I have made extensive use of the section on the “Conventions and Characteristics of Scientific Writing” and the. For Greek words quoted in the text I normally use the Greek script, but for translations of the works of ancient authors I transliterate Greek words into the Latin script.
SECTION A: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1. Framework
Linguistic Purism
Due to the varied use of the term "The Second Sophist" by both ancient and modern scholars, it cannot be assigned to a clearly defined historical or geographical period. Strobel also discusses the major Atticist lexicographers in a chapter on The Lexica of the Second Sophistic (2009) and examines their work in more detail in an unpublished dissertation (2011).
Literature Review
- Ancient Literature on Atticism
- Literature on Achilles Tatius and the Greek Novel
He then provides an analysis of (mainly linguistic) Atticism in the works of seven authors who wrote during the second sophistry. Well-known practitioners of this 'purist' Attic revivalism in the period of the second sophistry are: the orators Aelius Aristides.
Methodology
- Establishing a Text
- Analysing Atticism
- Patterns of Use
- Conclusion
- Development of the Variation
- Evidence for -ττ- as a Marker of Atticism
- Use in Achilles’ Text
- Interim Conclusion
- Development of the Variation
- Evidence for -ρρ- (over -ρσ-) as a Marker of Atticism
- Use in Achilles’ Text
- Interim Conclusion
In Koine, the ι-less form predominates, with very few instances of the ι-inclusive form. The first is the language of the New Testament and early Christian writers (which is mostly non-Atticist in nature). On the question of the use of sigma in the tragedies, see Scott 1908 and Clayman 1987.
The many [s] sounds preserved in Classical Greek tended to be innovations (not derived, not PIE *s), while in most cases of PIE *s the [s] sound was lost or changed. There are no variants in the manuscripts, and the word does not appear in any of the papyrus fragments. Given the considerable continued use of the -ρρ- form in Galen (who was considered a Neaticist), but the preference for -ρσ- in the Septuagint and Plutarch (who was not immune to Atticist influence), the usage pattern for this word can be described as X : XY (indicating the similar numbers of the two records in the Koine texts).
Of these instances of the word, two are from passages preserved in the papyrus fragments. There is thus one full and one partial example of the Attic -ρρ- spelling in the papyrus. The dictionary citation of the word in LSJ is θαρσέω and the Attic variation is given as θαρσέω.
Other Consonantal Variations
- γιγν- versus γιν-
- ξυν versus συν
- σμ- versus μ-
- Summary (Other Consonants)
- Development of the Variation
- Evidence for the Variation as a Marker of Atticism
- Use in Achilles’ Text
- Summary and Interim Conclusion
In these authors there are 112 instances of the preposition ξύν (compared to 684 of σύν), but only Lucian, Philostratus, and Dio Chrysostom (the latter only once) use the spelling ξ- for the preposition. The pattern of its use seems to have been Xy : Y and the use of the ι-inclusive form can be described as mild Atticism. The corresponding word inflections appear only 3 times in Attic speakers (twice with ι, once without).
The use of the ι-inclusive spelling can be described as moderately Koine-inclined, as this is the variant preferred by the Koine, but is also commonly found on Attic. The use of the ι-inclusive spelling is mildly Atticist and the use of the ι-less variant is more strongly Koine-leaning. He seems to argue that the word for the fruit of the olive tree (which he calls ἐλαία) can be spelled in the attic as ἐλαία, ἐλάα, or ἐλᾶ.
Ahil ima 4 primere leme ἀετὀς, vse z čruvovanjem brez ι (1 primer ἀετος, 2 ἀετόν in 1 ἀετοῦ).
Other Vowel Variations
- Compensatory Lengthening
- Attic Reversion after ε, ι and ρ
- Review of Phonetic Atticisms in Achilles Tatius
The second (quantitative metathesis) involves the transfer of vowel length from the first to the second vowel in a vowel cluster. With regard to the variation -ρρ- versus -ρσ-, Achilles again showed a preference for the more Attic forms (choosing mild to strong Attic-leaning alternatives). 129 Regarding the -α-/-αι- variation, Achilles again shows (mild to strong) Koine-leaning forms and avoidance of what could be considered more Atticizing or hyperatticizing forms.
Later manuscript writers (especially the writer of MS W and Book 5) may have introduced some Atticistic entries κάω and κλάω, but these are not relevant to the question of Achilles' preference. Overall, then, I found a partial Atticism in Achilles regarding the more familiar and more widespread markings -ττ- for -σσ- and -ρρ- for -ρσ-. Apart from this, the text of Achilles shows very little evidence of phonetic Atticism, generally using alternatives that tend towards koine.
In the next section I will consider potential examples of and evidence for morphological Atticisms in Achilles' work.
SECTION C: MORPHOLOGICAL ATTICISM 9. Second Declension Contraction
Development of the Variation
Thematic declension adjectives follow the same contraction patterns when their roots end in a vowel. It takes the uncontracted noun forms χρύσεος (masc.) and χρύσεον (neut.) in some dialects, but contracts χρυσοῦς (masc.) and χρυσοῦν (neut.) in Attic.309 Similar contractions occur for other cases. Smyth notes that the general contraction rule for these adjectives in Attic does not apply to the neuter plural nominative and accusative forms of compound adjectives "of both endings" (ie those using masculine forms for feminine nouns).310 Examples of this are εὔνοα. and ἄπλοα.
