Second, the chapter highlights and includes a discussion of the challenges facing developing countries and LDCs. The final aim of the chapter is to determine what role these countries played in the multilateral trading system.
THE MULTILATERAL TRADE SYSTEM 2.1. Introduction
A brief review of the history of the Multilateral Trade System
The trade negotiations were important for various reasons, but the biggest success of the Uruguay Round was the creation of the WTO. While the WTO follows the GATT, it incorporates some of the principles of the GATT, such as non-discrimination.
THE MEASURES OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION 3.1. Introduction
The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures were among the areas addressed in the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. While Annex A254 defines what an SPS measure is, the aim and objectives of the agreement can be found in the preamble. It is clear that developing countries have urgent needs in relation to the SPS agreement and it is largely because of these needs that Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) is provided for in the agreement.
First, developing countries cannot always meet the requirements of the agreement as compliance often requires a lot of resources that the country does not have as well as additional costs.265 Second, some developing countries cannot meet them. Specific provisions in the agreement take into account the limitations of developing countries by providing them with some flexibility and assistance with regard to their compliance with the SPS measures of other members and the implementation of SPS obligations.267 Article 10 is the main provision for SDT in The SPS Agreement and Article 10.1268 is binding and creates a binding obligation for members. In accordance with the provisions of the SDT, the purpose of Article 10.3274 is to enable developing countries to fulfill their obligations by giving them additional time to adapt to them;.
Another interesting provision is Article 12 of the TBT Agreement, which provides for special and differential treatment of developing countries.
CHAPTER 4: LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
381 Second, a country graduates from the LDC category three years after the General Assembly has taken note of the approval by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). As noted earlier, population size is a factor of the EVI and a condition that determines whether a country qualifies for least developed status. Country presentation by the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania 12,13,14 available at http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/8343901/the-government-of-the-united-republic-of-Tanzania visited on October 18, 2013.
In Tanzania, 46% of household respondents perceived the quality of public services as “fair”. For many years, the GATT was viewed as an arrangement that was primarily of interest to developed countries; however, there was a large increase in the active involvement of developing countries in the multilateral trade negotiations in the Uruguay Round.477 The establishment of the WTO presented both a challenge and an opportunity for further participation on the part of developing countries; the evidence suggests that the overall level of participation. The Uruguay Round, which took place between 1986 and 1994, is considered one of the most ambitious rounds of multilateral negotiations.
Further evidence that developing countries, especially the least developed countries, played only a limited role in the multilateral trading system is provided by the establishment of the Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Program (JITAP) programme.
AID FOR TRADE 5.1. Introduction
This chapter provides an overview of the history of the AfT and discusses its structure and operation. One of the goals of the WTO is to help developing countries, especially least developed countries, to expand their production and export of goods and services. 34;We welcome the discussions held this year by Ministers of Finance and Development in various fora, including the Development Committee of the World Bank and IM, on the expansion of Aid for Trade.
The Working Group will submit recommendations to the General Council by July 2006 on how aid for trade can most effectively contribute to the development dimension of the DDA. Effective implementation of WTO commitments is in the interest of WTO membership as a whole. A discussion of each of these reviews is necessary to allow for a more detailed analysis of the effectiveness of PzT.
The Second Global Review provided an opportunity to strengthen the mandate on trade-related trade, which aims to help developing and least developed countries build the supply-side capacity and infrastructure they need to benefit from the opening of trade and connect to the global economy.615.
CASE STUDY ON KENYA AND TANZANIA 6.1. Introduction
632 Ibid. The East African Community (EAC) is the regional intergovernmental organization consisting of the Republics of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. One of the biggest AfT success stories in Kenya is the cut flower industry. In addition, the European Union (EU) has invested in the construction of the Mwenga 3 MW hydropower project and the AfDB is constructing a complete AC transmission line divided into three individual construction lots.729 The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) has committed $206 m Americans in Tanzania's energy sector, including Distribution Systems.
