Research findings show that there are indeed inequalities between housing, water and sanitation. The research concludes that inequalities in housing, water and sanitation are manifested in the improvement of informal settlements.
Introduction
Problem Statement
South Africa's housing, water and sanitation policies are initiatives designed to rapidly deliver basic services to the poor as a constitutional obligation. The above statistics highlight the seriousness of the situation and the challenge facing housing, water and sanitation in Ethekwini Municipality.
Research Motivation
The thesis is therefore an attempt to examine the gaps in policy initiatives and implementation, especially in informal settlement upgrading.
Research Objectives
To identify the linkages between housing, water and sanitation policy initiatives with a view to determining the nature of these linkages and their impact on the implementation of housing, water and sanitation policy initiatives in improving informal settlements. Policy changes To analyze trends in housing, water and sanitation policies with the aim of understanding policy changes from the beginning of 1994 to the present.
Research Question
Working Hypothesis
Dissertation Structure
The purpose of the thematic presentation and analysis of the data is to ensure that the objectives of the dissertation have been met. The summary of findings and conclusions will look at the extent to which the dissertation has answered the research questions and sub-questions.
Summary
Introduction
Coordination Theory
To achieve these tasks and achieve the objectives, the actions of different stakeholders need to be coordinated.
Integration and Coordination Approach
Integration as an object of spatial planning: a spatial strategy to integrate different spatial forms and socio-economic and ecological characteristics of urban development. He states that coordination between the various responsible line functions is essential for integrated and sustainable urban development.
Rights-Based Approach
There are a number of counter-arguments to the use of a rights-based approach to service delivery. It is therefore important to note how international conceptualization of the rights-based approach relates to the South African situation.
Accountability
Policy Coherence Approach
In the context of this task, however, coherence is used as a measure of the alignment of the goals and principles of housing, water and sanitation policy.
Sustainability
Housing Satisfaction
Satisfaction with housing is often based on the level of access to basic services such as water, sanitation and electricity. The level of satisfaction is probably often based on the availability of other basic services such as water and sanitation, as will be seen from the results of the fieldwork in the last chapter.
Neo-liberal as response to Globalisation
Civil Society perspective and debate
Abahlali Basemjondolo challenged the bill on the grounds of its unconstitutionality and complete disregard for the needs of the poor. They see the bill as an attempt to push the poor out of the city into the urban periphery.
Policy Analysis Framework
The purpose of the above section was to provide an understanding of what informs policy development and implementation. The final part contributes a framework that will help frame this research project within the boundaries of the existing policy analysis literature.
Summary
Introduction
International housing, water and sanitation challenges
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
- Housing
- Water and Sanitation
Population growth rate also tends to exceed the capacity of the developing countries to deliver water and sanitation. These proposals highlight the need for a global collective responsibility and commitment to prioritize water and sanitation issues.
A Need for Prioritization
Although presented at a macro level, they serve as a framework and benchmark for positive water and sanitation initiatives. This is an important argument because governments have quite often shown reluctance to invest in water and sanitation programs.
Habitat Agenda
In terms of human values, expanding access to water and sanitation is a moral and ethical imperative rooted in the cultural and religious traditions of societies around the world. WHO and UNICEF (2004) state that in the current climate where poverty reduction strategies dominate the development agenda, the potential productivity and income effects of improved access are a significant argument to support additional resource allocations to water and sanitation.
Human Settlement and Shelter policies
This trend of policy change has prompted changes in informal settlement policies in developing countries. This should be seen as only one of the factors that should be taken into account in the process of upgrading informal settlements.
Case Studies
Case Study Example 1: The Kenya slum upgrading programme (KENSUP)
Case Study Example 2: Strategic Informal Settlement Upgrading in India
Case Study Example 3: Slum Upgrading in Brazil
Lessons from International Experience
There are several elements of housing, water and sanitation policies that reflect the influence of international policies. For example, the above policy applies sustainability principles in the provision of housing, water and sanitation.
Housing, Water and Sanitation Policy Framework in South Africa
Housing Policy
As mentioned earlier, the BNG recognizes informal settlements as part of the wider urban fabric of South African cities. The main objective of the National Housing Code is to provide a comprehensive basis for the National Housing White Paper (DoH; 2000).
Water and Sanitation Policies
- White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy
- White Paper on Basic Household Sanitation Policy (2001)
It was against this background that the principles of the White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation were developed. In doing so, it also seeks to address the challenges associated with monitoring policy implementation and sanitation.
Housing, Water and Sanitation Legislative Framework
- Constitution 1996
- Housing Act 1997
- Water Act 1998
- Water Services Act 1997
- Intergovernmental Relations Act 2005
- Municipal Systems Act of 2000
The third main purpose of the law is to determine the conditions for the provision of water services (DWAF, 1997). The law requires water authorities to prepare general conditions for the provision of water services.
National Programmes, Plans and Strategies
Implementation Strategies and Plans
- Service Delivery and Budget Implementation Plans (SDBIPs)
- Ethekwini Water and Sanitation Programme (EWSP)
- Integrated Development Plans
- Water Services Development Plans
- Strategic Framework for Water Services
- Informal Settlement Upgrading Programme
Services such as housing, water and sanitation are therefore prioritized by the municipality based on the analysis of the situation of the IDP process. The Informal Settlement Improvement Program (ISUP) is one of the elements of housing provision introduced under the new BNG policy.
