w
-
\0 TABLE 7(b). - Nemathelminthes
(continued) Parasite j Host ---,---~---.---~--- Class Order FamilyClass Order Family Oesophagos/omuml Bovidae ... columbianum
Genus and species I Vernacular name Kobus ellipsiprym- nus (Ogilby). Oryx gazella (Linn.). Redunca arundinum (Boddaert).
Waterbuck ... . Reedbuck ... .
Incidence
Region I I Authorities 0. I T. I N. W. I E. I S. Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961
I
Traga/aphusscrap-1· Bushbuck ...I
Sporadic*I
0~ - o -~ -- o - ~ -o- ~ -;- ~ - o - ~
Ortlepp, 1961 ---~---~~~~s~(P~a=l=la~~~·---~--~---~-'---~ 0. = Orao~e Fr~ State; T. =Transvaal; N. = Natal; W. = Western Cape Province; E. =Eastern Cape Province; S. = South West Africa~ "' = Locality ~iven as South Africa,..., ~
TABLE 7 (h).-Nemathelminthes (continued) Parasite Class Order Family Ancylostomidae Ancylostoma canimum Ercolani, 1859. '' Sandworm " "Creeping Eruption" (Papule) Ancylostoma hraziliense Gomes de Faria, 1910. "Sandworm" "Creeping Eruption" (Typical lesions)
Class Order Family Carnivora Canidae Felidae ... . I Viverridae ...
Host Region I
I ' I
Gon"' '"' •pocio.v""""'"
MmoIooidon ~ 0. 1 T . l
N. I W. I E. Is.
Authorities Monnig, 1923, 1928, 1934; Elsdon-Dew, 1954; Ortlepp, 1944 Monnig, 1923 II
I ~--- 1 Primates.. Homo sapiens Linn. Man ...· 1
Endemic+ + + I + I + I
oI
Monnig, 1934; Elsdon-Dew, Homtmdae 1954I I : I . ---- 1
I Canis familiaris j Dog... EnzooticI + I + ' +
I-+ I
o Monnig, 1923, 1928, 1934; Linn. 1 ' Ortlepp, 1944; Elsdon-Dew,I
1954; Kallichurum & Els- 1 don-Dew, 1961 Felidae... . . I Felis catus Linn. Domestic cat. ...
· I
Enzootic+ I + t+++_ o _
Monnig, 1923, 1928, 1934; Elsdon-Dew, 1954 1 Hominidae ...I
Homo sapiens Linn.! Man ...I
Endemic+ i + i ++ i+_ o _
Monnig, 1923, Cawston, 1930 De Meillon & Lavoipierre 1944; Elsdon-Dew, 1954; Beaver, 1958; Kallichurum & Elsdon-Dew, 1961 0. =Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. =Natal; W. =Western Cape Province; E. =Eastern Cape Province; S. =South West Africa,w tv TABLE 7
(b ) . - Ne math e lminth es
(continued) Parasite Class Order Family Bunostomum trigonocephalum (Rudolphi, 1808).Class Order Family Bovidae ...
Host Genus and species Vernacular name Incidence Capra hircus Linn. Goat ... . Enzootic
Region Authorities 0. E.
s. T. l N. l
W.L_ I . , _____ _ +1+1+1 + 1+
Monnig, 1928, 1934, 1944; Curson, 1928; Reinecke, 1964 Ovis aries Linn. I Sheep ... I Enzootic I+ - + - ,·- + - -+- ~ + o
I Monnig, 1928, 1934, 1944; Muller, 1961, 1962; Reinecke, 1964 Redunca arundi-Reedbuck... Sporadic 0+ - o-- o - l - ;- 1 - o - ,
Monnig, 1928; Ortlepp, 1961 Gaigeria pachys- celis Railliet and Henry, 1910.num (Boddaert). I 1 Bovidae ...
I
Ovis aries Linn. Sheep... Enzootic+ +_ o _ l+ l - ;- 1 + I
Monnig, 1928, 1934, 1944; Ortlepp & Monnig, 1936; Trichostrongy1i- dae Trichostrongylus co/ubri{ormis (Giles, 1892).Bovidae ...
Reinecke, 1964 1-I
~ -- - - - '-- ' ~i ---
Capra hircus Linn. Goat... Enzootic+ + o +
I 0 I+
I Monnig, 1928, 1934, 1944; Reinecke, 1964 Aepyceros me/am-~ [mpala... Sporadic*o - ;- - ;- - ;-1- ;-1 - o - 1
Ortlepp, 1._9_6_1 _____ _ pus (Lichten- stein). · D /. /b'I
Bl b k S d'* o -o- - o- 1 -o-·~ - ;-~-o-~
ama tscus a. t-es uc . . . pora tc , fi'ons (Burchell).i
Bos taurus Linn.Ortlepp, 1961 Monnig, 1950; Muller, 1962; Reinecke, 1964 I Ox... .. .. . .. .. Enzootic
_I +
I+
I+
I+
I+ ~- o - ~
j Goat... EnzooticI + I + I + I + I + I o I
Monnig, 1950; Reinecke, 1964- 0 - vt -. s - a -ri-e s_ L_i_ n- n .- ~
Sheep ... ·!Enzootic~ - + - 1+1+1+ 1 +1 o
j Mom.J.ig, 1950; Muller, 1962Capra hircus Linn. I Remecke, 1964 0. = Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. = Natal; W. =Western Cape Province; E. = Eastern Cape Province; S. = South West Africa.
*
= Locality given as South Africa.w N N
TABLE 7
(b). - Nemathelminthes
(continued) Parasite / HostI
Region ,-II I
Class Class Authorities Family Family Order Order Genus and species Vernacular name Incidence 0. T. N. W.l E.I
S. -~ -·,----,---,,--- Trichostrongylus Bovidae... Anlidorcas marsu-Springbuck... . . Sporadic* o o o o o oI
Ortlepp, 1961 colubriformis pialis (Zimmer- mann). 1---:---:---:--1---:-1--- Damaliscus albi-I
Blesbuck ...I
Sporadic*I
o o o oI
oI
oI
Ortlepp, 1961 frons (Burchell). Kobus ellipsiprym-Waterbuck ...· I
Sporadic* ~-o---o---o-~-o-~-o-1 o Ortlepp, 1961 nus (Ogilby). Oza_nna gran-d-ic_o_r_-I--S-a_b_le_a_n-te-lo_p_e-.-.-.-:--S-p_o_r_a_d-ic-*-:1· -0-l--o-~-o-~-o-~-o-~ o Ortlepp, 1961 ms (Hermann). Trichostrongylus --- axei (Cobbold, Bovidae... Bos taurus Linn.I
Ox... EnzooticI + I + + + + I
oI
Monnig, 1950; Reinecke, 1964 1879). ---1--- CaprahircusLinn., Goat... Enzootic~ ~ ~~~~ ~
oI M?~6lg ,
1928, 1934; Reinecke, Ovis aries Linn.I
Sheep... Enzootic+ + I + + + I
oI
Monnig, 1928, 1934; Reinecke, 1964; Muller, 1962 Damaliscus albi-Blesbuck... Sporadic+
o _o ___ o ___ o_l o Monnig, 1932; Ortlepp, 1961 frons (Burchell). Equidae... Equus cabal/us Horse... Enzootic o+
o o o o Theiler, 1923; Monnig, 192 Linn.l-- -- - - l - --- l-- - ---- - --: -- ---- l -- - :-- 1 --- - -- - -- - - l ---
Trichoslrongy/us Bovidae... Capra hircus Linn. Goat... Enzootic o o o+ +
o Monnig, 1934; Reinecke, 196 falcu/atus ---1---i4 Ransom, 1911. Ovis aries Linn. Sheep... Enzootic o o o+ +
o Monnig, 1928_ 1934; Muller, 1962; Reinecke, 1964 :---1---1---1--11---1--- Antidorcas marsu-Springbuck... Zoot. o+
o o o o Le Roux, 1930; Ort1epp, 1961 pialis (Zimmer-gardens mann). Sporadic o+
o o o o Monnig, 1931 Damaliscusa/bi-I
Blesbuck... Sporadic+ I
o o -o---o-~-o-1 Monnig, 1932; Ortlepp, 1961 frons (Burchell). 0.=
Orange Free State; T.=
Transvaal; N.=
Natal; W.=
Western Cape Province; E.=
Eastern Cape Province; S. = South West Africa.* =
Locality given as South Africa.'.H N w TABLE 7
(b). -Ne mathelminthes
(continued) ParasiteI
Host Region Class ClassI !
