The character of the accused influenced the attitude of the court towards him. The above is only,orief.:account ,of,; , the social system of the Zulu in traditional times. Some are shared with white people, e.g. provisions of criminal law, while others envisage particularly the administration of African.
THE CONCEPT SUBCULTURE
A close criminological study of African society reveals that the following criminal subcultures have been found, ie, that of witchcraft; violence; "TSOTISM". Subcultures of witchcraft and violence have always been present in African history, while subcultures of "Cotsism".
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBCULTURE THEORY IN
Particularly among the Zulus, the subculture of violence has its roots in the history of the Zulus themselves. It is clear that the population factor is one of the factors responsible for the high crime rates among the Africans in this area. It is clear that the population factor is one of the factors responsible for the high crime rate among the Africans in this area.
FREQUENCY OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF CRIME AMONG THE AFRICANS.. socio-economic c.imes among the Africans in South Africa were obtained from NICRO, Cape Town. This accounts for 0.13 percent of all prosecutions for assaults in respect of the Africans in South Africa during the statistical year. Crimes related to the security of the state and good order show the lowest incidence among the Africans in this age group in Mtunzini.
The total for females in relation to the above age groups was as follows: IR this section of the dissertation, the investigator .. aims to make some recommendations regarding the prevention of crime among Africans. 180 - . preventing the production, possession, supply or consumption of African beer within certain areas.
Especially among Africans, crime prevention is a much more complicated task than it is in the case of whites, for example. The criminality of the modern African must be seen in the light of his historical setting. Any explanation of African criminality must take into account these criminal subcultures.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF CRIMI-
Bernard Lander's Statistical Study of 8 464
Studies of Criminal Subcultures by A.K
CRIMINAL SUBCULTURES IN THE AFRICAN SOCIETy
The Subculture of Violence
Violent crimes and the race of the victim in South Africa for the year ending 30 June 1972 39). Africans naturally predominate in this district, constituting 97.15 percent of the total population of the area served by Mtunzini Police Station. Cc) An analysis of the conviction rates also reveals that property crimes have the highest incidence among Africans.
Ca) The crimes most prevalent among Africans in Mtunzini are violations of liguor laws, such as the illegal possession of African liquor concoctions. The distribution of the different categories of crime among Africans in the different age groups in Mtunzini follows more or less the same pattern as described above. The distribution of the different types of crime. among Africans in the different age groups in Mtunzini follows more or less the same pattern as described in the previous section in the case of South Africa.
The Subculture of "Tsotsism"
The Subculture of "Shebeens"
The Subculture of Witchcraft
SUMMARy
It has also been pointed out that every society throughout history has had its so-called criminal subcultures. These criminal subcultures have become an essential part of the black man's culture in South Africa. The current researcher therefore believes that any explanation for the Black man's criminality.
This chapter also made it clear that most of the theoretical groundwork in the study of criminal subcultures in the U.S.
THE CRIME STA TI STI CS
- The Dark Figure in Crime
- Police Statistics
- Judicial Statistics
- Prison Statistics .•..•.•••..•• c
Yet, in spite of this, they have knowledge of a very large number of offenses (mainly serious crimes, which are in fact the most important), because they are the protectors of the life and property of the public and the security of the State, and come daily into close contact with crime and the criminal. Statistics kept by the police include all crimes known to them; the number of arrests; the number of warnings issued; the number of persons who have been summoned to court, as well as complete information about the person concerned. When the police in South Africa have completed their investigation of a case, the case is handed over to the courts.
The legal procedure then comes in a step that is also of great importance for the criminologist. The court statistics reflect, among other things, the number of prosecutions, convictions, data on sentences, etc. Although prison statistics mainly have an administrative character, they contain data that are important for the criminologist.
As a source of information, these statistics rely on police and judicial statistics, as the prison is the final judicial organization that the criminal comes into contact with. Clearly, of the three types of criminal statistics, police statistics, namely "crimes known to the police", contain the most complete criminal data available.