Existing Informal Settlement Upgrading Funding and Constraints
In the context of this thesis, programmes, plans and strategies outline and explain various choices that Ethekwini Municipality has made in implementing its informal settlement upgrading programme. Funding for informal settlement improvement proposed under ISUP is less than what is needed to address the challenge of informal settlements.
Methodology
- Case Study
- Fieldwork/ Field Visits
- Sources of Data
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis
The purpose of this section is to outline and describe the relevant method of data collection and analysis. Policy analysis requires policy documents and legislation to be an integral part of data collection.
Limitations
Purposive sampling method was used to identify policy professionals from municipal departments of housing, water and sanitation. The policy professionals who were interviewed were from the field of housing, water and sanitation in Ethekwini Municipality.
Summary
To remedy this situation, the author made it clear before all the interviews that the questionnaire was based on their previous informal settlement environment before the transit camp. The author made links between housing, water and sanitation literature using a perceived common goal that was often discussed in both literatures.
Ethekwini Municipality
Ethekwini’s Informal Settlement Upgrading and Housing Delivery Experience
However, Misselhorn (2008) acknowledges that despite Ethekwini's proactivity and relatively high level of capacity, there are nevertheless serious limitations to quickly addressing the entire informal settlement backlog through conventional housing delivery. There are over 555 informal settlements in Ethekwini – the highest number of any town in the country.
Water supply
Lack of proper sanitation in informal settlements has implications for the environment and health of the communities around the city. A backlog in providing access to basic water supply to 72,775 households and access to basic sanitation to 168,484 households.
Case Study Areas
Barcelona 2
- Access to water and sanitation
The infrastructure network of Lamontville and the surrounding areas provide access to opportunities for Barcelona 2 in terms of infrastructure services. Lamontville has an acceptable level of access to water supply and sanitation facilities (www.durban.gov.za).
Amawoti-Cuba
- Background and overview
- Access to water and sanitation
The area is poorly served in terms of access to water and sanitation (www.durban.gov.za). Types of sanitation systems in the area include: pit latrines, ventilated pit latrines, open bush, ablution blocks and communal toilets.
Summary
Different sets of data will be presented and analyzed within the relevant topic with the aim of answering the research questions described in Chapter 1. The objective of analyzing the household data will be to discover how the hypothesis of inequality in housing policy initiatives , water and sanitation and the lack of integration and coordination, manifest in de facto circumstances.
Policy Shifts
Housing policies
BNG (2004) famously provided a policy shift from quantity to quality with an emphasis on housing as a process rather than just a product (Tomlinson et al, 2004). They highlighted section 3.1 of the BNG as an important evolution of informal settlements policy within housing policy.
Water and Sanitation policies
Related legislation such as the Intergovernmental Relations Act (2005) was seen as a contributing factor in the evolution of housing, water and sanitation policies. These are some of the innovative changes in water and sanitation policies, especially in the case of Ethekwini.
Policy Linkages
This is an indication that there is no adequate link between housing, water and sanitation policy formulation processes. This is a clear indication of the lack of integration and coordination between housing, water and sanitation.
Manifestation of Disparities in Implementation
Even though some respondents felt that the municipality was doing enough to provide them with housing, 100% of the respondents were not satisfied with their housing. 90% of respondents were dissatisfied with their lack of access to an improved toilet facility.
Funding of Upgrading Programme
During an EU survey, in Kennedy Road Informal Settlements, it was noted that residents organized themselves, based on their social network, in resistance to resettlement. The only form of water supply residents had access to was standing pipes, which, as mentioned earlier, is a temporary intervention in informal settlements.
Proximity of Bulk Services to Informal Settlements and its Cost Implications
Policy professionals from the Water and Sanitation Unit felt that the Housing Unit did not consult them sufficiently. Water and sanitation policy professionals found policy implementation in informal settlements very expensive and difficult to implement.
Identified Disparities
This has a negative effect on the delivery of basic services such as water and sanitation. The above inequalities have a direct impact on the implementation of housing, water and sanitation policy initiatives in informal settlement upgrading projects.
Summary
Introduction
Policy Shifts
The nature of water and sanitation service provision has slowly shifted from being supply-driven to being more demand-driven. Moreover, the flexibility character of water and sanitation policies has been quite evident in the way in which other policies have been taken into account.
The Relationship between Housing, Water and Sanitation Policy Initiatives
Nature of Linkages
The social value of housing was measured through access to water supply and sanitation. The researcher argues that inequalities in housing, water and sanitation policy initiatives in connection with the upgrading of informal settlements contribute to the lack of transformation and improvement of informal settlements.
Recommendations
Informal Settlements Location in Ethekwini Municipality
The wealthiest segment of the community has a financial ability to enter the full pressure system. Most Barcelona 2 residents have relatives in the hostel or have previously lived there themselves.
Water and Sanitation Mains in Barcelona 2
Electric Substation and Transit Camp
Lamontville Planning Boundary Unit
As will be discussed in Chapter 5, households depended on neighbors who had access to above-ground reservoirs for water supply (see Figure 4). According to observation and field responses, households in Barcelona 2 do not have access to any form of improved sanitation.
Amawoti-Cuba Boundaries as Perceived by its Residents
The entire site covers an area of approximately 700 ha and stretches from the boundary of Phoenix in the south to the boundary of the Northern Local Operating Authority in the east.
Amawoti Planning Boundary Unit
This is despite the fact that DWAF (2001:17) insisted on "harmonizing the housing development program with the provision of a basket of services through the IDP mechanism, as it is essential to avoid duplication of subsidies and the construction of houses without services". The housing, water and sanitation issues in this area are very different from those in Barcelona 2.