Authorities Order Order Genus and speciesI
Vernacular nameI
Incidence 0. T. N. W. E.s .
Family FamilyI
Trichostrongylus Bovidae ... Capra hi reus Linn.I
Goat. ...· I
Enzootic1+1+1 + + I + I o I M?~glg ,
1925, 1934; Reinecke, rugatus Monnig. 1925. Sheep ... J-Enzootic1 ~ 1+ +
--- Ovis aries Linn.+ + o
Monnig, 1925, 1934; Reinecke, 1964 --- Antidorcas marsu-Springbuck ... Zoo!. 0+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 pia/is (Zimmer- man).
--
--- Connochaetes gnou Black wildebeest.. Zoo!. 0+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp 1961 (Zimmermann). gardens
I
--
-----
Connochaetes tauri-Blue wildebeest. .. Zoo!. 0+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 nus (Burchell). gardens Zoo!. __ \
o
------
- o - ~ - o - 1
LeRoux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 Kobus el/ipsiprym-Waterbuck ...+
0 0 nus (Ogilby). Oryx gaze/fa Gemsbuck ... Zoo!. 0
+
0 0 0 0 LeRoux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 (Linn.). gardens ---
-- -- -- --
Raphicerus campes-Steen buck ... Zoo!. 0+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 tris (Thunberg). gardens
-- -- - - -- --
Ostertagia circum-Bovidae ... Capra hircus Linn. Goat. ... Enzootic 0 0 0+ +
0 Monnig, 1928, 1934; Reinecke, cine/a (Stadel-1964 mann. 1894). Sheep ... ·[Enzootic --
- - - -
Ovis aries Linn. 0 0 0+ +
0 Monnig, 1928, 1934; Muller, 1962; Reinecke, 1964 ---
--
---- Damaliscus albi-Blesbuck ... Sporadic* 0 0 0 0 0I
0 Ortlepp, 1961 frons (Burchell).-- -- -- --
Strepsiceros strep-Kudu ... Zool. 0+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930 siceros (Pallas). gardens -01-0
-- --
Taurotragus oryx Eland ... Sporadic* 0 0 0 0 Ortlepp, 1961 (Pallas). 0. = Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. =Natal; W. = Western Cape Province; E.=
Eastern Cape Province; S,=
South West Africa.*
= Loc~tlity given as South Africa.w N
""'"
TABLE
7 (b). -Ne mathelminthes (continued)
ParasiteI
Host Region Class Class Authorities Order Order Genus and species Vernacular name Incidence 0. T. N.w.
E.s .
Family Family Ostertagia trifur-Bovidae ... Capra hircus Linn. Goat.. ...· I
Enzootic 0 0 0+ +
0 Monnig, 1934; Muller, 1962; cat a Ransom, Reinecke, 1964 1907. --- Ovis aries Linn. Sheep ... Enzootic 0 0 0
+ +
0 Monnig, 1934; Reinecke, 1964 --- Dama/iscus a fbi-Blesbuck ... Sporadic
+
0 0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1932; Ortlepp, 1961 frons (Burchell). --- Ostertagia oster-Bovidae ... Bos taurus Linn. Ox ... Enzootic 0 0 0
+ +
0 Monnig, 1934; Reinecke, 1964 tagi (Stiles, ---
-- -- --
-- 1892). Ovis aries Linn. Sheep ... Enzootic 0 0 0+ +
0 Monnig, 1928, 1934; Reinecke, 1964
--
-- Cooperia curticei Bovidae ... Capra hi reus Linn. Goat. ... Enzootic 0 0 0+
0 0 Monnig, 1934; Reinecke, 1964 (Railliet, 1 893). ---
--
Ovis aries Linn. Sheep ... Enzootic 0 0 0+
0 0 Monnig, 1934; Muller, 1962; Reinecke, 1964; Ortlepp, 1964 --
-- -- --
Antidorcas marsu-Springbuck ... Zoo!. 0+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930 pia/is (Zimmer-gardens mann).
-- --
-- Connochaetes gnou Black wildebeest.. Zoo!. 0+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 (Zimmermann). gardens --- Damaliscus a/bi-Blesbuck ... Zoo!. 0
+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930 /i'ons (Burchell). gardens --
- -
-- Kobus ellipsiprym-Waterbuck ... Zoo!. 0+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930 nus (Ogilby). gardens ----
-- - -
Oryx gazel/a Gemsbuck ... Zoo!. 0+
0 0 0 0 Le Roux, 1930 (Linn.). gardens
-- --
--I
Le Roux, 1930 Ozanna equina Roan antelope ... Zoo!. 0+
0 0 0 0 (Desmarest). gardens 0. = Orange Free State; T. = Transvaal; N. = Natal; W. = Western Cape Province; E. =Eastern Cape Province; S. = South West Africa.
