Symbolic racism and moral outrage have been used to explain the phenomena of protests against the politics and policies of racial redress. He then set out to use the scale to explore the relationship between this moral outrage and racial prejudice and self-interest. Racial privilege was a reliable measure of moral outrage for both black (ɑ= 0.78) and Indian participants (ɑ= 0.74) and government corruption was reliable for Indian participants (ɑ= 0.74) .
The emotions that black participants have toward white people and that Indian participants harbor about their own race were good predictors of moral outrage.
Introduction
The essential point about moral indignation is that it is not just simple indignation, but it is intense indignation that is underlined by revulsion. The combination of disgust and anger is important because it justifies people's feelings towards others, it also validates the belief that in-groups have in their judgment of the out-group. White people are part of the advantaged group because of their social position relative to other racial groups. The moral outrage (MO) questionnaire was developed by the researcher adopting South African discourse on race, politics and moral outrage from the media. The new scale was intended to be racially inclusive for the South African population.
The validity of the scale was determined to show that the scale measures what it claims to assess. A consent form for the purpose of the study was signed by students before their participation. Subsequent analysis was conducted using the subscales that achieved a reliability coefficient of ɑ=0.7 to ɑ=0.8 instead of the overall moral outrage scale.
This study conducted a factor analysis to determine the reliability of the clusters measured by the developed moral outrage scale. The descriptive statistics for the overall questionnaire scales are presented in Table 1. The analysis of the scales' reliability above ɑ=0.70 was achieved for the scales for the moral outrage at ɑ=0.72. Indian social distance scored a higher mean relative to the two other races (mean=9.43, SD=3.27) with a minimum value of 1.00 and a maximum value of 15.00, indicating that Indian participants have more contact with other racial groups . racial policy attitude scale had a mean of 2.21 and SD of 3.39).
One of the objectives of the study was to determine if there was a relationship between moral outrage and racial discrimination. The stepwise regression results indicated that Blacks' emotions toward Whites and the attitudes and opinions they held toward their racial group explained 36% of the variance (R2 =0.14; F p=0.01). Of the three, only moral outrage about racial privilege was reliable for both Black and Indian participants, and moral outrage about government corruption was reliable only for the Indian sample.
The researcher had difficulty locating South African literature for most of the main topics in this study (moral outrage, self-interest). Some scales were unreliable across race groups and thus could not be used to support the arguments of this study. Self-interest versus racial attitudes as correlates of anti-busing attitudes in Louisville: Is it the buses or the black participants? .The Journal of Politics.
Literature review
Methodology
A cross-sectional study was used as a secondary method of data analysis to explore the second and third aims of the study. Reliability coefficients reported for each of the scales below were from the scale items as used in the studies from which they were adapted. Some of the articles were adapted from current public opinion from different racial groups on these issues.
Cronbach's alpha is used to determine weak items that compromise the overall coherence of the scale. Fortunately, no items affected the reliability of the scale, therefore nothing was taken from the scale after the statistical analysis. To improve the reliability and validity of the compiled questionnaire for the South African sample, a pilot study was conducted.
This sample was not part of the main sample recruited for the purpose of answering the research question. The purpose of the pilot study was to evaluate the questionnaire in order to weed out unsuitable subjects that could affect the desired result. However, all participants in the pilot study were black and thus not a good representation of the racial samples used for the main study.
The researcher received approval from the university registrar to conduct the study with students on campus. A small sample size reduces confidence in the study's ability to estimate an outcome that reflects the population. Consistency between items was created by reverse scoring all negatively coded items.
A reliability analysis was conducted for each of the scales to determine the extent to which the scales were reliable.
Results
Moral indignation at racial privilege had a positive relationship with Black participants' feelings about Whites (r=0.34; p=0.01) and emotions they felt about Indian people (r=0.29; p=0.00). The opinions and attitudes that black participants had about their group also had a positive relationship with the attitudes and opinions they had about Indian people. Black participants' emotions about white people had a positive relationship with how they felt about their racial group (r=0.39; p=0.00) and Indian participants (r=0.74; . p=0.00).
How Black participants feel about themselves also had a positive relationship with how they felt about Indian participants (r=0.55; p=0.00). Moral outrage over government corruption was positively related to the opinions and attitudes Indian participants had toward white people (r=0.29; p=0.04) and emotions they had toward black people (r=0.56 ; p=0.00). Racial discrimination had a positive relationship with emotions that Indian participants have towards their own racial group (r=-0.38; p=0.01).
Indian participants' feelings toward black people had a positive relationship with their attitudes and opinions about black people ≥.01 (r=0.37; p=0.01). Stepwise regression to determine the best predictors of moral outrage toward racial privilege for Black participants. Stepwise regression to determine the best predictors of moral outrage toward racial privilege for Indian participants.
Stepwise regression to determine the best predictors of moral outrage toward government corruption for Indian participants. Indian participants' feelings toward black people (β = 0.45; p = 0.00) significantly predicted moral outrage toward government corruption for the Indian sample (please see Tables 15, 26, and 17).
Discussion
Such violations of beliefs cause moral outrage and the opposition to policies that are seen as driving racial inequality. How Indian participants felt about white people had a good relationship with moral outrage about government corruption. Ultimately, it was how black people felt about white people and the opinions and attitudes they held about their own racial group that was the best predictor of moral outrage toward racial privilege for black participants.
For Indian participants, racial discrimination and their opinion of their own racial group was the best predictor of moral outrage about racial privilege, and their feelings toward blacks was the best predictor of moral outrage about government corruption. The findings of this study also add to the argument that racial discrimination plays an important role in political dynamics based on the results for the Indian sample. Moral indignation and group-level emotions seem to be emotions used to express opposition without showing gross forms of discrimination. . Third objective: To determine whether moral outrage is influenced by perceived self-interest and/or group threat.
This scale indicated that self-interest was not a predictor of moral outrage for Black participants and Indian participants. What is needed is a distinct group identity, not an individualistic ideology; social identity is one of the key factors that mobilize action to express moral outrage. The individualistic nature of the subjects may therefore have lacked a key aspect to moral outrage, which is collective identity.
Participants likely considered their independent challenges when responding, which then likely influenced the relationship between self-interest and moral outrage. Like previous studies (Bobo, 1983; Tendin, 1994), this study found no significant relationship between moral outrage and self-interest.
Conclusion
Further research is required to evaluate the reliability and validity of the adopted scales of race and racial prejudice. This is because the reliability of some of the scales among the sample was sometimes low. My name is SiphesihleDlamini, Master of Social Sciences (Clinical Psychology) student from the School of Applied Human Sciences of the University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermatitzburg Campus.
The research will not have any direct advantages or disadvantages that could lead to participation in the research. If participating in the study is troubling because race is a sensitive topic, the Center for Child and Family has agreed to assist participants. I declare that my participation in this study is completely voluntary and that I may withdraw at any time without affecting the benefits to which I am normally entitled.
Please provide the following information about yourself by putting a cross (like this [X]) in the appropriate block. I have read and understand the aims and objectives of the study outlined above and agree to participate in the study YES NO. Please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with these statements by ticking [X] in the selected box.
Local government should spend much more of the city budget on developing historically black neighborhoods. 10 the arrogance of people who were privileged in the past 11 how most of the land has still not been returned to the people 12 how those who benefited from apartheid continue to prosper. 17 that the country was a safer place for families and children during apartheid 18 how the oppression of the past continues to affect blacks.
Please rate the extent to which you support the following statements by circling your answer.
