Introduction
Background and Issues
Debate on the causes of war increased in the 1990s as major world organizations such as the UN and international donors in particular sought to find better policy approaches to prevent the recurrence of wars in the developing world. However, the current debate on the causes of wars theorizes that identity issues in the 'grievance hypothesis' are a cover for the opportunity to plunder state resources through militant means (Collier.
Rationale and Objectives
Preliminary Literature Review
- Literature review on causes of war
- Milex literature review
The Tshitekere perspective will contribute to the examination of the two major debates on the causes of African wars, namely greed and resentment. The article provides a good background to the impact of the debate on the causes of wars in Africa since the 1990s.
Research Approach
- Definition of analytical framework
- Methodology
Which of the identified factors can be attributed to the boom in the 1990s and the decline after 2000. The Gbagbo government of the Ivoirian Popular Front (FPI) was elected through a contested election (Crisis Group 2000).
Military expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1990
Recent trend of global wars
Since the state is dependent on revenue, the longer a war lasts, it becomes harmful to the economy of the state and the local business community. The sudden increase in the incidence of conflict, particularly in Africa, has been attributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the 'thaw' of the Cold War.
Sub-Saharan Africa milex data
WMEAT records confirm that of the twenty-five largest military spenders in Africa, with the exception of Botswana and Tunisia, the remaining countries are directly or indirectly involved in the conflict. Omitoogun further explains that many African countries lack the political expertise to understand military spending.
Influences on milex decisions
What the two authors clearly point out is that arms suppliers exert pressure on the African government, which is against the optimal interests of the state. This indicates the role of the international system in the milex of developing countries, which has the potential to encourage a violation of human rights due to the overconfidence of some African leaders in increasing military arsenal.
The effects of milex
If part of the milex budget is invested in education and other productive areas of the economy, it will yield a dividend that directly affects the overall economy of the country. But this would be critical given the nature of the transition period, which could threaten political stability.
New trends in security provision
Mbaku stated that a "[p]rotective state is one that provides society with an enabling environment for the creation of the wealth needed to effectively confront poverty and deprivation". The dilemma of the new security enterprise will become a new challenge for rising milex, unless an alternative non-violent approach to resisting rebellion or state pogrom is established.
Alternatives to reliance on military defence
As Harris argued, the new task of the defense sector could be done better and cheaper by civil society. The legitimacy of the military option is still a problem because it is limited to the cabinet.
Summary
Sudan's internal conflict began before the discovery of crude oil in the southern part of the country. This was due to the economic and political sense of the conflict, and the role of crude oil and mineral resources. This chapter draws together the issues and the implications of the parts raised in the previous chapters.
This was due to the political economic nature of the conflict and the role of crude oil and mineral resources.
Grievance or greed as main underlying causes of wars in Africa
The grievance discourse
- Immature democratic process
- Fragmentation of nation-state in globalisation
- Constitution tampering
The fragmentation of the nation-state has become a factor that can make early democratization processes impossible. A nation-state is the galvanization of a previously organized state and nationalism into composite units under one authority. Biswas described the capacity and success of a nation-state as its ability to protect national identity and aspirations.
This means that divergent parties in the state can have their wishes fulfilled, and this is the basis for a good approach to development.
The greed discourse
In the case of the Cote d'Ivoire separatist conflict, the document refuted that diamonds, for example, are a major source of income for the rebels. The greed model, which only provided a reductionist framework for predicting the occurrence of war due to the extent of natural resources, thus deliberately ignored the critical role of state actors and structural issues involved in the conflict (Collier and Hoeffier 2004 ; Mehler Fjede 2006; Waltz. In the Sierra Leone case, the testimony by the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC) did not exonerate other non-state parties and the successive governments of looting and human rights abuses.
The Commission found that the RUF was responsible for the largest number of human rights violations in the conflict.
Summary
These external actors derive higher benefits from an unregulated market in the conflict-ridden DRC. In the conflicts of Chad and Sudan, the precedents of internal conflicts make it difficult to use the barometer of greed. In Ivory Coast, Gueli's death sparked a sense of revenge in the country's western region bordering Liberia.
Hellinger, Daniel Humanitarian action, NGOs and the privatization of the military", in Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol.