....,
N VlTABLE 7
(b). - Nemathelminthes (continued)
Parasite Host Region Class Class Authorities Order Order Genus and species Vernacular name Incidence 0. T. N. W. E. S. Family Family Cooperia curticei Bovidae... Ozanna grandicor-Sable antelope... Zoo!. o+
I o oI
o o Le Roux, 1930 nis (Hermann). gardens 1---1---1---1---1--- Redunca arundinum Reedbuck... Zoo!. o+
o o o o Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 (Boddaert). gardens I---I---I---I·---1---I--- Cooperia puncta/a Bovidae. . . Bas taurus Linn. Ox.. . . Enzootic o+
o o o o Monnig, 1928, 1934 (v. Linstow,+ + + + + +
Reinecke, 1960, 1964; Ortlepp, 1907). 1964 1---+---J---1--1---1--- 0vis aries Linn. Sheep... Rarely seen ?+
? ? ? ? Monnig, 1934; Ortlepp, 1964 1---1---1---1--- Antidorcas marsu-Springbuck... . . Sporadic* o o o o o o Ortlepp, 1961 pia/is (Zimmer- mann). -·---1---1---1--- Damaliscus a/hi-Blesbuck... Sporadic* o o o o o o Ortlepp, 1961 f'rons (Burchell). ---1---1---1--1---1---1--- Strepsiceros strep-Kudu... Sporadic* o o o o o o Ortlepp, 1961 siceros (Pallas). I---·I---I---I--I---1---1--- Syncerus ca./fer African buffalo... Zoo!. o+
o o o o Le Roux, 1930 (Sparrman). gardens ---;1---I---I--- Giraffidae.... Gira./fa came/opar-Giraffe... Sporadic* o o o o o o Ortlepp, 1961 dalis (Linn.). 1---I---I---·I---I---I--- Cooperia pectinata Bovidae... Bas taurus Linn. Ox... Enzootic o+
o o o o Monnig, 1928, 1934 Ransom, 1907.+ + + + + +
Reinecke, 1960, 1964; Ortlepp, 1964l---l -- --- --- l--- l --- - --- l--·:---l--- ---
0vis aries Linn. Sheep... Rarely seen ?+
? ? ? ? Monnig, 1934; Ortlepp, 1964 Antidorcas marsu-Springbuck... Sporadic* 0 o o 0 0 o Ortlepp, 1961 ----~-I
pia/is (Zimmer- mann). 0. =Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. =Natal; W. =Western Cape Province; E. =Eastern Cape Province; S. =South West Africa. * = Locality given as South Africa.w N 0\
TABLE
7 (b ) . -Ne math e lminth es (continued )
Parasite Class Order FamilyClass Order Family Cooperia pectinatal Bovidae ... Giraffidae ....
Host Region
I
Genus and speciesI
Vernacular nameI
Incidence Authorities Damafiscus albi-I
Blesbuck.. . . ., Sporadic*I o I
0I o I o
fi"ons (Burchell). Ortlepp, 1961 Ort1epp, 1961 Syncerus ca./fer (Sparrman). African buffalo ..· I g;;ct~~s I o I + ~ - o- ~ ~- ~ - o- ~ - 0 - ~
Le Raux, 1930 Giraffa camelopar-Giraffe ...· 1·
Sporadic* ~·o . _ o _ l _ o _ l _ o _ l _ ;-
1 0 dafis (Linn.). Ortlepp, 1961 Cooperia onco-I
Bovidae... Bos taurus Linn. Ox ...· 1
Enzootico -;-- o - + + o
Monnig, 1934; Reinecke, 1964; phora (Railliet, 1 Ortlepp, 1964 1898).i
Cooperia antidorcal Bovidae ... Monnig, 1931. Cooperia fitelte-I Bovidae ... borniHung, 1926.Ovis aries Linn. Antidorcas marsu- pia/is (Zimmer- mann).
Sheep ...
I
Enzootic o- o - ~ -
0-+
o o Veglia, 1919; Monnig, 1928,I
1934; Muller, 1962; Reinecke, 1964 Spd,gbock .•....
· 1
Spmadio •+ ~ - o- ~ - o- 1 o I o I
Monnig, 1931 I ----·-- Qvis aries Linn.I
Sheep ...I
Lab.t~s~
:I : I _ ; J; i - : - ~ - o -
Aepyceros me/am-Impala.. . . SporadtcI I
Monnig, 1931 Ortlepp, 1961 pus (Lichten- stein). 1 ______ I __ I __ I __________ _ Damaliscus lunatus
I
Sassaby ...· I
NgamilandI o I o I o o I o I o I
Monnig, 1932; Ortlepp, 1961 (Burchell).Ko:::: (J~f(fy):m- 1 waterbuck ~~~~ J s~~adic ~ - o - J+ J _ o _ l _ o _ l_;-1 o
Monnig, 1931; Ortlepp, 1961 Redunca arundi-I
Reedbuck ...· I
Sporadic*~ - o - ~ - o - ~' - o - ~'- o - ~- o - ~' - o - ~'
Ortlepp, 1961 num (Boddaert). Ovis aries Linn. I Sheep ...I
Lab. testsI o l+l _ o _l_ o _ i_ o_l _ o_l
Monnig, 1931 0.=
Orange Fr~ State; T,=
Tran~vaal; N.=
Natal; W.=
Western Cape Province; E.=
Eastern Cape Province; S.=
South West Africa. +-=
Locality given a(South:Africa.w N -J TABLE 7
(b) .-Ne m athe lm inthes
(continued) .. -- Parasite HostI O I T
Region Class Class Authorities Order Order Genus and species Vernacular name Incidence N.
w.
E.s.
Family Family 0 I Cooperia hungi Bovidae ... Aepyceros melam-1 Impala ... Sporadic* 0 0 0 0 0 Ortlepp, 1961 (Monnig, 1931). pus (Lichten- stein). --- Damaliscus lunatus (Burchell). Sassaby ... Ngamiland 0 0 0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1932; Ortlepp, 1961 --- Damaliscus pygar-1 Bontbok ... Sporadic 0 0 0+
0 0 Ortlepp, 1961 gus (Pallas). Waterbuck.. . .
I
--- Kobus ellipsiprym-Sporadic 0+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1931 nus (Ogilby). ---- Ovis aries Linn. Sheep.... . .
I
Lab. Tests 0+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1931 ------ Cooperia neitzi Bovidae ... Monnig, 1932. Strepsiceros strep- siceros (Pallas). Kudu ... Sporadic 0
+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1932; Ortlepp, 1961 ---- Redunca arundinum Reedbuck ... Sporadic* 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ortlepp, 1961 (Boddaert).
I
------
Ovis aries Linn. Sheep ... Lab. Tests 0+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1933 --- Cooperia serrata Bovidae ... Antidorcas marsu-Springbuck ... Sporadic 0
+
0 0
+
0 Monnig, 1931, 1932 Monnig, 1931. pia/is (Zimmer- mann). ---- 0
I
Ovis aries Linn. Sheep ... Lab. Tests 0+
0 0 0 Monnig, 1931 Nematodirus Bovidae ... Bas taurus Linn. Ox ... Rarely seen 0 0 0+
0 0 Monnig, 1944 spathiger Goat. ...
· · I I+ I
--- (Railliet, 1896). Capra hircus Linn. Enzootic 0 0
+ +
0
I
Monnig, 1928, 1934, 1944; Reinecke, 1964 Ovis aries Linn.I
Sheep ... EnzooticI+ I
0- o -+ 1 + 1 + I
Monnig, 1928, 1934, 1944; Reinecke, 1964 0. =Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. =Natal; W. =Western Cape Province; E. =Eastern Cape Province; S. =South West Africa. * = Locality given as South Africa.VJ N 00
TABLE 7 (b).-Nemathelminthes (continued) Parasite Class Order Family Haemonchus conto,.tus (Rudolphi, 1803)
Class Order Family Bovidae ...
