Without it, I would not have been able to achieve as much as I have in the last five years of my life. Without her help, I would not have been able to complete the dissertation so comfortably in the time I have available.
Research Proposal
- Introduction
- Research Problem
- The WTO and MTS
- The WTO Agreements
- Millennium Development Goal 8 (MDG 8)
- Aid for Trade (AfT)
- Ghana and Nigeria: The Developing Countries
- Research Methodology
- Structure of Thesis and Research Questions
158 Overview: A Navigational Guide of the WTO Agreements, available at: http://www.wto.org, accessed June 29, 2013. Overview: A Navigational Guide of the WTO Agreements, online: http://www.wto. org, accessed June 29, 2013.
The History and Background of GATT, the WTO and the MTS
Introduction
Overview of the TRIPS Agreement, available at: . http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel2_e.htm, accessed 27 February 2014). 445 The Potential Impact of the Aid-for-Trade Initiative, available at: www.g24.org/TGM/un-pag07.pdf, accessed 4 October 2013.
Background on the MTS
- GATT and Rounds of Negotiations
- The WTO and the Doha Round of Negotiations
Conclusion
303 Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa MDG Africa Steering Group Recommendations, 2008, available at: www.mdgafrica.org accessed 8 July 2013. The Potential Impact of the Aid for Trade Initiative, online: www.g24.org /TGM /un-pag07.pdf, accessed 4 October 2013.
The World Trade Organisation Agreements
Introduction
SPS Measures, online: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/events_e.htm, accessed 2 October 2013. WTO: Aid for Trade Development Fact Sheet, online: http://www.wto .org, accessed 25 October 2013.
A Legal Analysis of the SPS Agreement
A Legal Analysis of the TRIPS Agreement
Conclusion
Millennium Development Goal 8 (MDG 8)
- Introduction
- The Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s)
- MDG 8
- Review on MDG 8
- Conclusion
293 WHO: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets accessed 24 October 2013. Develop A Global Partnership For Development, available at: .. http://www. un.org/millenniumgoals/global.shtml, accessed February 27, 2013). 312 United Nations Millennium Development Goals: Goal 8 Develop A Global Partnership for Development, available at: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/global.shtml accessed November 29, 2013.
328 The Millennium Development Goals, available at: http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/health-education accessed 26 October 2013.
Aid for Trade (AfT)
- Introduction
- AfT
- Reviews on AfT
- Conclusion
728Workshop on Aid for Trade and Intellectual Property, available at: http://www.docsonline.wto.org accessed 4 May 2013. Aid for Trade, online: http://www.intracen.org/about/aid-for -trade/, accessed 25 November 2013. Fourth Global Review of Aid for Trade, online: http://www.wto.org, accessed 25 October 2013.
Third Global Review of Aid for Trade: Showing Results, online: http://www.wto.org, accessed 25 October 2013.
Ghana and Nigeria: The Developing Countries
Introduction
Thus the importance of the role of the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), which will be discussed at a later stage of this thesis. It has been noted that corruption in Nigeria is the root cause of the country's demise in terms of trade and economic development.536 This will be discussed further at a later stage of this thesis. This thesis will thus discuss whether both developing countries in Africa benefit from the Multilateral Trading System (MTS) and furthermore, whether they experience success or failure in terms of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS).
These World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements were critically discussed in an earlier phase of this dissertation.
Ghana’s Development
Ghana is committed to universal access to medicines to control diseases such as AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.562 Local industries have been unable to effectively advance in the areas of Intellectual Property (IP), competition, trade and drug regulation due to various gaps in laws, policies, international and regional agreements.563 Most pharmaceutical industries in Ghana are in danger of collapse due to the lack of competition and preferences of foreign pharmaceutical products.564 There are also many illegal counterfeit drugs being illegally sold in the country imported. countries that therefore pose a threat to the integrity of the supply chain within the country.565 As a result, workshops have been held to build the capacity of the local pharmaceutical industry in line with the WTO TRIPS. Building partnerships for development and mobilizing resources for development is fundamental to achieving this goal.593 This requires the country to deal effectively and comprehensively with the debt problem facing the country.594 Nevertheless, the current debt level in Ghana within the threshold of a sustainable level. However, if the pattern continues in this manner, Ghana may find itself in an unfavorable debt situation in the coming years.596 The debt service situation in Ghana is becoming sustainable mainly due to the expansion of the economy.597 Major interventions have been introduced to ensure that Ghana manages its public debt efficiently manages.598 The government continuously conducts periodic debt sustainability analyzes to ensure the continued sustainability of public debt and the adoption of appropriate strategies.599. Such an example could occur in the area of mobile telephone subscriptions, which have increased enormously.601 In addition, there is an increase in the number of service providers and the expansion of network coverage across the country.602 The rapid expansion can also be expected thanks to the reduction in the price of mobile phones and costs.
The government must continue to work effectively with development partners to accelerate progress in the areas that are lacking.611.
