or. (b) an annual average of 60 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3).
Ambient concentrations of total suspended solids may not exceed. a) a 24-hour average of 300 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3) and the 24-hour limit may not be exceeded more than three times in one year; or.
GDDCJD
GRAVIMETRIC DATA SHEET FOR MASS CALCULATION