Evidence for Contraction in Second Declension Words as a Marker of Atticism
Hellenistic” and note only one extremely contracted case of ὀστοῦν in the New Testament (the remainder is uncontracted). 139 These adjectives can be described as having an X : Xy usage pattern, with the contracted forms appearing almost exclusively in Attic and mostly in Koine along with some uncontracted forms. While there is a very clear connection of the contracted forms of these words with the Attic, the issue of spelling in Koine is complicated by the presence of heteroclitic forms.
Blass, Debrunner and Funk say that all instances of νοῦς and πλοῦς in the New Testament fit into the 3rd declension categories. An examination of all the contracted instances of the word across the TLG corpus shows that they are by far the minority (222 out of 5,901 signs) and occur mostly in later writers (there are only 27 examples in writers before the 1st century AD ). 145 contracted and open forms alternate and there are some examples of contraction in the Roman and Byzantine papyri (although this is not the norm).
In most cases, then, the usage is neutral, but in the nominative and accusative plural forms, the uncontracted 2nd declension form is moderately Attic-inclined and the use of the 3rd the declension form moderate avoidance of Atticism.
Use in Achilles’ Text
The adjective ἀργύρεος occurs once in the contracted dative plural ἀργυροῖς, and σιδήρεος occurs once in the contracted nominative singular σιοηςοᦦ. The remaining examples are forms of a derived noun (ὁ χρύσεος) referring specifically to gold coins: χρυσοῖ (4) χρυσοῦς (8).347 There is no variation in the manuscripts. Achilles' use of the contracted form can be described as moderately Koine-inclined, as the contracted form was preserved in Koine and both Moeris and attested usage indicate that ἁλουργής is a moderately Atticist alternative.
There is no variation in the manuscripts except that one instance of διπλοῦν in 7.5.3 is omitted from manuscript G. There are some minor variations in the manuscripts: There is one additional instance of τὸν νοῦν in 7.2.4 that appears in manuscript Family α . But since there are only two examples of this entry, and one of them is not without variation in the manuscripts, it is impossible to be certain.
There is one example of this lemma in the uncontracted spelling ὀγδόην, as one would expect.
Summary and Interim Conclusion
152 applies only to the noun and accusative plural forms of the word, Achilles' choice here is neutral. For ὀστέον, it seems to show moderate Attic leanings, but unfortunately the only sign of this is not consistent across manuscripts. Similarly, for νόος, πλόος and ῥόος (which have alternative heteroclitic forms in Koine), he seems to be showing moderate Attic leanings (with only one clear heteroclitic form), but many of these signs are unclear .
For color adjectives, it shows moderate Koine preference or moderately avoids Atticism, but both lemmas have a somewhat complex usage pattern, and it uses a moderate Atticistic alternative for the color "purple" in addition to its 3 moderate Koine - inclined alternative tokens. For lemmas that are usually uncontracted, the uncontracted form is also maintained in Attic, showing neither hyperaticism nor the usual choice of heteroclitic alternatives (with 1 exception).
The Attic Declension
- Development of the Variation
- Evidence for the Attic Declension as a Marker of Atticism
- Summary and Interim Conclusion
As mentioned, the use of the Attic declension is frequently listed by several modern writers as an important Atticist marker. Aeolian and Doric made almost no use of the Attic declension (except that Doric sometimes used contracted forms of proper names).378. Use of an Attic inflectional form can therefore be called "simple Atticism" and of the non-Attic form "Koine preference" or.
Here Phrynichus recognizes three spellings of the word: the Attic declension λαγώς (which he recommends), the Ionic spelling λαγός, and the uncontracted variation λαγωός, which he warns against. In comparison, Aristotle has 12 tokens of the Attic declension spelling and 1 of the 3rd declension. This is more likely meant as the nominative singular of the non-Attic 3rd declension than the accusative singular of the Attic declension.
For σῶς, it shows simple avoidance of the Attic form, but there is only 1 sign for this.
Athematic (-μι) Verbs
The -νυμι Verbs
- Development of the Variation
- Evidence for the Variation as a Marker of Atticism
Even in the period of the best Attic there are ὄμνυμι/ὀμνύω, δείκνυμι/δεικενω, etc. offered competitive athematic and thematic forms throughout the operation of the current system. Thematic forms gradually came to dominate Koine inscriptions, papyri, and literary works, eventually leading to the complete disappearance of the athematic inflection in modern Greek.417 While it is clear that in the development of Koine there was a trend for words that normally took the athematic inflections , instead adopted thematic versions, two sets of forms already appeared simultaneously (at least for some forms) in classical Attic.
In Koine times, Gignac generalizes (in relation to Koine inscriptions, papyri, and literary texts) that: “acti[ive] tends to have thematic formation, esp. in the present, most often in the first person [singular] [while] mesi[dle]-pas[ive] tends to preserve the athematic formation.”422. 185 In the [Ptolemaic] papyri thematic forms decisively predominate in the active, while in the middle and passive the non-thematic forms are almost constant. the older non-thematic forms follow and they still remain the prevalent forms in the passive.423. It seems then that, for the present -νυμι verb system, the subject is rare in Classical Attic but common in Koine.
Schmid pointed out that mathematical forms are mostly preserved in his Atticising authors in the middle passive (which is not unexpected).
