Introduction and Background
Literature Review
Introduction
This discussion is very relevant to the study as the erection of the statue gave rise to ethnic conflict in the region. The discussions about ethnicity later explain why the local people reject the statue of Nghunghunyani.
Collective Memory
- Theoretical Framework
- Ties that Bind
- Visualising Myths
- Resilient Monuments
- Commemorative practices in post-apartheid South Africa
This further illustrates that heritage is about aspects of the past that are chosen for their special connection to the present. As much as heritage is representative of the past, the past is also the main tool for the construction of identities.
Ethnicity
- Theoretical Frameworks
- Defining Ethnicity
- Ethnic boundaries
- Symbolic Ethnicity
- Ethnicity as situational
- Ethnicity and Migration
My participation in the installation of the statue of King Nghunghunyani initiated my scientific research. According to him, “… the location of the statue in Giyani was a political decision between SAC and the Nxumalo family.
Methodology
Qualitative Research
Government officials were recruited to obtain information about the reasons for erecting the statue. In this case, the scope and breadth (quantity) of the information are not important, as the emphasis and focus is on the quality and depth of the information.
Research Design
- Case Study
- Narrative Research
These stories are told to the researcher by informants, who then record the narrated events to be used as data (Merriam, 2009: 32). The type of narrative research used for this purpose is the study of oral histories, which are basically collective narratives or group origins and stories.
Sampling Procedure
- Non-Probability Sampling
- Purposive Sampling
The respondents to this study were specifically selected for characteristics that, according to the researcher, make them possessors of the information required for the study. He addressed the justification of the statue's erection among a group of people who consider themselves to be a different group. Joe Maswanganyi, was interviewed about the justifications for the erection of the Nghunghunyani Statue in Giyani.
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Ethical Considerations
This represents a recurring theme in discussions of the statue and the origin of the Gazankulu homeland.
Historical Background
Introducing the Gaza Nguni and the social narrative of King
- The northwards migrations
- The death of Soshangana and the Nguni wars of succession
- King Nghunghunyani of the Gaza Empire
- The legacy of the Gaza Nguni
The Gaza succession wars made Mzila reconsider and change the Nguni succession law, namely that only the son of the Great Woman is the rightful heir to the throne. Unlike his father before him, his fierce independence meant that he had to keep abreast of the Portuguese at all times. This, along with the other factors mentioned earlier, led to the defeat of the Lion of Gaza by the Portuguese in 1895.
The clans of Southern Mozambique, anthropological classifications and the
What is your knowledge of Tsonga/Shangana history, including the history of the Gazankulu homeland. What is your knowledge of Gaza Nguni history and in particular Nghunghunyani.
Southern Mozambique refugees and immigrants in the Transvaal
Swiss mission and the rise of the Tsonga petit bourgeoisie
The Foundation of the Gazankulu Homeland
64 What is your knowledge of the history of Tsonga/Shangana, including the history of the Gazankulu homeland. Before the formation of the Gazankulu homeland, the Tsonga lived under different leaders in Mozambique and South Africa. The oral records of the Valoyi indicate that they migrated south from the Great Lakes.
Data Collection
Mudavula (Vahlengwe)
Son of Machele Son of Banga Son of Mihingu Son of Zari Son of Mangul Son of Mantsena Son of Bangwan Son of Xinyori. What are your thoughts on the controversy that was sparked by the statue, especially the controversy surrounding the Tsonga/Shangana story. My knowledge of the history of the Gazankulu homeland is that Vatsonga and Machanga worked together to form the homeland.
Muhlava (Vankuna)
What are your feelings about the statue of Nghunghunyani that has been erected in Giyani. For the purposes of this study, only the second eulogy is documented here with the permission of Mr. Rhulani N'wahungana Brown Muhlav, the custodian of the eulogy poems. Yesterday and the day before, Mugabi-ke-Ndaba's footprints were easily recognisable, N'wavughweghwe and his company.
Van’wanati
The area from the east coast to Vleifontein belongs to the Van'wanati, including the area of the Dwars River. 62 Maluleke were in South Africa in 1630, long before the Nguni arrived in Mozambique. People like Mashava, Xirinda, Mavambe, Chauke, Hlomela and others were subjects of the Van'wanati.
Valoyi (N’wamitwa)
The name Gazankulu was then adopted in accordance with the former Gaza Empire of the Nxumalos/Mpisane ancestors. On 4 June 2005, the Constitutional Court of South Africa ruled in favor of Hosi N'wamitwa II and confirmed that Fofoza N'wamitwa's daughter had the right to ascend her father's throne. Children of the "curly tail" (of the baboon) that should not be straightened.
Isaiah Ndhambi
The second stream of Tsonga speakers, the N'walungu, also known as Magwamba, are found in the northern part of the Transvaal in Spelonken. This is why the praise poem of the former homeland of Gazankulu included the phrase. In the absence of apartheid policies, the two parties would not have merged and would have remained parallel.