As agriculture is one of the largest sectors in Tanzania, it is imperative that this sector is developed to reach its full potential. 764 Supporting Private Sector Transformation in Africa Private Sector Development Strategy (note 76 above). Analysis of the role of PzT in Tanzania has led to the view that PzT in Tanzania, as in the case of PzT in Kenya, has enjoyed a reasonable degree of success.
This trend is expected to continue following the implementation of the EAC Common Market Protocol that came into effect in July 2010.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1. Introduction
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE 1947
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article XI, each Contracting Party may, in order to maintain its external financial position and its balance of payments, limit the quantity or value of goods permitted to be imported, in accordance with the provisions of the following paragraphs of this Article.". Products of the territory of each contracting party imported into the territory of another contracting party shall not be subject, directly or indirectly, to internal taxes or other internal charges of any kind, that exceed those applied, directly or indirectly, to like domestic products. Furthermore, neither Contracting Party shall otherwise apply internal taxes or other internal charges to imported or domestic products in a manner contrary to with the principles defined in paragraph 1.".
If any Contracting Party establishes or maintains domestic quantitative regulations with respect to cinematographic films exhibited, such regulations shall take the form of screen quotas, which shall conform to the following requirements. The provisions of this Agreement shall apply to the metropolitan customs territories of the Contracting Parties and to any other customs territory in respect of which this Agreement has been accepted under Article XXVI or is being implemented under Article XXXIII or in accordance with the Protocol of Provisional Implementation. Any such customs territory shall, exclusively for the purposes of the territorial application of this Agreement, be treated as if it were a contracting party; Provided that the provisions of this paragraph shall not be construed to create any right or obligation between two or more customs territories in respect of which this Agreement has been accepted under Article XXVI or is being implemented under Article XXXIII or in accordance with the Protocol Provisional Application by a single contracting party."
The contracting parties recognize that dumping, by which products of one country are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than the normal value of the products, must be condemned if it causes material damage to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party or materially delay the establishment of a domestic industry.
SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES AGREEMENT
271 Article 10.2 "When the appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection allows the gradual introduction of new sanitary or phytosanitary measures, products of interest to developing Member States should be granted longer timeframes for harmonization in order to preserve the possibilities for their export. .”. In order to ensure that developing country members can comply with the provisions of this Agreement, the Committee may, upon request, grant certain time-limited exemptions to these countries in whole or in part from the obligations of this Agreement, taking into account their financial, trade and development needs." 276 Article 10.4. "Members should encourage and facilitate the active participation of members of developing countries in relevant international organizations."
Least developed country members may defer the application of the provisions of this Agreement for a period of five years after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement with respect to their sanitary or phytosanitary measures affecting imports or imported products. Other developing country members may defer the application of the provisions of this Agreement, except paragraph 8 of Article 5 and Article 7, for two years after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement in respect of their existing sanitary or phytosanitary measures which import become. or imported products, where such application is prevented by a lack of technical expertise, technical infrastructure or resources.”. Except in urgent circumstances, Members shall allow a reasonable interval between the publication of a sanitary or phytosanitary regulation and its entry into force to allow time for producers in exporting Members, and particularly in developing country Members, to bring their products and methods of production in accordance with the requirements of the importing member.”.
The Secretariat shall promptly distribute copies of the notification to and draw the attention of all Members and interested international organizations.
TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE AGREEMENT
Standards and Trade Development Facility, available at http://www.standardsfacility.org/Files/AidForTrade/Final_Kenya.pdf. Global Review of Aid for Trade 2009, available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/a4t_e/global_review09_e.htm, accessed 18 October 2013. 27. Fourth Global Review of Aid for Trade: Linking Value Chains, available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/a4t_e/global_review13_e.htm accessed 18 October 2013.
Available at http://global-mechanism.org/how-is-aid-for-trade-financed accessed 18 October 2013. Introduction to the SPS Agreement, available at http://www.wto.org/english/ tratop_e /sps_e/sps_agreement_cbt_e/c1s3p1_e.ht m accessed 26 July 2013. 45. Principles of the Trading System, available at http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.14 July 2013.
Third Global Review of Aid For Trade: Showing Results, available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/a4t_e/global_review11_e.htm accessed 18 October 2013.