Intra-state wars in Sub-Saharan Africa since 1990
Pre-colonial society and militarism in Africa
The formation of the Zulu kingdom by King Shaka took place after the defeat of the Dingiswayo of Mthethwa kingdom, also took place through several campaigns. The escape of Shaka's key opponent, Zwide of Ndwandane, led to his conquest of tribes of Nyasaland and the formation of the Shangana Empire (Becker 1966: 32). After the required puberty rite that took place as a teenager, the initiate qualifies to contribute to defense or the raiding service.
Because militarism was an aspect of the integrated social system, it derived its ethics from traditional religious values (Muriuki 1974: 124).
Economic community of West Africa (ECOWAS) conflicts
The heavy armament of the rebel forces made the work of the ECOMOG intervention forces difficult. Sankoh organized and orchestrated a civil-military revolution to save Sierra Leone from internal state looting by politicians and senior military officials. This, according to the TRC Report, alerted Sankoh to the consequence that he could not prevent by prohibiting the involvement of Taylor's fighters in Sierra Leone.
However, there were some RUF rebels who, as a result of the two-front attack, made surveillance difficult for Sankoh and resorted to serious human rights abuses.
The Great Lakes Region
America and Russia have fiercely contested control of the zone with oil and diamond wealth. The post-Cold War era from the 1990s only changed the focus of the struggle from ideological to. The issues surrounding the DRC and Angolan civil wars intensified as a result of the post-Cold War shift from an ideological struggle to a purely economic one.
Internally, the DRC and Angolan warring parties refused to cooperate due to the economic factors.
Summary
The DRC's 2006 post-democratic elections failed to deliver thorough peace, with the opposition leader in exile following fatal post-election clashes and a number of rebel factions hiding in the bush. It is difficult at this stage to view the civil wars in West Africa, Central Africa, the Great Lakes region and Southern Africa as contributing to the common good. They have undermined the development of the African region and created problems such as the destruction of families, refugees, the spread of disease, famine, environmental degradation, destruction of infrastructure and economic decline in states.
In the same way once inducements for negotiation failed, most of the disgruntled parties turned to violent struggle and eventually to war.
The implications of the causes of war debates for milex
- Evaluation of SSA conflicts
- The greed hypothesis and implications for milex
- The implication for human development of the grievance hypothesis
- Summary
There is evidence of the intolerance of difference and hostility that builds out of the failing state. The nature of the MPIGO campaign and the destructive nature of their campaign is more than a vindictive display. In the case of the Cote d'Ivoire conflict, the document disproved that, for example, diamonds are an important source of income for the rebels.
If the disputes were resolved earlier, with the encouragement and support of international and regional organizations, the conflicts could end.
Conclusion and recommendations
Reflection on SSA war debates and milex
At the end of the twentieth century, which has the history of the two world wars and the beginning of new civil wars in Africa, there was some hope for a change in the reduction of armed violence in the new twenty-first century. The thesis established that greed is usually opportunistic and only helps prolong conflict, but is not the cause of SSA conflict in most cases. This trend is also evident in most conflicts in other regions, such as Asia and South America.
The study agrees that the greed hypothesis shows a misunderstanding of the issues of the African context, which are issues of attitude and a particular ethnic mindset.
Suggestions for policy considerations
Collier, Paul The Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Policy Implications', in Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler and Aall, Pemala, The Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of International Conflict Management, Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press , pp. Freedman, Lawrence Intervention Strategy and the Changing Use of Force", in Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler and Aall, Pemala, Turbulent Peace: Levy, Jack S. Theories of Interstate and Intrastate War: A Levels of Analysis Approach', in Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler and Aall, Pemala, The Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, Washington D.C. : United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001, p.
Luttewak, Edward N The Curse of Comprehensive Intervention”, in Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pemala, Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of International Conflict Management, Washington D.C.: States Institute of Peace Press United States, p. Mansfield, Edward and Snyder, Jack Democratic Transitions and War: From Napoleon to the End of the Millennium", in Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler and Aall, Pemala, Turbulent Peace: Management Challenges. Peck, Connie The Role of Regional Organizations in Conflict Prevention and Resolution', in Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler and Aall, Pemala, Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of International Conflict Management, Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace United Press, p.