Host Genus and species
I
IVernacular name Incidence I Bos taurus Linn:[
1 - -
Ox ... _ . . .
I
Enzootic Capra hircus Linn. I Goat. ... Enzootic I Ovis aries Linn.I
Sheep ... Enzootic Aepyceros me/am-Impala ... Zoo!. pus (Lichten-gardens stein). Alce/aphus caama (G. Cuvier) Red hartebeest .. Sporadic* Antidorcas marsu-Springbuck ... Zoo!. pia/is (Zimmer-gardens mann). Sporadic Connochaetes gnou Black wildebeest. . Zoo!. (Zimmermann). gardens ---···---·· ... Region Authorities 0. I T. I N. I W. I E.s.
II I
+I
+I
+I
+I
+I
oI
Monnig, 1928, 1934, 1944; Reinecke, 1960; Hobbs, 1961 --. . +1++1-+1_+_ Monnig, 1928, 1934, 1944; 1 1 Reinecke, 1964 1+1_+_1+1+1+--Veglia-, -1-9-15-, _1_9_1_8_; -M-b-.n-n-ig, 1928, 1934, 1944; Muller, 1961, 1962; Rossiter, 1961 Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 l_o_+_o--o-~-;-~-o- 0lo I
o o I o~ - o- ~ - M - o -nn - i -g ,- 19 _ 3_3_;
-0-r-tl-ep_p_, 1961 I+ +I+
Le Roux, 1930 Monnig, 1931, 1933; Ortlepp, 1961 -o-~+-;--o--;-o Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 --- l-0-~-o-+_o ___ o ___ o_ Curson, 1928; Ortlepp, 1961 Connochaetes taw·i-Blue wildebeest .. Sporadic nus (Burchell). Dama!iscus a 'bi-Blesbuck ... Zoo!. frons (Burchell). gardens Sporadic
I
Dama/iscus luna/us I Sassaby... . . . NgamilandI
(Burchell). 1 1+ '
0 0 0 0 -~---- +1+1°0
1°
0 0 1-
0 1
-0 1
-0 1
-0 I 0
Le Roux, 1930 Monnig, 1931, 1932; Ortlepp, 1961 Monnig, 1932; Ortlepp, 1961
9.
=Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. =Natal; W. =Western Cape Province; E.= Eastern Cape Province; S. =South West Africa.t
=According to Reir:ecke, 1960, H. contortus described from cattle is H. placei (Place, 1893)*
= Locality given as South Africa,w N \0 TABLE 7 (b).-Nemathelminthes (continued) Parasite Class Order Family
Class Order Family
Host Genus and species
Region Vernacular name Authorities . I Incidence
l 0. 1
T.l N.l W.l E.I
S.I
Haemonchus Bovidae. . . Kobusel !ip s ip 1~ 11' -~a t e rbuck
.. -. -.. -.-_---Zoo I. o~~-- ~
I o contortus nus (Ogilby). I gardens · Sporadic o+
o 1 o 1 o o Monnig, 1931; Ortlepp, 1961 Onx gaze/faI
Gemsbuck... Zool. oI +
---o--;;--;;-Le Roux, 1930 ______ _Le Roux, 1930 (Linn.) gardens Ourebla---;;urebi--~ Oribi.. . . ---Sporadi~*--;;-~-;;-!-;;--;;--o--;;-lOrtie;-~, 196_1 ____ ---- (Zimmern~ann). Ozanna e-yuina
I
Roan antelope ...- ~ - Zo~ ~- ~~ - o -~ · -;-~-;;- ~-;;--~
o o j Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 (Desmarest). gardens 1 .________
,____
)____________ _______ __ _ _
Ozannagrandicor- ~
Sable antelope ... I Zool. I' o I+
o o o o Le Roux, 1930 nis (Hermann). gardens .. ---·---~oradic* __ o_J_o ___ o_-~_" ___0 _ Monnig, 1933; Ortlepp, 1961 Raphicerus campes-ll Steen buck... Zoo I. I o
I + I
o o oI
oI
Le Roux, 1930 Iris (Thunberg). gardens Sporadi2 1 o+
o o o o Monnig, 1931; Ortlepp, 1961 Zool. o I+
Io
Io
Io
o Le Roux, 1930 gardens Sporadic o+
o o o o Monnig, 1931; Ortlepp, 1961 S . K d~- S -- d. * -;;- ~ -;;-~-;;- 1 -;;- ,- ;;- - o -
--Redunca arundinuml Reedbuck ... . (Boddaert). trepstceros strep-u u. . . pora 1c 1 siceros (Pallas). ! 1 Ort!epp, 1961 ---
Sy l vi ;cap!~agrimmia
I Duiker. ... I Sporadic*-~ - o - ~· - ~ - ~ - o -~' -;;- 1 - o - ~' - ;;- j
Ortlepp, 1961 (L nn.,. 1 Syncerus caffer (Sparrman). African buffalo ... Zool. gardens Sporadic~-o-J+I-;;-1-o_l_o_l_o __
+
Le Roux, 1930 Curson, 1928 0. =Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. =Natal; W. =Western Cape Province; E. =Eastern Cape Province; S. =South West Africa.
*
= Locality given as South Africa.U) U) 0
TABLE 7 (b).-Nemathelminthes (continued) Parasite Class Order Family Haemonchus contort us Ha~monchus be.-1- fordi Le Roux, 1929.
~-·· Host J Region Authorities
----1
Incidence 1 0. I T. I N. I W. I E. I S.I
- Class Genus and species I Vernacular name Order Family
"" ' "" · ... . I T'"'""'''"
"'YXI
El .. d ... (Pallas). Tragelaphus scrip-Bush buck ...I
Sporadic*I o I o I o o o o I
Ortlepp, 1961I
Sporad~--0-~-0--0---0--;;-·-;;-Monnig, 1931; ortlepp, 1961 IUS (Pallas). G iraffijae .... Giraffa camelooar-Giraffe ... da!is (Linn.).I
Sporadic*_ o _ l _ o _ l _ o ___ o _ __ o
-~-0-0rt!;pp, 1961 --.--1--1--·--·--- Camelidae ... Came/us bactrianus I Camel. ... Spcradic* Le Roux, 1930 Linn. ---1---· Bovidae ... A /ce/aphus car; ma (G. Cuvier) Connochaetes gnou (Zimmermann). Connochaetes tauri- nus (Burchell) Damalisrus luna/us (Burchell) Kohus el!ipsipry111- nus (Ogilby). , Oreotraf{us oreo/ra- gus (Zimmer- mann). Oryx !(azel!a (Linn.)Red hartebeest .. Black wildebeest.. Blue wildebeest..