THE EXTENT OF CRIME
- South Africa
- Mtunzini
Therefore, prison statistics only reflect information on that part of the offender population that has been sentenced to a sentence of. With Asians, the opposite is true: they. make up 4.28 percent of the total population, but make up only 2.18 percent of the total convictions •. The same applies to whites. they make up 25.88 percent of the total population, but only 10.45 percent of the total sentences. e). It is clear, therefore, that of the main population groups, blacks have the highest.
The table below shows the incidence of crimes known to the police in Mtunzini during this period. 1971 Africans in Mtunzini were responsible for a total of 6 581 crimes recorded by .. police at Mtunzini Police Station. Since the opening of a new police station in 1958, the number of police has been steadily increasing.
According to a number of informants, factional fighting and other forms of violence were also very common in this area before the establishment of the university. In fact, the current head of the university area was once impeached for allegedly taking part in a factional fight (he was reinstated in 1969). Coloreds, on the other hand, make up only 2.85 percent of the population. the total population of Mtunzini.
CRIME PATTERNS AMONG THE AFRICANS
- South Africa
- Classification of Offences in South Africa
- Mtunzini •••.•.••.•..•..•.••.••. " •
Violations of liquor laws are closely related to violations of dagga laws. This is probably due to the fact that Natal is one of the most prolific dagga growing areas in South Africa. The data analysis in Table 11 reflects the age distribution of offenders in Mtunzini by type.
The 18 to 20 age group follows the same pattern of crime distribution, with the exception of violations of personal relationships and violations of community life. However, the sexual distribution of crimes shows that the differences are more apparent in the nature of the crimes than in their incidence. Of the 726 traffic offenses committed by Africans in Mtunzini during the period under review, 707 or 98 percent were committed by men, while only 19 or 2 percent were committed by women across all age groups.
The rest of the crimes are, as table 11 shows, more common among men than women. The main thesis of this chapter has been that male crime exceeds female crime among Africans in South Africa in general and in Mtuhzini in particular. Finally, the present study has estimated the economic costs of crime with respect to the underlying area. discussion.
As certain activities of the South African Police and the Departments of Justice and Prisons overlap to a considerable extent, these three departments should cooperate more closely in preventing crime among Africans.
THE VALUE AND NATURE OF PROPETY STOLEN
- The Republic of South A f r i c a
- M t u n z i n i
THE NATURE AND VALUE OF PROPERTY LOST OR DE-·
- Arson and Malicious Damage to Property
- Burglaries
The nature and value of property destroyed by arson was not recorded in all cases. R900.00 of this estimated value involved the malicious burning of sugarcane plantations, while R78.00 was related to the arson of lodgers in retaliation. Information on the details of this crime was obtained from the records of the R.C.A •• at Mtunzini Police Station.
174 -. houses broken up included tenements, tea rooms and shops, and the estimated value of property lost or destroyed was R6 213.71. A classic example of burglary and theft occurred in 1970 when criminals broke into a tearoom owned by a white and stole jewelry, checks, and other items worth RI SOS. The financial losses suffered by the victims of robbery during the period in question amounted to a total of 484.04 RI, distributed as follows "according to this. e).
Undoubtedly, the financial damage suffered by the victims as a result of the robbery is also great. The most common type of robbery is what the Zulus describe as "UKUBAMBA:INKUNZI" (HOLD THE BULL). 19) His modus operandi consists of robbing the victim either by putting a firearm on them, stabbing them, or "shooting" them. and then pick pocketed it.
SUMMARy ••••••••.••••••••
- The Police
- The Reserve Police F o r c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ig;l
- Educating the Public about the dangers of
- Compulsory Education
- Other Recommendations
This research has also shown that many criminal subcultures have developed in African society as a result of cultural conflicts. Any explanation of African criminality must take into account these criminal subcultures. The present investigator recommends stricter enforcement of the above sections in relation to the prevention of violence and witchcraft offences.
Such discussions with young people should continue and the program should be expanded to include other risks of the consequences of crime. Members of the public continue to sign up for the Police Reserve Force in significant numbers, with an average of 126 appointments per month. Annual report of the South African Police Commissioner for the year ended 30 June 1972 R.P.
The above services must be consolidated and should form an integral part of the rehabilitation program in the African prisons. The transformation of the culture of the Africans from a homogeneous, well-integrated type to a heterogeneous and disintegrated one led to the creation of criminals.