Nigeria’s Development
Dr. Mendoza, a candidate from Mexico for the position of Director-General of the WTO, said he is a firm supporter of the MTS because it has been the key to trade becoming a dynamic engine of world economic growth and development for developing countries in recent decades.655 He is of the opinion that the WTO is a very successful institution because it promotes trade that promotes growth and partnership development.656 He further believes that the MTS, as embedded in the WTO, will always be indispensable to the world. 663 H Iyortyer, 'The Quest for Access to Medicines and the Effects of the TRIPS Agreement: An Appraisal of the Nigerian Situation Balanced Against other States', (2009), Durham Theses, Durham University, available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/282/ accessed on 30 November 2013. One of the challenges in accessing medicines in Nigeria is the fact that IP has yet to be effectively developed, making IP legislation to a complicated subject for the nation to deal with.670 Thus, if this country is to compete with other countries in the IP area, the government needs to develop the law in this area as well as the pharmaceutical industry.671 It has been noted previously that TRIPS- the agreement established global minimum standards for the protection and enforcement of almost all types of intellectual property rights, including those of patents.672 Nigeria had a 2005 deadline to become TRIPS compliant.673 However, Nigeria did not amend its IP laws to meet the required standards immediately.
The TRIPS Agreement cannot be held entirely responsible for the lack of access to medicines in many developing countries.681 Nigeria should take advantage of the flexibility of compulsory licensing and parallel imports in the TRIPS Agreement to ensure access to medicines.682 Nigeria should strive to establish infrastructure, electricity, good transportation systems, technical assistance to existing laboratories and guidance in setting up new laboratories for improved medical and scientific research.683 Nigeria must recognize that the TRIPS Agreement has a key role to play in the country .
Conclusion
According to the British Prime Minister's speech on aid, trade and democracy, it was submitted that aid delivered to Nigeria should be used properly.720 Moreover, his view was that aid should contribute to investment in projects that will provide way. , internet and infrastructure as well as training the next generation as business leaders, which will help jump-start growth and development and ultimately help Africa wean itself off aid.721. According to MDG 8, aid, trade and debt relief will help both Ghana and Nigeria develop this global partnership if they use it properly, especially by fighting corruption. To achieve MDG 8, these developing countries must encourage technological innovation, which according to the chapter is at the heart of achieving a global partnership for development.728 This thesis aims to emphasize that both developing countries are able see great development in their economies and trade sectors if they take the above initiatives seriously enough to fight the obstacles and reassess their efforts to achieve development.
Recommendations and Conclusion
Introduction
Recommendations for Ghana in terms of
- The World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreements
- Aid for Trade
- Millennium Development Goal 8
Technical assistance should therefore focus on strengthening the negotiating capacity of Ghanaian officials by offering training in negotiation techniques and by ensuring that officials are in line with developments in the MTS.735 The reason for this is attributed to the argument that Ghana's participation in the work with, among others, The WTO is hampered by its lack of adequate representation as well as by a lack of staff trained in WTO issues.736Ghana faces a number of supply-side and trade-related infrastructure barriers that limit their ability to engage in international trade.737This thesis is of the argument that a developing nation like Ghana is advised to recognize the role that trade can play in their development. The main form of technical assistance recommended is the training of officials in the required basic principles that underpin the WTO agreements.750 Development and implementation of standards and other technical requirements, including sanitary and phytosanitary measures, is a key priority for Ghana.751 It is therefore recommended that Ghana should ensure that imported goods meet the applicable standards and technical regulations as well as sanitary and phytosanitary requirements under SPS. Based on the research presented, it is clear that there is a lack of appropriate national laws and regulations and testing equipment, which makes it difficult for the relevant authorities to control the quality of imported products.758 It is imperative to emphasize once again that technically assistance and capacity building projects could focus on assisting Ghana to participate in the work of the international standardization bodies and to adopt relevant rules and regulations.759.
Based on the research and background on AfT flows in Ghana's agricultural sector, it is recommended that the country adopt a framework that enables measurement of trade impacts to measure outcomes more appropriately.760 This recommendation was considered in 2011 when Ghana introduced an aid policy, entitled the Ghana Aid Policy and Strategy, which was developed to ensure that aid is properly managed and monitored.761 As alluded to earlier, AfT's inclusion in that of the country.
Recommendations for Nigeria in terms of
- The Multilateral Trading System (MTS)
- The World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreements
- Aid for Trade
- Millennium Development Goal 8
As mentioned earlier, Nigeria has received a disproportionate amount of aid since 1960.781 It is the argument of this thesis that with such a disproportionate amount of attention contributed in AfT in recent years, this developing country should be independent of aid and trade efficiently while developing an even more stable economy. The country is recommended to use the aid received in the correct way such as in technology and infrastructure.783. As recommended to Ghana, Nigeria is also expected to improve their data reflecting progress towards achieving the MDG 8 indicators.
There must be encouragement of public support and financing for development to achieve this goal.784 This thesis argues that the failure of.
Conclusion
Aid for Trade, online: http://www.dochas.ie/pages/resources/documents/Aid_for_Trade.pdf, accessed 6 October 2013. Millennium Development Goals, online: http://www.oxfam.org/ en /campaigns/health-education, accessed 26 October 2013. WTO Launches Second Global Review of Aid for Trade, online: http://www.wto.org, accessed 25 October 2013.
WTO Legal Texts, online: http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm, accessed 2 October 2013.