· I
Sassaby ...· I
waterbuck ... ·1 Klipspringer .. ___ . Gemsbuck ... .Sporadic''' Zoo I. gardens --- Sporadic* Ngamilancl Zoo I. gardens Sporadic Sporadic*
_ o _ l _ o _ J _ o_ J _ o_ J _ o_ J _ o _ l
Monnig, 1933; Ortlepp, 1961 --- 0+ o o o
Jo
Le Roux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 _0 ___ 0 ___ 0 ___ 0 .. _o_J_o_ Orilepp, 1961 -- ['-;;-1-o-l_o_l_o -~ - ;;- - ;·
Monnig, 1932; Ortlepp, 1961- ~-- - 1 -- - - --- - - -- ---- ---0 +
o o o o Le Roux. 1930 I o + I o I o o o I
Monnig, 1931; Ortlepp, 1961 ~-o--;;-~-o--- o -
--o-~-0-Ortlepp, 1961 I I ; ---~----~---------_ --- Zoo!. o I + o o o I o
Le Roux, 1930 I gardens ' J 0. =Orange Free State; T =Transvaal; N. = Natal; W. =Western Cape Province; E. = Eastern Cape Province; S. =South West Africa. " = Locality given as South Africa.
0'-
~
-c'""
... I ... 0 w wTABLE 7
(b). - Nemathelminthes
(continued) Parasite Host --- Class Class Order Order Genus and species Vernacular name Family Family Haemonchus bed-I
Bovidae fordi!
Redunca arundinuml Reedbuck ... . (Boddaert) Metastro Dictync arn(ield. (Cobbo 1884). Dictyocm par us 1782). Dic!yocat filaria phi, 18 Jvluel!eriu /aris ,M 1889).~ylidae •ttl us :1, ~Js vivi- B!och, ~s ~udol- 9). capi/- iil1er,
I
Syncerus coffer (Span·man). I African buffalo.. . I Ovis aries Linn.I
Sheep ... --- Equidae ... Equus cabal/us Horse ... Linn. Equus asinus Linn. Donkey ... I Equus burchel/i ! Zebra ... I (Gra:<). Bovidae ... Bos taurus Linn.I
Ox ... ~ Taurotragus oryx Eland ...I
(P•JIM). Equidae... . . Equus cabal/us Horse ... Linn. I I Bovidae ... Ovis aries Linn.I
Sheep ... , Capra hircus Linn.I
Goat. ... Bovidae ... Ovis aries Vnn. I Sheep ...~- ~ apra
lurcus Linn.I
Goat . . .I Ga~tropoc!a
.. I Species concerned Snails and slugs .. [ not recorded f I : -----·-··---·--
I
Region Authorities Incidence 0. T. N.w .
E., S.Sporad::_ l _ o_ , _ o _ l _ o_ i _ ~~ -~ ~-
0- '
Ortlepp, 1961 ----,~ - 0 ~-~ ~- o_ l_ o
_I LeRoux, 1930; Ortlepp, 1961 Zoo I. gardens Lab. Tests Sporadic Sporadic --- Sporadic Enzootic Sporadic* Sporadic* Enzootic Enzootic Enzootic Enzootic EnzooticI
I + I o
I
o I o I o Monnig, 1931 +I
0 I 0I
0I
0, Th~~~~~
192R Theiler, 1923 0,+101010 -o-~+~-o-·~-o-~-o-~-o-~ Veglia, 1919; Monnig, 1928~ ~
+~-+
+ I +!
+ Theiler, 1923; Monnig, 1944_ o_ I_J _ o_ l_~, -
0_ 1_
0_1
Ortlepp, 1961 oI
oI
oI
o 1o
I
o : Thoiloc, 1923- +1+1 + 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 - M~ ~s,
194o, 1944 +-1+1+1+1 +I
+ Monnig. 1944 ;;-~-o-~-o-~-;-~-o-~-o-.Monn-ig-, -19-3-4,-19-44 __ _ o o 1+
o o Reinecke, 1964 o .,-o-~-o-~-o-,-·;;-~-;-~ Monnig, 1934, 1944 o o o + o 1 o Rein.:cke, 1964-~-q-:-~-~-! - q_:_l ~e~ ~~~~ ~. ~%~ 4
0. =Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. =Natal; W. =Western Cape Province; E. =Eastern Cape Province; S. =South West Africa.*
= Locality given as South Africaw w tv
TABLE 7
(b).-Nemathelminthes
(continued) Parasite Class Order Family Spiruroidea Spirmidae Habronema muscae Carter, 1861. Habronema megasroma (Rudolphi, 1 819). Habronema microstoma (Schneider, IR66).Class Order Family Equidae ... lnsecta Dip- tera Muscidae Equidae ... _. Muscidae ....
Host ___
_J_ _
Region II I
II
Vom.ooiM'"'m' I
Jooideoc< 0.I
T.I N. l w. l
E. Is .
Genus and species Authorities ----Ho~o
...· · I
Eowocio 1~ : _+ j _+ I +I +
l_o_lTh 1 eJ~eJ ,
1923; Monnig, 1928,Eq('(;:a~)'rclre!li
Zebra ...· I
Sporadic*I
oI
oI
oI
oI
oI
oI
Theiler, 1923; Monnig, 1928Equus cabal/us Linn. Musca domestica Linn. _c_o_n-,,;;-~ho;;;e,-I_E_n_z-oo-t-,,-
1
-:,-T:;:·r,:--+-~-+-~·~M'""'' · ,, ,
Equus cabal/us Horse ...I
Enzootic +-++1
·++~-o-~ T-h-e-il-eJ-.,-19_2_3_;_M_b_.n_n_i-g,-l-9-28-, Lmn. I 1 I 1934 Equus burche/li Zebra. . . Sporadic* 1-;--;---;-~-o-~-;-1-;-\-T-h-ei-le_r_, _1_9_2_3_;_M_o_· n-n-i-g,-1_9_2_8 (Gray). Lmn. !lfusca domesticaI
Common houst! flyE nzoo ~ ~+-+r+-~+-~+
1- o-.
Equidae .... -\ Equus cabal/us I Horse ...· I
Enzootic1+++1+:+ ~·- o-
Theiler, 1923; Monnig, 1928, Linn. 1934I
Donkey ... \ Enzootic [____:':_'+ I +
I+ _+
oTh~ ,
1923 Equus asinus Linn. -E-.--. _C_l_l_ba_/_lu_s_X_f. __ .. -~ Mule... . . Enzootic I+ +
I+
I+ +
o Theiler, 1923 asmus Fquus burchelli Zebra... Sporadic* o -0-~--;-~-o--;--o-T-h-e-il-er--,-1_9_2_3 ____ _ ~~. I Muscidae .... I Stomoxys ca!cilrans Stable fly... Enzootic+1++1+1+--o-~
Monnig, 1934 Geoffroy. 0. = Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. = Natal; W. = Western Cape Province; E. = Eastern Cape Province; S. = South West Africa.*
= Locality given as South Africa.....,
w....,
TABLE 7
(b). - Nemathe!minthes
(continued) Parasite Class Order Family Ascaropidae Gongylonema pulchrum Molin, 1857. Gongy/onema verrucosum (Giles, 1892).Class Order Family Bovidae ... Insecta Coleoptera Bovidae ... Insecta ... . Gongylonema I Bovidae ... monnigi Baylis, 1926.
Host --- 1 Genus and species
I
Vernacular name I Incidence Bos taurus Linn. Ovis aries Linn. Capra hircus Linn. Species concerned not recorded Bos taurus Linn. Ovis aries Linn.I
Ox ... . Sheep.··· Goat ... . Coprophagous beetles Ox ... . Sheep.··· Capra hircus Linn. I Goat ... . Species concerned as vector not. recorded Ovis aries Linn. Capra hircus Lion.? Coprophagous beet!es Sheep.··· Goat ... .