Tlou Setumu…
By writing the history of African leaders, I showed that the resistance started long before apartheid. My involvement was only in the research, there are people who were further responsible for the commissioning and editing of the image. That congress resulted in the division of the African continent into several European colonies.
Joe Maswanganyi
In the opinion of these respondents, the statue has nothing to do with contests for the Tsonga-Shangaan kingship. However, there seems to be a somewhat unanimous view of the meaning of the statue and the history it represents. After the formation of the homeland, the groups called themselves Vatsonga (Tsonga) or Matshangana (Shangaan) interchangeably and proudly.
The Commission was appointed in 2004 by the President of the Republic of South Africa. The statue of King Nghunghunyani would be better understood if accompanied by a complete history of the rise of the Gaza Empire.
Data Analysis
Summaries of the data elicited from those against the statue
- The Muhlava (Vankuna)
- Mudavula (Vahlengwe)
- Isaiah Ndhambi
Summaries of the data from those defending the statue
- Van’wanati
- Tlou Setumu
- Joe Maswanganyi
Summary of the data from respondents that refrained from commenting about
- Valoyi (N’wamitwa)
However, there is a lack of oral information about how they settled in today's territory near the territory of the Rain Queen Modjadji. This may be a strong indicator of the acculturation of a people who are not Tsonga in origin. Contact with the Tsonga should be long for acculturation to occur.
Analysis of the themes that emerged from the field data
- Northwards migrations into South Africa via south-eastern
- Southwards migrations into South Africa via south-eastern
- Migrations of Tsonga-speaking people into South Africa from south-
- The statue of Nghunghunyani
- The formation of the Gazankulu Homeland
The rejection of the statue of Mudavula by Hlengwe is not confusing as they were most likely subjects of the Gaza Empire originally. More importantly, it is in keeping with the history of the people among whom it has been erected. The dawn of democracy in South Africa in 1994 led to the demise of apartheid and the end of the homeland system.
Nghunghunyani was sent into exile in Portugal to resist Portuguese invasion of the Gaza Empire. I am currently conducting research on the following topic: Contested Cultural Heritage in Limpopo, South Africa: The Case of the Statue of King Nghunghunyani.
Discussion and Conclusion
The Nghunghunyani narrative and the omission of undesirable sections of
The historical background of Tsonga-speaking groups in South
They were part of the Monomutapa dynasty, indicating that they most likely spoke languages other than Tsonga and their cultural. Insofar as both their narratives omit the fact that they were terrified of the Gaza Nguni, sources (for example, Setumu, 2005; Wheeler, 1968) indicate that the Nguni had a reign of terror in southern Mozambique. Dialects and slight differences in material culture served as some of the boundary markers to communicate their differences.
The formation of the MTA, the compromises and ethnicity
Smith (1973) also points out that the people of southern Mozambique recognized their differences and spoke dialects of the same language, such as N'walungu (north), Ronga (east), Dzonga (south), and Hlanganu. Only later, with the arrival of the Swiss missionaries, did they come to be known as Tsonga, after Junod (in Harries, 1981b). At about the same time that Tsonga-speaking people demarcated the ethnic boundaries of exclusion of people who differ from them on the basis of language, their various groups from four areas of the Transvaal relaxed their own boundaries of inclusion for the possible formation of a territorial authority.
The formation of Tsonga ethnic identity for specific
The former homeland of Gazankulu then had two founding myths stemming from the merger of the two groups, as alluded to by Isaiah Ndhambi in his discussion.
The demise of apartheid and the dissolution of the Tsonga-Shangaan
His statue is erected in a place where Nghunghunyani was considered one of the founding fathers until recently. There are deep resentments between the descendants of the Gaza Nguni and the descendants of the refugees who fled Gaza rule. With specific reference to the Blood River Monument as a representative case study in the context of the new South Africa that will emerge over the next five years.
The statue of Nghunghunyani, the expired narrative and the foundation
General
Holocaust memorials and national cultures of remembrance in France and Germany since 1989: the origins and functions of the Vel' d'Hiv' in Paris and the Holocaust memorial in Berlin. A critical historical study of the form and content of the Vatsonga's response to Swiss Christian missionary activity: the case of Valdezia, Elim, Kurhulen and the surrounding areas, 1873-1994. Exclusion, classification and internal colonialism : the emergence of ethnicity among Tsonga speakers of South Africa.
Archives
Giyani Archives
My name is Dolphin Mabale, a Master of Arts candidate in the School of Human and Social Sciences at the University of Venda. The researcher will not give you any special benefits, whether monetary or otherwise, as a form of appreciation for your participation in the research. You have the option to remain anonymous and any notes made by the researcher are for the sole use of the researcher and will not be accessible to any other party.
National Archives and Records Service Pretoria
Internet Articles
I kindly ask you to voluntarily participate in the above study by sharing your knowledge during an informal 45 minute interview session. The information will not be used for commercial purposes as it is for scientific research only. Should you feel uncomfortable at any point during the interview, you are free to discontinue your participation.