Enzootic Enzootic Enzootic Enzootic Enzootic Enzootic Enzootic ? Enzootic Enzootic
I
RegionI o . l T . l N .l w . l
E.I s.
Authorities . . ' --:: ~-~--c---
1+ 1 -;-1-0 - 0 1 - 0
+
0+
Monnig, 1928 Reinecke, 1964.. +_;I~ +
0+ +
Monnig, 1928 Reinecke, 1964 Monnig, 1928 Reinecke, 1964 Monnig, 1928; Reinecke, 1964 0 I
+
0I + -o ~-+ ~-;-~-o ~-~ o
I Monnig, 1928, o o o + o +
Reinecke, 1964 1---i---+
0+ +
? '? ?+
+ + +
Monnig, 1928 Reinecke, 1964 Monnig, 1928 Reinecke, 19M Baylis, 1926; Monnig, 1928, 1934 Reinecke, 1964
: I : . ;-l+l_o_l_o_l_o_l
0 I Monnig, 1928, 1938--- -- 1 - 1 -- 1 -- 1- - 1-1
Insecta ... . Filaroidea Equidae ... Filariidae Setaria equina (Abilgaard, 1789).Species concerned as vector not recorded Equus cabal/us Linn. Equus asinus Linn.
? Coprophagous beetles Horse ... . Donkey ... .
? ? Enzootic* Enzootic*
I . 0 1
-0
1-0
1-0 I0 o ~-o ~-o ~ ·- o ~- o
Jo
1·-Th-eile-r, 1-923 __ _ Theiler, 192:1; Monnig, 1928 0. = Orange Free Stale; T. =Transvaal; N. = Natal; W. = Western Cape Province; E. = Eastern Cape Province; S. = South West Africa.*
= Locality given as South Africa.(j.) (j.) .j:>.
TABLE
7 (b) . -Nemathelmfnthes (continued)
' -.. , • ~ ••· 1 • • -· r •· • ---.,... .
... Parasite Host Region Class ClassI
Authorities Order Order Genus and species Vernacular name Incidence 0. T.N. [ w .
E.s.
Family Family Setaria equina Equidae. ____ E. cabal/us X E. Mule ... Enzootic* 0 0 0 0 0 0 !Theiler, 1923 asinus ------
Equus burche!li Zehra ... Sporadic* 0 0 0 0 0 0 Theiler, 1923; Monnig, (Gray)_ ---I
Insecta ... Species concerned '! ? ? ? ? ? ? 0
-
as vector not recorded---
------- Setaria hornbyi Bovidae ... Cervicapra Mountain reedbuck Sporadic 0+
0 0 0 0 Monnig_ 1923 Boulenger, fulvoru(u!a 1920. (Afzelius)_ --- Nototragus sharpei (Thomas and Sharpe's grysbok Sporadic 0
+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1923 Schwann)_ -------- Oreotragus oreotra- gus (Zimmer-Klipspringer .... Sporadic 0
+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1923 mann)_ --- Raphicerus campes-Steenbuck .. _ ... Sporadic 0
+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1923 Iris (Thunberg). -------- Redunca arundinum Reedbuck ... Sporadic 0
+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1923 (Boddaert)_ ---------- Sy!vicapra grimmia Duiker ... _ .... (Linn.)_ Sporadic 0
+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1923
- -
Ovis aries Linn. Sheep._ ... Sporadic 0+
0 0 0 0 Monnig, 1923 -- Insecta .. _ ... Species concerned ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 - as vector not
I
recorded 0. =Orange Free State; T. =Transvaal; N. =Natal; W. = Western Cape Province; E. =Eastern Cape Province; S. =South West Africa. * = Locality given as South Africa,1928 --
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
I. A check-list and host-list of the zoonoses caused by viruses, Protophyta,_
Thallophyta, Protozoa, Arthropoda, Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes are listed in Tables 1 to 7.
2. Available information on their incidence and distribution as well as the authorities responsible for the investigations are included in this series of tables.
3. The literature references are recorded under the abovementioned headings at the end of the article.
AcKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer wishes to record his indebtedness to Dr. R. Bigalke and Dr. D. J.
Brand of the National Zoological Gardens of Pretoria for their help in determining the correct zoological names of the wild animals, to Dr. L. Abrams, Department of Poultry Diseases, Dr. P. W. Thorold and Dr. H. J. W. Bote5, Department of Bacteriology, Dr. R. K. Reinecke, Dr. A. Verster, Mr. P. J. Swat:t and Mr. S. P.
Kruger, Department of Helminthology at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Laboratory, for their permission to include their records on the incidence and distribution of various infectious agents in this publication. Thanks are due to Dr. J. H. B. Viljoen and Dr. P. A. Basson, Department of Agriculture, South West Africa, for the information on the incidence of foot and mouth disease in several wild animals during recent outbreaks.
Last, but not least, the writer wishe!> to thank Mrs. A. M. F. Fouche, Mrs.
E. M. M. Faber, Mr. J. H. Schoeman and Mr. A. J. van Zyl for their clerical assistance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY GENERAL REFERENCES
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DOFLEIN, F. & REICHENOW, E., 1952-1953. Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
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ROBERTS, A., 1951. The mammals of South Africa. South Africa: Central News Agency, Ltd.
THOMAS, A. D. & NEITZ, W. 0., 1933. Importance of disease in wild animals. S. Afr. J. Sci., 30: 419-425.
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(A) VIRUS DISEASES
Rabies
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THOMAS, A. D. & JACKSON, C., 1930. The value of the midbrain in the diagnosis of rabies in rabbits. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 1: 67-73.
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THOMAS, A. D. & NEITZ, W. 0., 1936. Wild carnivora as carriers of rabies. J. Roy. San. Ins/., 56: 754-760.
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Canine Distemper
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HOFMEYR, C. B. F., 1956. Two hundred and eighty-four autopsies at the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 27: 263-282.
African Horsesickness
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336
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337
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Rinderpest
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HUTCHEON, D., 1897. Special report on rinderpest in South Africa by the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, March, 1896- February, 1897, pp. 1--45. Cape Town: Richards & Sons.
KOHLSTOCK, 1898. Die Bekampfung der Rinderpest in Deutsch-Siid-West Afrika. Deutsche militiiriirztl. Z. and Deutsche Kol. B!all.
KOLLE, W. & TURNER, G., 1898. Uber Schutzimpfungen und Heilserum bei Rinderpest.
Z. Hyg. u. Infekl. Krankh., 29: 309-376.
KOCH, R., 1897. Rinderpest reports. Agric. J., Cape of Good Hope, 10: 216-219.
MABERL Y, J., 1898. The rinderpest in ~outh Africa. Lancet, 2: 1189-J 192.
MABERLY, J., 1898. The rinderpest in South Africa. J. Comp. Path. Therap., 11: 365-370 ..
RICKMANN, W., 1908. Tierzucht und Tierkrankheiten in Deutsch-Siidwestafrika. Berlin: Richard Scholtz.
SCHMID, G., 1955. The veterinary surgeon in South West Africa forty years ago. J. S. A/r.
Vet. Med. Ass .. 26: 21-28.
THEILER, A., 1896. De runderpest, hare geschiedenis, verschijnselen, enz. Staatscourant, Transvaal, 27/5/1896.
THEILER, A., J 897. Experimental untersuchungen iiber Rinderpest. Schw. Arch. Tierhlk., 40:
60-70.
THOMAS, A. D. & NEITZ, W. 0., 1933. The importance of disease in wild animals. S. Afr.
J. Sci., 30: 419-425.
VERNEY, F. A., 1898. The rinderpest in South Africa. J. Comp. Path. Therap., 11: 95-103.
Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever
DE KOCK, G. & NEITZ, W. 0., 1950. Sheep as a reservoir host of snotsiekte or bovine malignant catarrhal fever of cattle in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci., 46: 176-180.
DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE, SOUTH WEST AFRICA, 1949. Windhoek: Personal communication.
DU TOIT, P. J., 1947. Game in relation to animal diseases. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 18: 59-66.
DU TOJT, P. J. & ALEXANDER, R. A., 1938. Malignant catarrhal fever and similar diseases.
13th Internal. Vet. Congr., Zi.irich-lnterlaken 1: 553-559.
HOFMEYR, C. F. B., 1956. Two hundred and eighty four autopsies at the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 27: 263-282.
LOUW, D. J., 1958. 'n Uitbreek van snotsiekte onder beeste in die Wes-Vrystaat. f. S. Afr. Vet.
Med. Ass., 29: 149-150.
METTAM, R. W. M., 1923. Snotsiekte in cattle. 9th and lOth Rep. Dir. Vet. Educ. Res., U. of"
S. Africa: 393-432.
·PLOWRIGHT, W., 1963. Kenya: Personal communication.
SCHATZ, W. H. G., 1949. South West Africa: Personal communication.
THOMAS, A. D. & NEITZ, W. 0., 1933. Importance of disease in wild animals. S. A/r. f. Sci.,.
30: 419--425.
Syncerine Malignant Catarrhal Fever NEITZ, W. 0., 1963. Onderstepoort: Unpublished observations TUSTIN, R., 1963. Onderstepoort: Personal communication.
Lumpy Skin Disease
CAPSTICK, P. B., 1959. Lumpy skin disease- Experimental infection. Bull. Epiz. Dis. A/r.,.
7: 51-62.
DE BOOM, H. P. A., 1947. Knopvelsiekte: 'n Oorsig. S. A/r. f. Sci., 1: 44--46.
DIESEL, A. M., 1949. The epizootiology of lumpy skin disease in South Africa. Proc. 14th Inter.
Vet. Cong., pp. 492-500.
HAIG, D. A., 1957. Lumpy Skin disease. Bull. Epiz. Dis. A/r., 5: 421-430.
HAIG, D. A., 1957. La lumpy skin disease ou maladie nodulaire des bovides. Bull. Epiz. Dis.
Afr., 5: 513-523.
THOMAS, A. D., 1945. Lumpy skin disease of cattle in the Union. Farm. S. A/r., Reprint No. 79.
THOMAS, A. D. & MARE, C. VAN E., 1945. Knopvelsiekte. f. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 16: 36--43.
THOMAS, A. D., ROBINSON, E. M. & ALEXANDER, R. A., 1945. Lumpy skin disease- Knopvelsiekte. Vet. News Lefler, No. 10, Onderstepoort, 3/5/45.
338
VAN ROOYEN, P. J., KUMM, N. A. L., WEISS, K. E. & ALEXANDER, R. A., 1959. A preliminary note on the adaptation of a strain of Jumpy skin disease virus to propagation in embryonated eggs. Bull. Epiz. Dis. Afr., 7: 79-85.
VON BACKSTROM, U., 1945. Ngamiland cattle disease: preliminary report on a new disease, the aetiological agent being probably of an infectious nature. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 16: 29-35.
Rift Valley Fever
ALEXANDER, R. A. & DICKSON, J., 1951. Rift Valley fever in the Union. J. S. Afr. Vet.
Med. Ass., 22: 105-112.
DAUBNEY, R., HUDSON, J. R. & GARNHAM, P. C., 1931. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa. J. Path. and Bact., 34: 545-579.
GEAR, J., 1953. Cited by Weiss, K. E., 1957. Bull. Epiz. Dis. Afr., 5: 431-458.
GEAR, J., DE MEILLON, B., MEASROCH, V., HARWIN, R. & DAVIS, D. H. S., 1951. Rift Valley fever in South Africa. 2. The occurrence of human cases in the Orange Free State, the north-western Cape Province, the western and southern Transvaal. B. Field and laboratory investigations. S. A/r. Med. J., 25: 908-912.
GEAR, J., DE MEILLON, B., LE ROUX, A. F., ROFSKY, R., ROSE-INNES, R., STEYN, J. J., CLIFF, W. D. & SCHULZ, K. H., 1955. Rift Valley fever in South Africa. A study of the 1953 outbreak in the Orange Free State, with special reference to vectors and possible reservoir hosts. S. Afr. Med. J., 29, 54.
HAIG, D. A., KASCHULA, V. R. & ALEXANDER, R. A., 1953. Studies on Rift Valley fever in South Africa. 1. Some properties of the pantropic virus and a report of a survey made on its distribution in Southern Africa. Cited by Kaschula, V. R., 1961.
HAIG, D. A., KASCHULA, V. R. & ALEXANDER, R. A., 1953. Cited by Weiss, K. E., 1957.
Bull. Epiz. Dis. Afr., 5: 431-458.
JOUBERT, J. D. S., FERGUSON, A. L. & GEAR, J., 1951. Rift Valley fever in South Africa.
2. The occurrence of human cases in the Orange Free State, the north-western Cape Province, the western and southern Transvaal. A. Epidemiological and clinical findings. S. Afr. Med.
J., 25: 890-891.
KASCHULA, V. R., 1953. Cited by Weiss, K. E., 1957. Bull. Epiz. Dis. Afr., 5, 431-458.
KASCHULA, V. R., 1961. The propagation and modification of strains of Rift Valley fever viruses in embryonated eggs, and their use as immunising agents for domestic ruminants. D.V.Sc.
Thesis, University of Pretoria, pp. 1-102.
KOKERNOT, R. H., HEYMANN, C. S., MUSSPRAT, J. & WOLSTENHOLME, P., 1957.
Studies on arthropod-borne viruses of Tongaland. Isolation of Bunyamwera and Rift Valley fever viruses from mosquitoes. Cited by Weiss, K. E., 1957. Bull. Epic. Dis. Afr., 5, 431-458.
MUNDEL, B. & GEAR, J., 1951. Rift Valley fever. 1. The occurrence of human cases in Johannesburg. S. Afr. Med. J., 25, 797-800.
SCHULZ, K., 1951. The pathology of Rift Valley fever or enzootic hepatitis in South Africa.
J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 22: 113-120.
SCHULZ, K. H., 1951. Rift Valley fever in South Africa. Special Rept. No. 5/51, Union Health Dept. Plague Res. Lab., pp. 1-26.
STEYN, J. J., 1953. Rep. U. S. Africa Dept. Health- Plague Res. Lab. to Govt. Ecologist.
VANDER LINDE, N. T., 1953. A recent epidemic of Rift Valley fever in the Orange Free State.
J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 24: 145-150.
WEISS, K. E., 1957. Rift Valley fever- A review. Bull. Epiz. Dis. Afr., 5: 431-458.
WEISS, K. E., 1962. Studies on Rift Valley fever.- Passive and active immunity in lambs.
Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 29: 3-9.
Wesselsbron Virus Disease
BELONJE, C. W. A., 1958. Field observations on Wesselsbron disease. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med.
Ass., 29: 1-12.
HEYMAN, C. S., KOKERNOT, R. H. & DE MEILLON, B., 1958. Wesselsbron virus infection in man. S. Afr. Med. J., 32: 543-545.
LEROUX, J. M. W., 1959. The histopathology of Wesselsbron disease in sheep. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 28: 237-243.
KOKERNOT, R. H. & PATERSON, H. E., 1958. Studies on the transmission of Wesselsbron virus by Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) cabal! us (Theo.). S. Afr. Med. J., 32: 546-548.
KOKERNOT, R. H., DE MEILLON, B., PATERSON, H. E., HEYMANN, C. S. & SMITH- BURN, K. C., 1957. Middelburg Virus. A hitherto unknown agent isolated from Aedes mosquitoes during an epizootic in sheep in the eastern Cape Province. S. Afr. J. Med. Sc., 22: 145-153.
MUSPRATT, T., SMITHBURN, K. C., PATERSON, H. E. & KOKERNOT, R. H., 1957.
Studies on arthropod-borne viruses of Tongaland. X. The laboratory transmission of Wessels- bron virus by the bite of Aedes (Banksiella) circumluteolus Theo. S. Afr. J. Med. Sc., 22:
121-126.
339
SMITHBURN, K. C., KOKERNOT, R. H., WEINBREN, M.P. & DE MEILLON, B., 1957.
Studies on arthropod-borne viruses of Tongaland. IX. Isolation of Wesselsbron virus from a naturally infected human being and from Aedes (Banksiella) circumluteofus Theo. S. Afr.
J. Med. Sc., 22: 113-120.
WEISS, K. E., HAIG, D. A. & ALEXANDER, R. A., 1956. Wesselsbron virus- A virus not previously described, associated with abortion in domestic animals. Onderstepoort J. Vet.
Res., 27: 183-195.
WEISS, K. E., 1957. Wesselsbron virus disease. Bull. Epiz. Dis. Aft"., 5: 459-465.
Middelburg Virus Disease
KOKERNOT, R. H., DE MEILLON, B., PATERSON, H. E., HEYMANN, C. S. & SMITH- BURN, K. C., 1957. Middelburg virus. A hitherto unknown agent isolated from Aedes mosquitoes during an epizootic in sheep in the eastern Cape Province. S. Afr. J. Med. Sc., 22: 145-153.
Bluetongue
ALEXANDER, R. A., 1947. The propagation of bluetongue virus in the developing chick embryo with particular reference to the temperature of incubation. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. An.
Ind., 22: 7-26.
ALEXANDER, R. A., HAIG, D. A. & ADELAAR, T. F., 1947. The attenuation of bluetongue virus by serial passage through fertile eggs. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. An. Ind., 21: 231-241.
ALEXANDER, R. A. & HAIG, D. A., 1951. The use of egg attenuated bluetongue virus in the production of a polyvalent vaccine for sheep. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 25: 3-15.
BEKKER, J. G., DE KOCK, G. v. D. W. & QUINLAN, J. B., 1933. A preliminary note on the occurrence of bluetongue in cattle (the so-called pseudo-foot and mouth disease). J. S. Afr.
Vet. Med. Ass., 4: 230-231.
BEKKER. J. G., DE KOCK, G. v. D. W. & QUINLAN, J. B., 1934. The occurrence and identi.- fication of bluetongue in cattle- the so-called pseudo-foot and mouth disease. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. An. Ind., 2: 393-507.
DE KOCK, G., DU TOIT, R. M. & NEITZ, W. 0., 1937. Observations on bluetongue in cattle and sheep. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. An. Ind., 8: 129-180.
DU TOIT, R. M., 1944. The transmission of bluetongue and horsesickness by Culicoides.
Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. An. Ind., 19: 7-16.
DU TOIT, R., 1955. Insect vectors and virus diseases. J. S. A/ric. Vet. Med. Ass., 26: 263-268.
DU TOIT, R. M. & GOOSEN, J., 1949. Onderstepoort. Unpublished observations.
HUTCHEON, D., 1881. Fever or epizootic catarrh. Rep. Col. Vet. Surg. of the Cape of Good Hope for the year 1880, p. 12.
HUTCHEON, D., 1902. Malarial catarrhal fever of sheep. Vet. Rec., 14: 629-633.
MASON, J. & NEITZ, W. 0., 1940. The susceptibility of cattle to the virus of bluetongue.
Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. An. Ind., 15: 149-157.
NEITZ, W. 0., 1933. The blesbuck (Damaliscus albifrons) as a carrier of heartwater and blue- tongue. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 4: 24-26.
NEITZ, W. 0., 1948. Immunological studies on bluetongue in sheep. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci.
An. Ind., 23: 93-135.
RICKMANN, W., 1908. Katarrhalfieber der Schafe. Tierzucht und Tierkrankheiten in Deutsch Stid-West-Afrika, Berlin: Richard Schatz.
SPREULL, 1905. Malarial catarrhal fever (bluetongue) of sheep in South Africa. J. Comp. Path. and Therap., 18: 321.
SIGWART, H., 1927. Die Blauzunge der Schafe. S.W.A. Farmer, 4: 9.
THEILER, A., 1904. Bluetongue in Sheep. Transvaal Agric. J., 1: 100.
THEILER, A., 1907. Das Katarrhalfieber der Schafe in Sud-Afrika. Z. f Tiermed., 11: 301.
VAN DEN ENDE, M., LINDER, A. & KASCHULA, V. R., 1954. Experiments with the Cyprus strain of bluetongue virus: Multiplication in central nervous system of mice and complement fixation test. J. Hyg. (London), 52: 155-164.
Louping Ill
ALEXANDER, R. A. & NEITZ, W. 0., 1933. The transmission of louping ill of sheep by ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus). Vet. J., 89: 320-323.
ALEXANDER, R. A. & NEITZ, W. 0., 1935. The transmission of lou ping ill by ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. An. Ind., 5: 15-33.
Contagious Pustular Dermatitis
MARAIS, I. P., 1928. Some experiments with vuilbek (Ecthyma contagiosum). J. S. Afr. Vet.
Med. Ass., 1: 63-66.
SCHMID, G., 1934. Field observations on ecthyma contagioswn of goats in South West Africa.
J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 5: 16-17.
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